{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:48:58Z","timestamp":1778644138216,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]],"date-time":"2015-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432857600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-015-0497-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,17]],"date-time":"2015-08-17T15:59:31Z","timestamp":1439827171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Visual Snow\u2014Persistent Positive Visual Phenomenon Distinct from Migraine Aura"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Christoph J.","family":"Schankin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Goadsby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"497_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2013.07.005","volume":"49","author":"JC Simpson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simpson JC, Goadsby PJ, Prabhakar P. Positive persistent visual symptoms (visual snow) presenting as a migraine variant in a 12-year-old girl. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;49(5):361\u20133. This is a very detailed description of a young girl with visual snow. It shows that even young children can be affected, and it illustrates clearly the high impact on quality of life.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658","volume":"33","author":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS)","year":"2013","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders: 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013;33(9):629\u2013808.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.4.664","volume":"45","author":"GT Liu","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liu GT, Schatz NJ, Galetta SL, Volpe NJ, Skobieranda F, Kosmorsky GS. Persistent positive visual phenomena in migraine. Neurology. 1995;45(4):664\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"497_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01679.x","volume":"28","author":"YF Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang YF, Fuh JL, Chen WT, Wang SJ. The visual aura rating scale as an outcome predictor for persistent visual aura without infarction. Cephalalgia. 2008;28(12):1298\u2013304.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"10","key":"497_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00955.x","volume":"25","author":"MK Eriksen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eriksen MK, Thomsen LL, Olesen J. The Visual Aura Rating Scale (VARS) for migraine aura diagnosis. Cephalalgia. 2005;25(10):801\u201310.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"497_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr157","volume":"134","author":"WT Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen WT, Lin YY, Fuh JL, Hamalainen MS, Ko YC, Wang SJ. Sustained visual cortex hyperexcitability in migraine with persistent visual aura. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 8):2387\u201395.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"497_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lashley KS. Patterns of cerebral integration indicated by the scotoma of migraine. Arch Neurol Psychiatr. 1941;42.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1941.02280200137007"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"497_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3589","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt309","volume":"136","author":"JM Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen JM, Baca SM, Vanvalkenburgh P, Charles A. Distinctive anatomical and physiological features of migraine aura revealed by 18\u00a0years of recording. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 12):3589\u201395. This work shows the variability of typical migraine aura in a sufferer who had experienced and recorded more than 1000 attacks of migraine aura. The attacks were all very similar and clearly different from visual snow.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"497_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1944.7.6.359","volume":"7","author":"AAP Leao","year":"1944","unstructured":"Leao AAP. Spreading depression of activity in cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol. 1944;7:359\u201390.","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"497_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071582498","volume":"8","author":"N Hadjikhani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, Schwartz D, Bakker D, Fischl B, et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;8:4687\u201392.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"497_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu050","volume":"137","author":"CJ Schankin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schankin CJ, Maniyar FH, Digre KB, Goadsby PJ. \u2018Visual snow\u2019\u2014a disorder distinct from persistent migraine aura. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 5):1419\u201328. This study presents in detail the so far largest number of patients with visual snow. In addition to describing the phenotype of the visual snow syndrome consisting of additional visual symptoms, this work shows that visual snow typically does not start with headache or typical migraine aura and thus is likely different from persistent migraine aura. Criteria for the visual snow syndrome are presented.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/74.3.267","volume":"74","author":"M Critchley","year":"1951","unstructured":"Critchley M. Types of visual perseveration: \u201cpalinopsia\u201c and \u201cillusory visual spread\u201d. Brain. 1951;74(3):267\u201399.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"497_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(78)90255-9","volume":"12","author":"CW Tyler","year":"1978","unstructured":"Tyler CW. Some new entoptic phenomena. Vis Res. 1978;12:1633\u20139.","journal-title":"Vis Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"497_CR14","first-page":"668","volume":"30","author":"SH Sinclair","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sinclair SH, Azar-Cavanagh M, Soper KA, Tuma RF, Mayrovitz HN. Investigation of the source of the blue field entoptic phenomenon. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989;30(4):668\u201373.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"497_CR15","first-page":"572","volume-title":"Verschiedene subjective Erscheinungen. Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik","author":"H Helmholtz von","year":"1896","unstructured":"von Helmholtz H. Verschiedene subjective Erscheinungen. Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik. 2nd ed. Hamburg: Verlag von Leopold Voss; 1896. p. 572.","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"497_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12378","volume":"54","author":"CJ Schankin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schankin CJ, Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Chou DE, Eller M, Goadsby PJ. The relation between migraine, typical migraine aura and \u201cvisual snow\u201d. Headache. 2014;54(6):957\u201366. This work investigates the impact of migraine on visual snow. Having migraine results in a worsened visual snow syndrome by being associated with a higher frequency of additional visual symptoms. In contrast, typical migriane aura does not show a correlation suggesting some pathophysiological relevance. Using the criteria for the visual snow syndrome (see reference 11), hypermetabolism in the lingual gyrus could be demonstrated.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"497_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh416","volume":"128","author":"SK Afridi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Afridi SK, Matharu MS, Lee L, Kaube H, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS, et al. A PET study exploring the laterality of brainstem activation in migraine using glyceryl trinitrate. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 4):932\u20139.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"497_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0795-658","volume":"1","author":"C Weiller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Weiller C, May A, Limmroth V, Juptner M, Kaube H, Schayck RV, et al. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nat Med. 1995;1(7):658\u201360.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"497_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1707733.x","volume":"17","author":"J Vanagaite","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vanagaite J, Pareja JA, Storen O, White LR, Sand T, Stovner LJ. Light-induced discomfort and pain in migraine. Cephalalgia. 1997;17(7):733\u201341.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.190223","volume":"81","author":"N Boulloche","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boulloche N, Denuelle M, Payoux P, Fabre N, Trotter Y, Geraud G. Photophobia in migraine: an interictal PET study of cortical hyperexcitability and its modulation by pain. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(9):978\u201384.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"497_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182074a57","volume":"76","author":"M Denuelle","year":"2011","unstructured":"Denuelle M, Boulloche N, Payoux P, Fabre N, Trotter Y, Geraud G. A PET study of photophobia during spontaneous migraine attacks. Neurology. 2011;76(3):213\u20138. The authors demonstrate that the lingual gyrus and cuneus might be associated with photophobia in migraine. The similarity to the distribution of hypermetabolism in visual snow supports the clinical and pathophysiological overlap of visual snow and migraine.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"497_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12451","volume":"21","author":"FH Maniyar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maniyar FH, Sprenger T, Schankin C, Goadsby PJ. Photic hypersensitivity in the premonitory phase of migraine\u2014a positron emission tomography study. Eur J Neurol. 2014;21(9):1178\u201383.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"497_CR23","unstructured":"Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Gro\u00dfhirnrinde : in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag 1909."}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0497-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0497-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0497-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,29]],"date-time":"2019-08-29T09:17:00Z","timestamp":1567070220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0497-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["497"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-015-0497-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,29]]},"article-number":"23"}}