{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T06:29:10Z","timestamp":1769581750907,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Science Inc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-004-0038-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,3]],"date-time":"2007-06-03T05:30:31Z","timestamp":1180848631000},"page":"34-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Pulsed radiofrequency neurotomy: advances in pain medicine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Farshad M.","family":"Ahadian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"38_CR1","volume-title":"Radiofrequency Techniques in Clinical Practice, Interventional Pain Management","author":"MT Kline","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kline MT: Radiofrequency Techniques in Clinical Practice, Interventional Pain Management, edn 1. Edited by Waldman SD. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1986.","edition":"edn 1"},{"key":"38_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1953.02320320090007","volume":"70","author":"WH Sweet","year":"1953","unstructured":"Sweet WH, Mark MH: Unipolar anodal electrolyte lesions in the brain of man and cat: report of five human cases with electrically produced bulbar or mesencephalic tractotomies. AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1953, 70:224\u2013234.","journal-title":"AMA Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"38_CR3","volume-title":"RFG-3C Lesion Generator Operator\u2019s Manual","author":"B Cosman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cosman B: RFG-3C Lesion Generator Operator\u2019s Manual. Burlington, MA: Radionics; 1995."},{"key":"38_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1970.33.4.0415","volume":"33","author":"J Fox","year":"1970","unstructured":"Fox J: Experimental relationship of radio-frequency electrical current and lesion size for application to percutaneous cordotomy. J Neurosurg 1970, 33:415\u2013421.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR5","first-page":"283","volume":"11","author":"RW Hunsperger","year":"1953","unstructured":"Hunsperger RW, Wyss O: Production of localized lesions in nervous tissue by coagulation with high frequency current. Helvetica Physiologica Pharmacologica Acta 1953, 11:283\u2013304.","journal-title":"Helvetica Physiologica Pharmacologica Acta"},{"key":"38_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1975.43.4.0448","volume":"43","author":"CN Shealy","year":"1975","unstructured":"Shealy CN: Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facets: treatment for chronic back pain and sciatica. J Neurosurg 1975, 43:448\u2013451.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR7","volume-title":"Technique for Percutaneous Facet Rhizotomy: Radionics Procedure Technique Series","author":"CN Shealy","year":"1975","unstructured":"Shealy CN: Technique for Percutaneous Facet Rhizotomy: Radionics Procedure Technique Series. Burlington, MA: Radionics Corp; 1975."},{"key":"38_CR8","first-page":"157","volume":"115","author":"CN Shealy","year":"1976","unstructured":"Shealy CN: Facet denervation in the management of back and sciatic pain. Clin Orthop 1976, 115:157\u2013164.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"38_CR9","first-page":"469","volume-title":"Current Techniques in Operative Neurosurgery","author":"S Uematsu","year":"1977","unstructured":"Uematsu S: Percutaneous electrothermocoagulation of spinal nerve trunk, ganglion and rootlets. In Current Techniques in Operative Neurosurgery. Edited by Schmidek H, Sweet WH. New York: Grune and Stratton; 1977:469\u2013490."},{"key":"38_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sluijter M, Mehta M: Recent developments in radiofrequency denervation for chronic back and neck pain [Abstract]. Pain 1981, Supplement:290.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(81)90562-5"},{"key":"38_CR11","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Modern Methods of Treatment","author":"M Sluijter","year":"1981","unstructured":"Sluijter M, Mehta M: Treatment of chronic back and neck pain by percutaneous thermal lesions. In Modern Methods of Treatment. Edited by Lipton S, Miles J. London: Academic Press; 1981:141\u2013179."},{"key":"38_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199909150-00013","volume":"24","author":"M Kleef van","year":"1999","unstructured":"van KleefM, Barendse GA, Kessels A, et al.: Randomized trial of radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation for chronic low back pain. Spine 1999, 24:1937\u20131942. Prospective, randomized clinical trial demonstrating short-term and long-term efficacy of RF for the treatment of lumbar facet disease.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"38_CR13","first-page":"1127","volume":"38","author":"M Kleef van","year":"1996","unstructured":"van KleefM, Liem L, Lousberg R, et al.: Radiofrequency lesion adjacent to the dorsal root ganglion for cervicobrachial pain: a prospective, double-blind, randomized study. Neurosurgery 1996, 38:1127\u20131131. Prospective, randomized trial demonstrating short-term efficacy of RF lesioning of cervical DRG for radiculopathy.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"38_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01446991","volume":"122","author":"R Stolker","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stolker R, Vervest A, Groen G: Percutaneous facet denervation in chronic thoracic spinal pain. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993, 122:82\u201390.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"38_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.6.0986","volume":"80","author":"RJ Stolker","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stolker RJ, Vervest AC, Groen GJ: The treatment of chronic thoracic segmental pain by radiofrequency percutaneous partial rhizotomy. J Neurosurg 1994, 80:986\u2013992.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199612053352302","volume":"335","author":"SM Lord","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, et al.: Percutaneous radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal joint pain. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1721\u20131726. Prospective, randomized trial demonstrating lasting efficacy of RF for cervical facet disease.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"38_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90110-4","volume":"57","author":"RB North","year":"1994","unstructured":"North RB, Han M, Zahurak M, et al.: Radiofrequency lumbar facet denervation: analysis of prognostic factors. Pain 1994, 57:77\u201383.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"38_CR18","first-page":"177","volume":"58","author":"MH Savitz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Savitz MH: Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy of the lumbar facets: ten years\u2019 experience. Mt Sinai J Med 1991, 58:177\u2013178.","journal-title":"Mt Sinai J Med"},{"key":"38_CR19","first-page":"193","volume":"7","author":"J Gallagher","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gallagher J, Vadi P, Wedley J, et al.: Radiofrequency facet joint denervation in the treatment of low back pain: a prospective, controlled, double-blind study to assess its efficacy. Pain Clin 1994, 7:193\u2013198.","journal-title":"Pain Clin"},{"key":"38_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005150-00012","volume":"25","author":"P Dreyfuss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dreyfuss P, Halbrook B, Pauza K, et al.: Efficacy and validity of radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic lumbar zygapophyseal joint pain. Spine 2000, 25:1270\u20131277.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"38_CR21","first-page":"791","volume":"60","author":"P Goupille","year":"1993","unstructured":"Goupille P, Cotty P, Fouquet B, et al.: Denervation of the posterior lumbar vertebral apophyses by thermocoagulation in chronic low back pain: results of the treatment of 103 patients. Rev Rheum Ed Fr 1993, 60:791\u2013796.","journal-title":"Rev Rheum Ed Fr"},{"key":"38_CR22","first-page":"227","volume":"94","author":"RM Wijk van","year":"2001","unstructured":"van WijkRM, Geurts JW, Wynne HJ: Long-lasting analgesic effect of radiofrequency treatment of the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion. J Neurosurg 2001, 94:227\u2013231. Large, prospective, randomized trial on RF lesions of the lumbar DRG demonstrating short- and long-term success.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100052227","volume":"27","author":"WC Tzaan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tzaan WC, Tasker RR: Percutaneous radiofrequency facet rhizotomy: experience with 118 procedures and reappraisal of its value. Can J Neurol Sci 2000, 27:125\u2013130.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"38_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01138194","volume":"20","author":"AI Gocer","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gocer AI, Cetinalp E, Tuna M, et al.: Percutaneous radiofrequency rhizotomy of lumbar spinal facets: the results of 46 cases. Neurosurg Rev 1997, 20:114\u2013116.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"38_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00094-8","volume":"73","author":"R Slappendel","year":"1997","unstructured":"Slappendel R, Crul BJ, Braak GJ, et al.: The efficacy of radiofrequency lesioning of the cervical spinal dorsal root ganglion in a double-blinded, randomized study: no difference between 40 degrees C and 67 degrees C treatments. Pain 1997, 73:159\u2013163. A landmark study in the development of pulsed RF. A prospective, randomized trial demonstrating the equal efficacy of RF lesions at 67\u00b0C versus 40\u00b0C.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"38_CR26","first-page":"40","volume-title":"Handbook of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Spine Procedures","author":"FM Ahadian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ahadian FM: Pulsed radiofrequency techniques in clinical practice. In Handbook of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Spine Procedures. Edited by Williams AL, Murtagh FR. St. Louis: Mosby; 2002:40\u201359."},{"key":"38_CR27","first-page":"187","volume":"XVI","author":"FM Ahadian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ahadian FM: Pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation: new advances in pain management. Prog Anesthesiol 2002, XVI:187\u2013200.","journal-title":"Prog Anesthesiol"},{"key":"38_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1980.53.2.0266","volume":"53","author":"AB Levin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Levin AB, Cosman ER: Thermocouple-monitored cordotomy electrode: technical note. J Neurosurg 1980, 53:266\u2013268.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1966.25.5.0553","volume":"25","author":"PM Lin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lin PM, Gildenberg PL, Polakoff PP: An anterior approach to percutaneous lower cervical cordotomy. J Neurosurg 1966, 25:553\u2013560.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.35.3.0360","volume":"35","author":"S Mullen","year":"1971","unstructured":"Mullen S: Percutaneous cordotomy. J Neurosurg 1971, 35:360\u2013366.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1968.29.1.0042","volume":"29","author":"FS Letcher","year":"1968","unstructured":"Letcher FS, Goldring S: The effect of radiofrequency current and heat on peripheral nerve action potential in the cat. J Neurosurg 1968, 29:42\u201347.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1981.55.2.0246","volume":"55","author":"HP Smith","year":"1981","unstructured":"Smith HP, McWhorter JM, Challa VR: Radiofrequency neurolysis in a clinical model: neuropathological correlation. J Neurosurg 1981, 55:246\u2013253. In this book, Dr. Sluijter shares his years of experience with the development of RF technology in clinical practice, including the recent advances in PRFN.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0228","volume":"5","author":"AJ Louw de","year":"2001","unstructured":"de LouwAJ, Vles HS, Freling G, et al.: The morphological effects of a radio frequency lesion adjacent to the dorsal root ganglion (RF-DRG): an experimental study in the goat. Eur J Pain 2001, 5:169\u2013174.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"38_CR34","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Radiofrequency Part One: A Review of Radiofrequency Procedures in the Lumbar Region","author":"M Sluijter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sluijter M: Radiofrequency. In Radiofrequency Part One: A Review of Radiofrequency Procedures in the Lumbar Region. Edited by Meggen LU. Switzerland: Flivo Press SA; 2001:49\u201372."},{"key":"38_CR35","first-page":"259","volume":"9","author":"M Kleef van","year":"1996","unstructured":"van KleefM, Barendse GA, Wilmink JT, et al.: Percutaneous intradiscal radiofrequency thermocoagulation in chronic non-specific low back pain. Pain Clin 1996, 9:259\u2013268.","journal-title":"Pain Clin"},{"key":"38_CR36","first-page":"109","volume":"11","author":"M Sluijter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sluijter M, Cosman E, Rittman W, et al.: The effect of pulsed radiofrequency fields applied to the dorsal root ganglion: a preliminary report. Pain Clin 1998, 11:109\u2013117.","journal-title":"Pain Clin"},{"key":"38_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-998-0011-8","volume":"2","author":"M Sluijter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sluijter M, van Kleef M: Characteristics and mode of action of radiofrequency lesions. Curr Rev Pain 1998, 2:143\u2013150. Cellular and mollecular alterations in response to RF fields are discussed, providing basic science insight into the possible mechanisms of the RF action.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Pain"},{"key":"38_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00183-3","volume":"80","author":"R Munglani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Munglani R: The longer-term effect of pulsed radiofrequency for neuropathic pain. Pain 1999, 80:437\u2013439.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"38_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.0445","volume":"257","author":"S Archer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Archer S, Li TT, Evans AT, et al.: Cell reactions to dielectrophoretic manipulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999, 257:687\u2013698.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"38_CR40","unstructured":"Ahadian FM, Dawley J: Pulsed radiofrequency neurotomy (PRFN): initial data. Anesthesiology 2003, In press."},{"key":"38_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.4.0581","volume":"82","author":"D Dubuisson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dubuisson D: Treatment of occipital neuralgia by partial posterior rhizotomy at C1-3. J Neurosurg 1995, 82:581\u2013586.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR42","first-page":"83","volume":"13","author":"HG Blume","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blume HG: Treatment of cervicogenic headaches: radiofrequency neurotomy to the sinuvertebral nerves to the upper cervical disc and to the outer layer of the C3 nerve root or C4 nerve root respectively. Funct Neurol 1998, 13:83\u201384.","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"38_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1954.03690230015005","volume":"155","author":"W Chambers","year":"1954","unstructured":"Chambers W: Posterior rhizotomy of the second and third cervical nerves for occipital pain. JAMA 1954, 155:431\u2013432.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"38_CR44","first-page":"61","volume":"45","author":"GJ McDonald","year":"1999","unstructured":"McDonald GJ, Lord SM, Bogduk N: Long-term follow-up of patients treated with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain. Neurosurgery 1999, 45:61\u201367.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"38_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1991.74.2.0236","volume":"74","author":"RB North","year":"1991","unstructured":"North RB, Kidd DH, Campbell JN, et al.: Dorsal root ganglionectomy for failed back surgery syndrome: a 5-year follow-up study. J Neurosurg 1991, 74:236\u2013242.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"38_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-6721-3_13","volume-title":"Techniques of Neurolysis","author":"M Sluijter","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sluijter M: The use of radiofrequency lesions of the communicating ramus in the treatment of low back pain. In Techniques of Neurolysis. Boston: Kluwer Academic; 1989:145\u2013159."},{"key":"38_CR47","first-page":"297","volume":"13","author":"HA Suijlekom van","year":"1998","unstructured":"van SuijlekomHA, van KleefM, Barendse GA, et al.: Radiofrequency cervical zygapophyseal joint neurotomy for cervicogenic headache: a prospective study of 15 patients. Funct Neurol 1998, 13:297\u2013303.","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"key":"38_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809150-00011","volume":"23","author":"M Revel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Revel M, Poiraudeau S, Auleley GR, et al.: Capacity of the clinical picture to characterize low back pain relieved by facet joint anesthesia: proposed criteria to identify patients with painful facet joints. Spine 1998, 23:1972\u20131976.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"38_CR49","first-page":"824","volume":"73","author":"ME Revel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Revel ME, Listrat VM, Chevalier XJ, et al.: Facet joint block for low back pain: identifying predictors of a good response. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992, 73:824\u2013828.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"38_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00170-0","volume":"65","author":"RB North","year":"1996","unstructured":"North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, et al.: Specificity of diagnostic nerve blocks: a prospective, randomized study of sciatica due to lumbosacral spine disease. Pain 1996, 65:77\u201385.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"38_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90199-6","volume":"58","author":"AC Schwarzer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schwarzer AC, Aprill CN, Derby R, et al.: The false-positive rate of uncontrolled diagnostic blocks of the lumbar zygapophysial joints. Pain 1994, 58:195\u2013200.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"38_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199504150-00005","volume":"20","author":"AC Schwarzer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schwarzer AC, Wang SC, O\u2019Driscoll D, et al.: The ability of computed tomography to identify a painful zygapophysial joint in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1995, 20:907\u2013912.","journal-title":"Spine"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-004-0038-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-004-0038-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-004-0038-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T17:34:29Z","timestamp":1587576869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-004-0038-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["38"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-004-0038-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}