{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T01:21:03Z","timestamp":1789953663434,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522800000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-018-0689-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T06:32:30Z","timestamp":1522823550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Global Supply and Demand of Opioids for Pain Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sreekumar","family":"Kunnumpurath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Julien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gopal","family":"Kodumudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anamika","family":"Kunnumpurath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kodumudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nalini","family":"Vadivelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"689_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2017.01.005","volume":"57","author":"H Duvivier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Duvivier H, Gustafson S, Greutman M, Jangchup T, Harden AK, Reinhard A, et al. Indian Health Service pharmacists engaged in opioid safety initiatives and expanding access to naloxone. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2017;57:135\u201340.","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc"},{"key":"689_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Buitrago R. Access to opioids: a global pain management crisis. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2013;27(1):86\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15360288.2012.760703 . This article discusses the standardization of opioid consumption and the establishment that the majority of the global population are condemned to live with low to nonexistent access to opioids. Suggests ways of alleviating the phenomena of the global pain management crisis.","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2012.760703"},{"key":"689_CR3","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Narcotic Drugs 2016: Estimated world requirements for 2017\u2014statistics for 2015 supply of opiate raw materials and demand for opiates for medical and scientific purposes United Nations publications. Doi: 10.18356\/1b14fad7-en. Discusses the supply of opiate raw materials through the cultivation from opium poppy in various counties and the production of and global stock of opiate raw materials and opioids derived from them. Discusses the global demand for opiate raw materials by manufacturers, demands measured as consumption, and the trends in consumption levels."},{"key":"689_CR4","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes 2017a. World Drug Report Booklet 2: global overview of drug demand and supply. Latest trends, cross-cutting issues. United Nations Publication. Describes the use of pharmaceutical opioids in pain management, palliative care, and opioid dependence. Recognizes the lack of access to prescription opioids, its misuse in various countries, and supply."},{"key":"689_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes 2017b. World Drug Report Booklet 1: executive summary. Conclusions and policy implication. United Nations Publication.","DOI":"10.18356\/66312961-en"},{"key":"689_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00161-6","volume":"387","author":"S Berterame","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berterame S, Erthal J, Thomas J, Fellner S, Vosse B, Clare P, et al. Use of and barriers to access to opioid analgesics: a worldwide, regional, and national study. Lancet. 2016;387:1644\u201356. Published Online February 3, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00161-6 .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"689_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.2937","volume":"23","author":"K Hempstead","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hempstead K, Yildirim EO. Supply-side response to declining heroin purity: fentanyl overdose episode in New Jersey. Health Economics. 2014;23:688\u2013705. Published online 6 June 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.2937 .","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"689_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00255.x","volume":"8","author":"JA Inciardi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Cicero TJ. Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Med (Malden, Mass). 2007;8(2):171\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00255.x .","journal-title":"Pain Med (Malden, Mass)"},{"issue":"4","key":"689_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3200\/HTPS.82.4.34-37","volume":"82","author":"A Chandra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chandra A, Ozturk A. Health professionals beware of prescription pain medication abuse and diversion. Hosp Top. 2004;82(4):34\u20137.","journal-title":"Hosp Top"},{"key":"689_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.4310","volume":"176","author":"TC Green","year":"2016","unstructured":"Green TC, Gilbert M. Counterfeit medications and fentanyl. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:10.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"689_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruithof K, Judith A, David DH, Megan ED, Stijn H. Internet-facilitated drugs trade: an analysis of the size, scope and the role of the Netherlands. WODC, Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie. 2016. https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_reports\/RR1607.html.","DOI":"10.7249\/RR1607"},{"key":"689_CR12","unstructured":"Global Drug Survey 2017, Detailed findings on drug cryptomarkets. Available from Dr. Monica Barratt, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, London, UK."},{"issue":"2","key":"689_CR13","first-page":"208","volume":"14","author":"D Manjiani","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Manjiani D, Paul DB, Kunnumpurath S, Kaye AD, Vadivelu N. Availability and utilization of opioids for pain management: global issues. Ochsner J. 2014;14(2):208\u201315. Discuss some of the barriers to effective pain assessment and management in developed and developing countries, including disparities in opiate production and actual needs. Discuss the delivery of chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain management.","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"2","key":"689_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.015","volume":"47","author":"B Duthey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Duthey B, Scholten W. Adequacy of opioid analgesic consumption at country, global, and regional levels in 2010, its relationship with development level, and changes compared with 2006. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2014;47(2):283\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.03.015 .","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"689_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2010.536307","volume":"25","author":"MJ Seya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seya MJ, Gelders SFAM, Achara OU, Milani B, Scholten WK. A first comparison between the consumption of and the need for opioid analgesics at country, regional, and global levels. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2011;25(1):6\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15360288.2010.536307 .","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"key":"689_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1075.191742","volume":"4","author":"S Saini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saini S, Bhatnagar S. Cancer pain management in developing countries. Indian J Palliat Care. 2016;4:373\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0973-1075.191742 .","journal-title":"Indian J Palliat Care"},{"key":"689_CR17","unstructured":"Foley KM, Wagner JL, Joranson DE, et al. Pain control for people with cancer and AIDS. In: Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, et al., editors. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd edition. Washington (DC): the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ the World Bank; 2006. Chapter 52. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK11800\/Co-published by Oxford university press, N Y."},{"key":"689_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"xi33","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt501","volume":"24","author":"J Cleary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cleary J, Simha N, Panieri A, Scholten W, Radbruch L, Torode J, et al. Formulary availability and regulatory barriers to accessibility of opioids for cancer pain in India: a report from the Global Opioid Policy Initiative (GOPI). Ann Oncol. 2013;24:xi33\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"689_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12871","volume":"17","author":"R Jamison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jamison R, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, Jurcik DC, Ross EL. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pme.12871 .","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5051","key":"689_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1","volume":"65","author":"RA Rudd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths\u2014United States, 2010\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(5051):1445\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1 .","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"689_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2","volume":"65","author":"RM Gladden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid\u2013involved overdose deaths\u201427 states, 2013\u20132014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:837\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2 .","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"689_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301966","volume":"104","author":"NB King","year":"2014","unstructured":"King NB, Fraser V, Boikos C, Richardson R, Harper S. Determinants of increased opioid-related mortality in the United States and Canada, 1990-2013: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(8):e32\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301966 .","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"689_CR23","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 2016. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 16\u20134984, NSDUH Series H-51). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/"},{"key":"689_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957","volume":"36","author":"A Kolodny","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolodny A, Courtwright DT, Hwang CS, Kreiner P, Eadie JL, Clark TW, et al. The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:559\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122957 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"689_CR25","volume-title":"European drug report 2017: trends and developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2017","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European drug report 2017: trends and developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2017. ISBN: 978-92-9497-074-9"},{"key":"689_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-2098.163924","volume":"28","author":"NR Mohamed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mohamed NR, El Hamrawy LG, Shalaby AS, El Bahy MS, Abd Allah MM. An epidemiological study of tramadol HCl dependence in an outpatient addiction clinic at Heliopolis Psychiatric Hospital. Menoufia Med J. 2015;28:591\u20136.","journal-title":"Menoufia Med J"},{"key":"689_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014","volume":"173","author":"T Cicero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cicero T, Ellis M. Understanding the demand side of the prescription opioid epidemic: does the initial source of opioids matter? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;173:S4\u2013S10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014 .","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"689_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.050","volume":"46","author":"L Beletsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beletsky L, Davis CS. Today\u2019s fentanyl crisis: prohibition\u2019s iron law, revisited. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;46:156\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"689_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002388","volume":"125","author":"DJ Clark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark DJ, Schumacher MA. America\u2019s opioid epidemic: supply and demand considerations. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(5):1667\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002388 .","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"1:1","key":"689_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12013","volume":"14","author":"A Cahana","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cahana A, Dansie EJ, Theodore BR, Wilson HD, Turk DC. Redesigning delivery of opioids to optimize pain management, improve outcomes, and contain costs. Pain Med. 2013;14(1:1):36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pme.12013 .","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"689_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.005","volume":"76","author":"AB Tehrani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tehrani AB, Henke RM, Ali MM, Mutter R, Mark TL. Trends in average days\u2019 supply of opioid medications in Medicaid and commercial insurance. Addict Behav. 2018;76:218\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.005 .","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"15","key":"689_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1464","volume":"315","author":"D Dowell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain\u2014United States, 2016. JAMA. 2016;315(15):1624\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2016.1464 .","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-018-0689-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-018-0689-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-018-0689-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:25:38Z","timestamp":1660782338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-018-0689-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-018-0689-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Sreekumar Kunnumpurath, Natasha Julien, Gopal Kodumudi, Anamika Kunnumpurath, Vijay Kodumudi, and Nalini Vadivelu declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"34"}}