{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T20:38:43Z","timestamp":1774643923530,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-021-00983-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T19:02:36Z","timestamp":1636657356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Psychiatric Comorbidities of Migraine in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4205-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Ziplow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"983_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6725-x","volume":"260","author":"DC Buse","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buse DC, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities of episodic and chronic migraine. J Neurol. 2013;260(8):1960\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"983_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312233","volume":"87","author":"MT Minen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minen MT, et al. Migraine and its psychiatric comorbidities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(7):741\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"983_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0649-2","volume":"17","author":"C Lampl","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lampl C, et al. Headache, depression and anxiety: associations in the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain. 2016;17:59.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"983_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Blaauw BA et al.\u00a0Anxiety, depression and behavioral problems among adolescents with recurrent headache: the Young-HUNT study. J Headache Pain.\u00a02014;15:38. This study and its follow up (below) represent a large population-based study evaluating anxiety and depression symptoms in Norwegian adolescents with migraine. These are some of the hallmark studies evaluating this relationship.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-38"},{"key":"983_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaauw BA et al.\u00a0The relationship of anxiety, depression and behavioral problems with\nrecurrent headache in late adolescence - a Young-HUNT follow-up study. J\nHeadache Pain.\u00a02015;16:p.10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-16-10"},{"key":"983_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Hommer R et al. Headache and mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of American youth. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. This is a very recent study looking at headache in adolescents in the U.S. that found an association between migraine and anxiety, mood, and behavior disorders. It suggests the importance of identifying comorbid mood disorders since this can influence treatment and disease course.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01599-0"},{"key":"983_CR7","unstructured":"\u2022\u00a0Romano C et al. Primary headache in childhood associated with psychiatric disturbances: an update. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(12):6893\u20136898. The authors present their recent study demonstrating that primary headache disorders are not associated with certain behavioral conditions, but do seem to be associated with anxiety and depression as measured by inventories conducted during patient interviews."},{"key":"983_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Torres-Ferrus M et al. Headache, comorbidities and lifestyle in an adolescent population (The TEENs Study). Cephalalgia. 2019;39(1):91\u201399. This is a cross-sectional study looking at students from 12\u201318 years old in Spain that found an association between headache and mental health problems. The authors recommend investing in educational initiatives because of that.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418777509"},{"key":"983_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Lateef T et al. Physical-mental comorbidity of pediatric migraine in the Philadelphia neurodevelopmental cohort. J Pediatr. 2019;205:210\u2013217. A large group of individuals through the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort aged 8\u201321 had their records evaluated or were interviewed about the presence of headache (specifically migraine), other physical conditions, and mental disorders utilizing an abbreviated version of the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. This study shows that headache has multiple comorbidities and that multimorbidity tends to occur early in development.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.09.033"},{"key":"983_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Gelfand AA. Psychiatric comorbidity and paediatric migraine: examining the evidence. Curr Opin Neurol. 2015;28(3):261\u20134. This article provides an excellent framework for how to critically evaluate the results of prior studies dealing with the psychiatric comorbidities of migraine in children and adolescents.","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000192"},{"issue":"5","key":"983_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2007.08.005","volume":"34","author":"R Amouroux","year":"2008","unstructured":"Amouroux R, Rousseau-Salvador C. Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with migraine: a review of the literature. Encephale. 2008;34(5):504\u201310.","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"5","key":"983_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/541618","volume":"19","author":"C Rousseau-Salvador","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rousseau-Salvador C, et al. Anxiety, depression and school absenteeism in youth with chronic or episodic headache. Pain Res Manag. 2014;19(5):235\u201340.","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"983_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.10.024","volume":"56","author":"KJ Kemper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kemper KJ, et al. What factors contribute to headache-related disability in teens? Pediatr Neurol. 2016;56:48\u201354.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"983_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1909","volume":"132","author":"SR Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu SR, et al. Incidence and risk factors of chronic daily headache in young adolescents: a school cohort study. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):e9\u201316.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"983_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000252800.82704.62","volume":"68","author":"SJ Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang SJ, et al. Outcomes and predictors of chronic daily headache in adolescents: a 2-year longitudinal study. Neurology. 2007;68(8):591\u20136.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"24","key":"983_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.282533","volume":"310","author":"SW Powers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Powers SW, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline for chronic migraine in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013;310(24):2622\u201330.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"983_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12795","volume":"56","author":"JW Kroner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kroner JW, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline for children and adolescents with chronic migraine reduces headache days to <\/=4 per month. Headache. 2016;56(4):711\u20136.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"983_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroon Van Diest, A.M., et al., Treatment adherence in child and adolescent chronic migraine patients:results from the cognitive-behavioral therapy and amitriptyline trial. Clin J Pain.\u00a02017;33(10):892\u2013898.","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000481"},{"issue":"1","key":"983_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.01.002","volume":"23","author":"HL O'Brien","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien HL, Slater SK. Comorbid psychological conditions in pediatric headache. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2016;23(1):68\u201370.","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"983_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12298","volume":"1304","author":"JW Mink","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mink JW. Conversion disorder and mass psychogenic illness in child neurology. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1304:40\u20134.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"983_CR21","first-page":"154","volume":"92","author":"S Halayem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Halayem S, et al. Somatic manifestations among depressed children: the case of complains and conversion symptoms. Tunis Med. 2014;92(2):154\u20138.","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"983_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22280","volume":"23","author":"P Schwingenschuh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schwingenschuh P, et al. Psychogenic movement disorders in children: a report of 15 cases and a review of the literature. Mov Disord. 2008;23(13):1882\u20138.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"983_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12864","volume":"7","author":"JF Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Gender differences in functional movement disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2020;7(2):182\u20137.","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"983_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Harris, S.R., Psychogenic movement disorders in children and adolescents: an update. Eur J Pediatr. 2019;178(4):581\u2013585. Looking at studies and case reports over a recent 10 year period, this is a short communication that looks at functional movement disorders and the treatments for these conditions. They report on common childhood treatments for these disorders including CBT, psychotherapy, and relaxation techniques.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03317-8"},{"key":"983_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Youssef, P.E. and K.J. Mack, Abnormal movements in children with migraine. J Child Neurol. 2015;30(3):285\u20138. This represents one of the only studies to specifically look at functional movement disorders in children and adolescents with migraine.","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814538499"},{"key":"983_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2020.05.005","volume":"111","author":"SI Otallah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Otallah SI. Psychogenic gait disorder complicating recovery after concussion: a case series. Pediatr Neurol. 2020;111:1\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"983_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Nightscales, R., et al., Mortality in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Neurology. 2020;95(6):e643-e652. This study is incredibly important because it looks at the risk of mortality in patients with PNEE and shows that it is similar to that in those with drug-resistant epilepsy. It highlights the importance of correctly diagnosing these individuals and initiating appropriate treatment.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009855"},{"issue":"2","key":"983_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13818","volume":"26","author":"S Gasparini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gasparini S, et al. Management of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures: a multidisciplinary approach. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(2):205-e15.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"983_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Osman, A.H., S.M. Alsharief, and H.E. Siddig, Functional neurological disorder: characteristics and outcome in a limited-resources country (Sudan). Epilepsy Behav. 2020;111:107151. This study was done in Sudan to look at countries with limited-resources and how that impacts the treatment and identification of functional neurologic disorders. They find that patients with functional neurologic disorder have a high rate of comorbid mood disorder and do well with combination therapy of antidepressants and psychotherapy, which is consistent with the findings in countries with greater access to resources.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107151"},{"key":"983_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tietjen, G.E., et al., Childhood maltreatment and migraine (part I). Prevalence and adult revictimization: a multicenter headache clinic survey. Headache.\u00a02010;50(1):20\u201331.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01556.x"},{"key":"983_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Mansuri, F., et al., Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and headaches among children: a cross-sectional analysis. Headache. 2020;60(4):735\u2013744. A history of one or more ACEs was found to be associated with a higher risk of headache in children in a large representative survey of children in the United States. The study suggests that ACE-related health outcomes may be seen at an earlier age than previously identified.","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13773"},{"key":"983_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterlin BL.\u00a0comment: Childhood maltreatment and headache disorders. Neurology.\u00a02015;84(2):138.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001138"},{"issue":"9","key":"983_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01756.x","volume":"50","author":"R Anda","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anda R, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and frequent headaches in adults. Headache. 2010;50(9):1473\u201381.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"7","key":"983_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12614","volume":"55","author":"S Brennenstuhl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brennenstuhl S, Fuller-Thomson E. The painful legacy of childhood violence: migraine headaches among adult survivors of adverse childhood experiences. Headache. 2015;55(7):973\u201383.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"2","key":"983_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13206","volume":"58","author":"M Karmakar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Karmakar M, et al. Do personality traits mediate the relationship between childhood abuse and migraine? An exploration of the relationships in young adults using the add health dataset. Headache. 2018;58(2):243\u201359.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"2","key":"983_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001120","volume":"84","author":"GE Tietjen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tietjen GE, et al. Recalled maltreatment, migraine, and tension-type headache: results of the AMPP study. Neurology. 2015;84(2):132\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"983_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tietjen GE, et al.\u00a0Childhood maltreatment and migraine (part II). Emotional abuse as a risk factor for headache chronification. Headache.\u00a02010;50(1):32\u201341.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01557.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"983_CR38","first-page":"42","volume":"50","author":"GE Tietjen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tietjen GE, et al. Childhood maltreatment and migraine (part III). Association with comorbid pain conditions Headache. 2010;50(1):42\u201351.","journal-title":"Association with comorbid pain conditions Headache"},{"key":"983_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Anto M, et al. Adverse childhood experiences and frequent headache by adolescent self-report. Pediatr Neurol. 2021;121:51\u201355. This study specifically looks at how ACEs impact headache in children as opposed to many studies that look more at the impact of childhood ACE exposures on headaches\/migraine in adults.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.004"},{"key":"983_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Guidetti V et al. Migraine in childhood: an organic, biobehavioral, or psychosomatic disorder? Neurol Sci. 2019;40 (Suppl 1):93\u201398. This article excellently summarizes our current knowledge about functional neuranatomy, genetics, and neurobiology and how that may apply to children and adolescents with migraine. It proposes pathophysiologic mechanisms that seem to connect migraine with some of its psychiatric comorbidities.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03827-1"},{"issue":"6","key":"983_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415601369","volume":"22","author":"D Borsook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Borsook D, et al. The insula: a \u201chub of activity\u201d in migraine. Neuroscientist. 2016;22(6):632\u201352.","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"983_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0711-0","volume":"18","author":"CF Gasparini","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gasparini CF, Smith RA, Griffiths LR. Genetic and biochemical changes of the serotonergic system in migraine pathobiology. J Headache Pain. 2017;18(1):20.","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"983_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-016-0554-z","volume":"20","author":"GE Tietjen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tietjen GE. Childhood maltreatment and headache disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20(4):26.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"983_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.19050109","volume":"32","author":"J Stone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stone J, et al. Predisposing risk factors for functional limb weakness: a case-control study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;32(1):50\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"983_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Radmanesh M,  Jalili M, and Kozlowska K. Activation of functional brain networks in children with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures. Front Hum Neurosci. 2020;14:339. This study shows that children with PNEE have abnormal neural system activation as well as increased physiologic arousal. They propose how this mechanism likely originates as a protective mechanism in the short term, but can have long-term consequences.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.00339"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-021-00983-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-021-00983-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-021-00983-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T19:04:02Z","timestamp":1639595042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-021-00983-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["983"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-021-00983-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"I, Jason Ziplow, declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"69"}}