{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:46:37Z","timestamp":1792737997177,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-025-01391-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T07:55:12Z","timestamp":1745394912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimization of Postoperative Opioids Use Following Spine Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria T.","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahib K.","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brennan M.","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandni","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Muiznieks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Urman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahab","family":"Ahmadzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Allampalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Shekoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1391_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.10.007","volume":"151","author":"M Zarei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zarei M, Najafi A, Mansouri P, et al. Management of postoperative pain after lumbar surgery\u2014pregabalin for one day and 14 days\u2014a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;151:37\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.10.007.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"9","key":"1391_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017585","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017585","volume":"7","author":"S Weir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weir S, Samnaliev M, Kuo TC, et al. The incidence and healthcare costs of persistent postoperative pain following lumbar spine surgery in the UK: a cohort study using the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD) and hospital episode statistics (HES). BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e017585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017585.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8237.161589","volume":"6","author":"SJS Bajwa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bajwa SJS, Haldar R. Pain management following spinal surgeries: an appraisal of the available options. J Craniovertebral Junction Spine. 2015;6(3):105\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-8237.161589.","journal-title":"J Craniovertebral Junction Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003549","volume":"273","author":"JC Young","year":"2021","unstructured":"Young JC, Dasgupta N, Chidgey BA, Funk MJ. Postsurgical opioid prescriptions and risk of Long-term use. Ann Surg. 2021;273(4):743\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003549.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"1391_CR5","unstructured":"Abuse NI, on D. Drug Overdose Death Rates| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). May 14, 2024. Accessed August 21, 2024. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/trends-statistics\/overdose-death-rates"},{"key":"1391_CR6","unstructured":"Dydyk AM, Jain NK, Gupta M. Opioid Use Disorder. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK553166\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.00241","volume":"102","author":"NJ Orfield","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orfield NJ, Gaddis A, Russell KB, Hartman DW, Apel PJ, Mierisch C. New Long-Term opioid Prescription-Filling behavior arising in the 15 months after orthopaedic surgery. JBJS. 2020;102(4):332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.19.00241.","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"25","key":"1391_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1524","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000622","volume":"39","author":"SJ Armaghani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armaghani SJ, Lee DS, Bible JE, et al. Preoperative opioid use and its association with perioperative opioid demand and postoperative opioid independence in patients undergoing spine surgery. Spine. 2014;39(25):E1524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000000622.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab043","volume":"137","author":"A Alpert","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alpert A, Evans WN, Lieber EMJ, Powell D, ORIGINS OF THE OPIOID CRISIS. AND ITS ENDURING IMPACTS. Q J Econ. 2022;137(2):1139\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qje\/qjab043.","journal-title":"Q J Econ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.10.010","volume":"19","author":"C Scher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scher C, Meador L, Van Cleave JH, Reid MC. Moving beyond pain as the fifth vital sign and patient satisfaction scores to improve pain care in the 21st century. Pain Manag Nurs Off J Am Soc Pain Manag Nurses. 2018;19(2):125\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmn.2017.10.010.","journal-title":"Pain Manag Nurs Off J Am Soc Pain Manag Nurses"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2019.01.001","volume":"43","author":"J Lyden","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyden J, Binswanger IA. The united States opioid epidemic. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(3):123\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.semperi.2019.01.001.","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1391_CR12","first-page":"224","volume":"38","author":"B Lisa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lisa B, Jessica H. Evidence synthesis - The opioid crisis in Canada: a National perspective. Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can Res Policy Pract. 2018;38(6):224\u201333.","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can Res Policy Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2022.0716","volume":"18","author":"AT Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas AT, Fields KG, Kaye AD, Urman RD. Factors associated with heroin use among those reporting -prescription opioid misuse: results from a nationally -representative sample. J Opioid Manag. 2022;18(3):243\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5055\/jom.2022.0716.","journal-title":"J Opioid Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR14","first-page":"E669","volume":"25","author":"AT Thomas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thomas AT, Fields KG, Kaye AD, Urman RD. Factors associated with prescription opioid abuse and dependence among those reporting prescription opioid misuse: A retrospective Cross-Sectional study. Pain Physician. 2022;25(4):E669\u201379.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"1391_CR15","unstructured":"Horn DB, Vu L, Porter BR, Sarantopoulos K. Responsible Controlled Substance and Opioid Prescribing. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK572085\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"1391_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13439","volume":"32","author":"H Bakouni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakouni H, McAnulty C, Tatar O, et al. Associations of methadone and buprenorphine-naloxone doses with unregulated opioid use, treatment retention, and adverse events in prescription-type opioid use disorders: exploratory analyses of the OPTIMA study. Am J Addict. 2023;32(5):469\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajad.13439.","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"9","key":"1391_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001448","volume":"38","author":"P Waelkens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waelkens P, Alsabbagh E, Sauter A, Joshi GP, Beloeil H. Pain management after complex spine surgery: A systematic review and procedure-specific postoperative pain management recommendations. Eur J Anaesthesiol EJA. 2021;38(9):985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001448.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol EJA"},{"issue":"12","key":"1391_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122568","volume":"10","author":"Q Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Q, Chen E, Qian X. A narrative review on perioperative pain management strategies in enhanced recovery Pathways\u2014The past, present and future. J Clin Med. 2021;10(12):2568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10122568.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1391_CR19","unstructured":"Horn R, Hendrix JM, Kramer J. Postoperative Pain Control. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544298\/"},{"key":"1391_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18743064271499","DOI":"10.2174\/012210299X247199231128100613","volume":"17","author":"G Dhillon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dhillon G, Buddhavarapu VS, Grewal H, et al. Evidence-based practice interventions for reducing postoperative pulmonary complications: A narrative review. Open Respir Med J. 2023;17:e18743064271499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/012210299X247199231128100613.","journal-title":"Open Respir Med J"},{"key":"1391_CR21","unstructured":"Akbar H, Foth C, Kahloon RA, Mountfort S. Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK532281\/"},{"key":"1391_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S271481","volume":"14","author":"JM Gong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gong JM, Du JS, Han DM. Implications of bed rest for patients with acute deep vein thrombosis: A qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2020;14:1659\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S271481.","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"1391_CR23","unstructured":"Buchanan L, Tuma F. Postoperative Ileus. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK560780\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"1391_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab069","volume":"22","author":"MJ Silva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silva MJ, Coffee Z, Yu CH, Martel MO. Anxiety and fear avoidance beliefs and behavior May be significant risk factors for chronic opioid analgesic therapy reliance for patients with chronic Pain\u2014Results from a preliminary study. Pain Med Off J Am Acad Pain Med. 2021;22(9):2106\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnab069.","journal-title":"Pain Med Off J Am Acad Pain Med"},{"key":"1391_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Okada T, Kobayashi T, Funatsu K, Uchino H. Pain management of acute and chronic postoperative pain. Cureus 14(4):e23999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.23999","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.23999"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.23080","volume":"36","author":"BR Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim BR, Yoon SH, Lee HJ. Practical strategies for the prevention and management of chronic postsurgical pain. Korean J Pain. 2023;36(2):149\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3344\/kjp.23080.","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"1391_CR27","unstructured":"Sampognaro G, Harrell R. Multimodal Postoperative Pain Control After Orthopaedic Surgery. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK572072\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/NOR.0000000000000525","volume":"38","author":"VM Goode","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goode VM, Morgan B, Muckler VC, Cary MP, Zdeb CE, Zychowicz M. Multimodal pain management for major joint replacement surgery. Orthop Nurs. 2019;38(2):150\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NOR.0000000000000525.","journal-title":"Orthop Nurs"},{"issue":"9","key":"1391_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001691","volume":"39","author":"PM Lavand\u2019homme","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lavand\u2019homme PM, Kehlet H, Rawal N, Joshi GP. Pain management after total knee arthroplasty. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2022;39(9):743\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001691.","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"1391_CR30","unstructured":"Avila Hernandez AN, Hendrix JM, Singh P. Epidural Anesthesia. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK542219\/"},{"key":"1391_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/PROM.S121251","volume":"9","author":"JL Nicholls","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nicholls JL, Azam MA, Burns LC, et al. Psychological treatments for the management of postsurgical pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Patient Relat Outcome Meas. 2018;9:49\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PROM.S121251.","journal-title":"Patient Relat Outcome Meas"},{"key":"1391_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S292698","volume":"15","author":"NK Prabhakar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prabhakar NK, Chadwick AL, Nwaneshiudu C, et al. Management of postoperative pain in patients following spine surgery: A narrative review. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:4535\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S292698.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-020-02767-x","volume":"34","author":"N Gai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gai N, Naser B, Hanley J, Peliowski A, Hayes J, Aoyama K. A practical guide to acute pain management in children. J Anesth. 2020;34(3):421\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00540-020-02767-x.","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"1391_CR34","unstructured":"Dey S, Sanders AE, Martinez S, Kopitnik NL, Vrooman BM. Alternatives to Opioids for Managing Pain. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK574543\/"},{"key":"1391_CR35","unstructured":"Harricharan S, Frey N. Intravenous Acetaminophen for the Management of Short-Term Post-Operative Pain: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2018. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538274\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.7743","volume":"2","author":"F Imani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Imani F, Rahimzadeh P, Gabapentinoids. Gabapentin and Pregabalin for postoperative pain management. Anesthesiol Pain Med. 2012;2(2):52\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/aapm.7743.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Pain Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.05.028","volume":"129","author":"AN Eochag\u00e1in","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eochag\u00e1in AN, Singleton BN, Moorthy A, Buggy DJ. Regional and neuraxial anaesthesia techniques for spinal surgery: a scoping review. Br J Anaesth. 2022;129(4):598\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2022.05.028.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"20","key":"1391_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204659","volume":"10","author":"DM Stamenkovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stamenkovic DM, Bezmarevic M, Bojic S, et al. Updates on wound infiltration use for postoperative pain management: A narrative review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(20):4659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10204659.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1391_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_425_19","volume":"63","author":"V Rewari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rewari V, Ramachandran R. Continuous wound infiltration of local anaesthetics for acute postoperative pain\u2013 A revisit. Indian J Anaesth. 2019;63(6):425\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ija.IJA_425_19.","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"1391_CR40","unstructured":"Fenske JN, Berland DW, Chandran S et al. Pain Management. Michigan Medicine University of Michigan; 2021. Accessed July 31, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK572296\/"},{"key":"1391_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03076-2","volume":"21","author":"Y Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi Y, Wu W. Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: mechanisms and progress. BMC Med. 2023;21:372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-023-03076-2.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2016.01.005","volume":"34","author":"JT Wenzel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wenzel JT, Schwenk ES, Baratta JL, Viscusi ER. Managing Opioid-Tolerant patients in the perioperative surgical home. Anesthesiol Clin. 2016;34(2):287\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anclin.2016.01.005.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1317","volume":"23","author":"RV Nielsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nielsen RV, Fomsgaard JS, Nikolajsen L, Dahl JB, Mathiesen O. Intraoperative S-ketamine for the reduction of opioid consumption and pain one year after spine surgery: A randomized clinical trial of opioid-dependent patients. Eur J Pain. 2019;23(3):455\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1317.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"1391_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E299","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002318","volume":"43","author":"A Pendi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pendi A, Field R, Farhan SD, Eichler M, Bederman SS. Perioperative ketamine for analgesia in spine surgery: A Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Spine. 2018;43(5):E299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002318.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318297d4a5","volume":"119","author":"E Farag","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farag E, Ghobrial M, Sessler DI, et al. Effect of perioperative intravenous Lidocaine administration on pain, opioid consumption, and quality of life after complex spine surgery. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(4):932\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318297d4a5.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"48","key":"1391_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23332","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023332","volume":"99","author":"Y Bi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bi Y, Ye Y, Ma J, Tian Z, Zhang X, Liu B. Effect of perioperative intravenous Lidocaine for patients undergoing spine surgery: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Med (Baltim). 2020;99(48):e23332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000023332.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1391_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878985","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.878985","volume":"3","author":"NA Zavala","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zavala NA, Knoebel RW, Anitescu M. Lidocaine and ketamine infusions as adjunctive pain management therapy: A retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients admitted for pain related to sickle cell disease. Front Pain Res. 2022;3:878985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2022.878985.","journal-title":"Front Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","volume":"71","author":"D Dowell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for Pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep. 2022;71(3):1\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1089\/pop.2019.0128","volume":"23","author":"S Musich","year":"2020","unstructured":"Musich S, Wang SS, Slindee LB, Ruiz J, Yeh CS. Concurrent use of opioids with other central nervous System-Active medications among older adults. Popul Health Manag. 2020;23(4):286\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/pop.2019.0128.","journal-title":"Popul Health Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"1391_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.01.003","volume":"22","author":"CJ Devin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Devin CJ, McGirt MJ. Best evidence in multimodal pain management in spine surgery and means of assessing postoperative pain and functional outcomes. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(6):930\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.01.003.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1391_CR51","unstructured":"DEA Releases 2024 National Drug Threat Assessment. Accessed August 12. 2024. https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/press-releases\/2024\/05\/09\/dea-releases-2024-national-drug-threat-assessment"},{"key":"1391_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2022.100185","volume":"12","author":"LD Orosz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Orosz LD, Thomson AE, Yamout T, et al. Opioid use after elective spine surgery: do spine surgery patients consume less than prescribed today? North Am Spine Soc J. 2022;12:100185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2022.100185.","journal-title":"North Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"1391_CR53","unstructured":"Dydyk AM, Jain NK, Gupta M. Opioid Use Disorder. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed August 12, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK553166\/"},{"key":"1391_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S380616","volume":"16","author":"R Sica","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sica R, Wilson JM, Kim EJ, Culley DJ, Meints SM, Schreiber KL. The relationship of postoperative pain and opioid consumption to postoperative delirium after spine surgery. J Pain Res. 2023;16:287\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S380616.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"1391_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003405","volume":"45","author":"S Pirkle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pirkle S, Reddy S, Bhattacharjee S, Shi LL, Lee MJ. Chronic opioid use is associated with surgical site infection after lumbar fusion. Spine. 2020;45(12):837\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003405.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"12","key":"1391_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002964","volume":"44","author":"JM Hills","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hills JM, Pennings JS, Archer KR, et al. Preoperative opioids and 1-year Patient-reported outcomes after spine surgery. Spine. 2019;44(12):887\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002964.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"1391_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.04.116","volume":"151","author":"J Berg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berg J, Wahood W, Zreik J, et al. Economic burden of hospitalizations associated with opioid dependence among patients undergoing spinal fusion. World Neurosurg. 2021;151:e738\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.04.116.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1391_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz423","volume":"87","author":"HM Zakaria","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zakaria HM, Mansour TR, Telemi E, et al. The association of preoperative opioid usage with Patient-Reported outcomes, adverse events, and return to work after lumbar fusion: analysis from the Michigan spine surgery improvement collaborative (MSSIC). Neurosurgery. 2020;87(1):142\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyz423.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"8","key":"1391_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211070823","volume":"13","author":"U Barrie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barrie U, Montgomery EY, Ogwumike E, et al. Household income as a predictor for surgical outcomes and opioid use after spine surgery in the united States. Glob Spine J. 2023;13(8):2124\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682211070823.","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"1391_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.12.086","volume":"159","author":"S Mohan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohan S, Lynch CP, Cha EDK, et al. Baseline risk factors for prolonged opioid use following spine surgery: systematic review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 2022;159:179\u2013e1882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.12.086.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005865","volume":"134","author":"EC Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun EC, Rishel CA, Jena AB. Association between changes in postoperative opioid utilization and Long-Term health care spending among surgical patients with chronic opioid utilization. Anesth Analg. 2022;134(3):515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005865.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1391_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2021.20507","volume":"27","author":"CM Brummett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brummett CM, Evans-Shields J, England C, et al. Increased health care costs associated with new persistent opioid use after major surgery in opioid-naive patients. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021;27(6):760\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18553\/jmcp.2021.20507.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"issue":"6","key":"1391_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1076","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004965","volume":"276","author":"R Howard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Howard R, Brown CS, Lai YL, et al. The association of postoperative opioid prescriptions with patient outcomes. Ann Surg. 2022;276(6):e1076\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004965.","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"1391_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001047","volume":"158","author":"C Cozowicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cozowicz C, Olson A, Poeran J, et al. Opioid prescription levels and postoperative outcomes in orthopedic surgery. Pain. 2017;158(12):2422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001047.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.8.SPINE22571","volume":"38","author":"S Lim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim S, Yeh H, han, Macki M, et al. Postoperative opioid prescription and patient-reported outcomes after elective spine surgery: a Michigan spine surgery improvement collaborative study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;38(2):242\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2022.8.SPINE22571.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"key":"1391_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berardino K, Carroll AH, Kaneb A, Civilette MD, Sherman WF, Kaye AD. An update on postoperative opioid use and alternative pain control following spine surgery. Orthop Rev 13(2):24978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52965\/001c.24978","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.24978"},{"issue":"1","key":"1391_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182340869","volume":"37","author":"S Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma S, Balireddy RK, Vorenkamp KE, Durieux ME. Beyond opioid patient-controlled analgesia: a systematic review of analgesia after major spine surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2012;37(1):79\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182340869.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1391_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2826-1","volume":"22","author":"O Mathiesen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mathiesen O, Dahl B, Thomsen BA, et al. A comprehensive multimodal pain treatment reduces opioid consumption after multilevel spine surgery. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2013;22(9):2089\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-013-2826-1.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc"},{"key":"1391_CR69","unstructured":"Teoli D, Dua A, An J. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accessed July 30, 2024. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK537188\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"1391_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58101332","volume":"58","author":"CGT Vance","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vance CGT, Dailey DL, Chimenti RL, Van Gorp BJ, Crofford LJ, Sluka KA. Using TENS for pain control: update on the state of the evidence. Med (Mex). 2022;58(10):1332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina58101332.","journal-title":"Med (Mex)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1391_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.SPINE231079","volume":"41","author":"JH Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee JH, Jones JC, Lee DS, Joseph JR. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the treatment of acute postoperative pain following spine surgery: a scoping review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2024;41(1):97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.1.SPINE231079.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"51","key":"1391_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18237","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000018237","volume":"98","author":"S Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee S, Jo DH. Acupuncture for reduction of opioid consumption in chronic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Med (Baltim). 2019;98(51):e18237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000018237.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00261-0","volume":"99","author":"JG Lin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lin JG, Lo MW, Wen YR, Hsieh CL, Tsai SK, Sun WZ. The effect of high and low frequency electroacupuncture in pain after lower abdominal surgery. Pain. 2002;99(3):509\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00261-0.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1391_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.20.2-3.56","volume":"20","author":"CK Sim","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sim CK, Xu PC, Pua HL, Zhang G, Lee TL. Effects of electroacupuncture on intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirement. Acupunct Med J Br Med Acupunct Soc. 2002;20(2\u20133):56\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/aim.20.2-3.56.","journal-title":"Acupunct Med J Br Med Acupunct Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0150367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150367","volume":"11","author":"MS Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu MS, Chen KH, Chen IF, et al. The efficacy of acupuncture in Post-Operative pain management: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):e0150367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0150367.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"1391_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-021-00943-6","volume":"25","author":"S Burns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burns S, Urman R, Pian R, Coppes OJM. Reducing new persistent opioid use after surgery: A review of interventions. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(5):27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-021-00943-6.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1391_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s11420-018-09662-y","volume":"15","author":"F Lovecchio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lovecchio F, Premkumar A, Stepan JG, Albert TJ. Fighting back: institutional strategies to combat the opioid epidemic: A systematic review. HSS J Musculoskelet J Hosp Spec Surg. 2019;15(1):66\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11420-018-09662-y.","journal-title":"HSS J Musculoskelet J Hosp Spec Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"1391_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.2083","volume":"153","author":"AS Chiu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chiu AS, Jean RA, Hoag JR, Freedman-Weiss M, Healy JM, Pei KY. Association of Lowering default pill counts in electronic medical record systems with postoperative opioid prescribing. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(11):1012\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.2083.","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1391_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003468","volume":"134","author":"AL Vilkins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vilkins AL, Sahara M, Till SR, et al. Effects of shared decision making on opioid prescribing after hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(4):823\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003468.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1391_CR80","unstructured":"Research C, for DE and. Timeline of Selected FDA Activities and Significant Events Addressing Substance Use and Overdose Prevention. FDA. Published online August 9, 2024. Accessed August 21, 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/food-and-drug-administration-overdose-prevention-framework\/timeline-selected-fda-activities-and-significant-events-addressing-substance-use-and-overdose"},{"key":"1391_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berna C, Kulich RJ, Rathmell JP. Tapering Long-term Opioid Therapy in Chronic Noncancer Pain: Evidence and Recommendations for Everyday Practice. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(6):828\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.04.003"},{"key":"1391_CR82","unstructured":"Abuse NI, on D. HHS Guide for Clinicians on the Appropriate Dosage Reduction or Discontinuation of Long-Term Opioid Analgesics| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). --. Accessed August 21, 2024. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/opioid-crisis-pain-management\/hhs-guide-clinicians-appropriate-dosage-reduction-or-discontinuation-long-term-opioid"},{"issue":"2","key":"1391_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.09.001","volume":"20","author":"SG Henry","year":"2019","unstructured":"Henry SG, Paterniti DA, Feng B, et al. Patients\u2019 experience with opioid tapering: A conceptual model with recommendations for clinicians. J Pain. 2019;20(2):181\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.09.001.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1391_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S231774","volume":"15","author":"CK Cheung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheung CK, Adeola JO, Beutler SS, Urman RD. Postoperative pain management in enhanced recovery pathways. J Pain Res. 2022;15:123\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S231774.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1391_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-023-07881-4","volume":"33","author":"JW Stewart","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stewart JW, Dickson D, Van Hal M, et al. Ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane blocks for pain management after open lumbar laminectomy. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2024;33(3):949\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-023-07881-4.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"1391_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2021-014186","volume":"31","author":"AJ Cross","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cross AJ, Buchbinder R, Mathieson S, et al. Barriers and enablers to monitoring and deprescribing opioid analgesics for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review with qualitative evidence synthesis using the theoretical domains framework. BMJ Qual Saf. 2022;31(5):387\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjqs-2021-014186.","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"key":"1391_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borode AS, Wadaskar D, Borode AS, Wadaskar DD. Navigating opioid alternatives in spine surgery: A comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024;16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.65144.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.65144"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01391-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01391-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01391-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1771275771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01391-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01391-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 April 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article is based on previous studies and contains no new studies with human participants or animals performed by any authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Guidelines"}},{"value":"ADK is a section editor for CPHRs.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"78"}}