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Emerging non-invasive techniques being explored for use in migraine include transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), kinetic oscillation stimulation (KOS), and auricular transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (at-VNS). In addition to primary headache, non-invasive neuromodulation is being investigated for comorbid conditions such as depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-invasive neuromodulation devices remain a safe, well-tolerated, and effective therapy for patients with primarily migraine\u00a0and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Ongoing research is needed to determine efficacy in other headache disorders and comorbid conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-024-01314-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T07:08:16Z","timestamp":1739603296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Update on Neuromodulation for Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders: Recent Advances and New Indications"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Alexandra N.","family":"Cocores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liza","family":"Smirnoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teshamae S.","family":"Monteith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1314_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01110-9","volume":"21","author":"L Lombard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lombard L, et al. 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LS's institution has received clinical trial funding studies funded by AbbVie and Rehaler. GG and RH have received funding for an educational grant\u00a0from AbbVie (paid to the institution). Over the past 3\u00a0years, TSM has had indirect funding to institution for involvement in industry research (site PI) for AbbVie, Ipsen, Rehaler, and Eli Lily; she has educational grants from Abbvie and Amgen. She is on the board of directors for Florida Society of Neurology and was previously on the International Headache Society bord of directors. She is on the editorial board for the Brain and Life Magazine, for the American Migraine Foundation, Confinia Cephalalgica and for Neurology. She is an associate editor for Cephalalgia, Confinia Cephalalgica, and Continuum Audio. She is a deputy editor for Neurology Minute podcast. She has done advisory work for AbbVie,\u00a0Lundbeck, Pfizer, Teva, LinPharma, eNeura\/Aruene, and Merz. 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