{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:56:07Z","timestamp":1792706167000,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T07:03:01Z","timestamp":1601362981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Complications Associated with Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2260-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9814","key":"900_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60610-7","volume":"379","author":"F Balague","year":"2012","unstructured":"Balague F, Mannion AF, Pellise F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):482\u201391.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"2","key":"900_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.01.008","volume":"25","author":"AW Tarulli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tarulli AW, Raynor EM. Lumbosacral radiculopathy. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(2):387\u2013405.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"8","key":"900_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2000.7166","volume":"81","author":"KP Botwin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Botwin KP, Gruber RD, Bouchlas CG, Torres-Ramos FM, Freeman TL, Slaten WK. Complications of fluoroscopically guided transforaminal lumbar epidural injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(8):1045\u201350.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"900_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000260307.16555.7f","volume":"104","author":"WE Ackerman 3rd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ackerman WE 3rd, Ahmad M. The efficacy of lumbar epidural steroid injections in patients with lumbar disc herniations. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(5):1217\u201322 tables of contents.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"7","key":"900_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2009.04.008","volume":"1","author":"ST Roberts","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roberts ST, Willick SE, Rho ME, Rittenberg JD. Efficacy of lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections: a systematic review. PM R. 2009;1(7):657\u201368.","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"4","key":"900_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E531","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.E531","volume":"19","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Hirsch JA. Utilization of interventional techniques in managing chronic pain in Medicare population from 2000 to 2014: an analysis of patterns of utilization. Pain Physician. 2016;19(4):E531\u201346.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"900_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/131","volume":"15","author":"L Manchikanti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Wargo BW, Cash KA, Pampati V, Fellows B. A prospective evaluation of complications of 10,000 fluoroscopically directed epidural injections. Pain Physician. 2012;15(2):131\u201340.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"900_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01077.x","volume":"12","author":"JM McGrath","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGrath JM, Schaefer MP, Malkamaki DM. Incidence and characteristics of complications from epidural steroid injections. Pain Med. 2011;12(5):726\u201331.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"900_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E819","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181f32bae","volume":"36","author":"H Karaman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Karaman H, Kavak GO, Tufek A, Yldrm ZB. The complications of transforaminal lumbar epidural steroid injections. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(13):E819\u201324.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"9","key":"900_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1567","volume":"30","author":"EM Lyders","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lyders EM, Morris PP. A case of spinal cord infarction following lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection: MR imaging and angiographic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(9):1691\u20133.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"900_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/269","volume":"7","author":"A Kabbara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kabbara A, Rosenberg SK, Untal C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidural abscess after transforaminal epidural steroid injection. Pain Physician. 2004;7(2):269\u201372.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"900_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(01)00159-0","volume":"2","author":"JK Houten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Houten JK, Errico TJ. Paraplegia after lumbosacral nerve root block: report of three cases. Spine J. 2002;2(1):70\u20135.","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"900_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rapm.2004.05.002","volume":"29","author":"MA Huntoon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Huntoon MA, Martin DP. Paralysis after transforaminal epidural injection and previous spinal surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2004;29(5):494\u20135.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"900_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00728.x","volume":"10","author":"DJ Kennedy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kennedy DJ, Dreyfuss P, Aprill CN, Bogduk N. Paraplegia following image-guided transforaminal lumbar spine epidural steroid injection: two case reports. Pain Med. 2009;10(8):1389\u201394.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"30","key":"900_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16654","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016654","volume":"98","author":"SI Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim SI, Lee DH, Kim SH, Cho YH. Spinal epidural hematoma occurring at a distance from the transforaminal epidural injection site: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(30):e16654.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"900_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2017-0012","volume":"7","author":"S Gungor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gungor S, Aiyer R. Epidural hematoma development contralateral to dura after lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection. Pain Manag. 2017;7(5):367\u201375.","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"900_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12047","volume":"14","author":"MJ Desai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Desai MJ, Dua S. Perineural hematoma following lumbar transforaminal steroid injection causing acute-on-chronic lumbar radiculopathy: a case report. Pain Pract. 2014;14(3):271\u20137.","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"900_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2007\/10\/697","volume":"10","author":"BS Goodman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goodman BS, Bayazitoglu M, Mallempati S, Noble BR, Geffen JF. Dural puncture and subdural injection: a complication of lumbar transforaminal epidural injections. Pain Physician. 2007;10(5):697\u2013705.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"900_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-198906000-00003","volume":"5","author":"RS Cicala","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cicala RS, Thoni K, Angel JJ. Long-term results of cervical epidural steroid injections. Clin J Pain. 1989;5(2):143\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"900_CR20","first-page":"172","volume":"28","author":"TT Horlocker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H, Brown DL, Enneking FK, Heit JA, et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (the second ASRA consensus conference on neuraxial anesthesia and anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28(3):172\u201397.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"900_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200301010-00007","volume":"28","author":"MB Furman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Furman MB, Giovanniello MT, O'Brien EM. Incidence of intravascular penetration in transforaminal cervical epidural steroid injections. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28(1):21\u20135.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"900_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00437.x","volume":"6","author":"N Bogduk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bogduk N, Dreyfuss P, Baker R, et al. Complications of spinal diagnostic and treatment procedures. Pain Med. 2008;6:S11\u201334.","journal-title":"Pain Med"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T01:28:48Z","timestamp":1632878928000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["900"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-020-00900-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2020","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2020","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Andrew Ng and Andrew Chang declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"67"}}