{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:54:13Z","timestamp":1793642053382,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-025-01395-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T10:41:44Z","timestamp":1747824104000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate in Perioperative Multimodal Analgesia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Andrea A.","family":"Lopez-Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey P.","family":"Trinchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Morozowich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lopa","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1395_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000068822.10113.9E","volume":"97","author":"JL Apfelbaum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain experience: results from a National survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:534\u201340.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1395_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S343347","volume":"15","author":"MA Elshafie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elshafie MA, Khalil MK, ElSheikh ML, Mowafy NI. Erector spinae block with opioid free anesthesia in cirrhotic patients undergoing hepatic resection: A randomized controlled trial. Local Reg Anesth. 2022;15:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth"},{"key":"1395_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68700-X","volume":"367","author":"H Kehlet","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367:1618\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1395_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kandi LA, Bruce MR, Morozowich ST, Casey WJ 3rd, Teven CM. Blocking the unbearable: the case for the erector spinae plane block. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2021;9:e3915.","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003915"},{"key":"1395_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.1827","volume":"172","author":"A Alam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alam A, Gomes T, Zheng H, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Bell CM. Long-term analgesic use after low-risk surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172:425\u201330.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1395_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02252-2","volume":"399","author":"K Humphreys","year":"2022","unstructured":"Humphreys K, Shover CL, Andrews CM, Bohnert ASB, Brandeau ML, Caulkins JP, Chen JH, Cu\u00e9llar M-F, Hurd YL, Juurlink DN, Koh HK, Krebs EE, Lembke A, Mackey SC, Larrimore Ouellette L, Suffoletto B, Timko C. Responding to the opioid crisis in North America and beyond: recommendations of the Stanford\u2013Lancet commission. Lancet. 2022;399:555\u2013604.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1395_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490","volume":"374","author":"WM Compton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Compton WM, Jones CM, Baldwin GT. Relationship between nonmedical Prescription-Opioid use and heroin use. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:154\u201363.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1395_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004109","volume":"136","author":"DB Larach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Larach DB, Hah JM, Brummett CM. Perioperative opioids, the opioid crisis, and the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2022;136:594\u2013608.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1395_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14446","volume":"122","author":"K Theisen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Theisen K, Jacobs B, Macleod L, Davies B. The united States opioid epidemic: a review of the Surgeon\u2019s contribution to it and health policy initiatives. BJU Int. 2018;122:754\u20139.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"1395_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.12.008","volume":"17","author":"R Chou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, Rosenberg JM, Bickler S, Brennan T, Carter T, Cassidy CL, Chittenden EH, Degenhardt E, Griffith S, Manworren R, McCarberg B, Montgomery R, Murphy J, Perkal MF, Suresh S, Sluka K, Strassels S, Thirlby R, Viscusi E, Walco GA, Warner L, Weisman SJ, Wu CL. Management of postoperative pain: A clinical practice guideline from the American pain society, the American society of regional anesthesia and pain medicine, and the American society of anesthesiologists\u2019 committee on regional anesthesia, executive committee, and administrative Council. J Pain. 2016;17:131\u201357.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1395_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000792","volume":"36","author":"M Echeverria-Villalobos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echeverria-Villalobos M, Stoicea N, Todeschini AB, Fiorda-Diaz J, Uribe AA, Weaver T, Bergese SD. Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS): A perspective review of postoperative pain management under ERAS pathways and its role on opioid crisis in the united States. Clin J Pain. 2020;36:219\u201326.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"1395_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003166","volume":"132","author":"ED Kharasch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kharasch ED, Avram MJ, Clark JD. Rational perioperative opioid management in the era of the opioid crisis. Anesthesiology. 2020;132:603\u20135.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1395_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1223","volume":"33","author":"ER Kessler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kessler ER, Shah M, Gruschkus SK, Raju A. Cost and quality implications of opioid-based postsurgical pain control using administrative claims data from a large health system: opioid-related adverse events and their impact on clinical and economic outcomes. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33:383\u201391.","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"1395_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin HJ, Na HS, Do SH. Magnesium Pain Nutrients 2020;12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082184"},{"key":"1395_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmos AV, Steen S, Boscardin CK, Chang JM, Manahan G, Little AR, Lee MC, Liu LL. Increasing the use of multimodal analgesia during adult surgery in a tertiary academic anaesthesia department. BMJ Open Qual 2021;10.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2020-001320"},{"key":"1395_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-018-0097-4","volume":"7","author":"EJ Koepke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koepke EJ, Manning EL, Miller TE, Ganesh A, Williams DGA, Manning MW. The rising tide of opioid use and abuse: the role of the anesthesiologist. Perioper Med (Lond). 2018;7:16.","journal-title":"Perioper Med (Lond)"},{"key":"1395_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2019.07.016","volume":"33","author":"GP Joshi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joshi GP, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain management in the era of ERAS: an overview. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2019;33:259\u201367.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"1395_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318297630d","volume":"119","author":"GS De Oliveira Jr","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Oliveira GS Jr., Castro-Alves LJ, Khan JH, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative systemic magnesium to minimize postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2013;119:178\u201390.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1395_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182334d68","volume":"114","author":"GS De Oliveira Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Oliveira GS Jr., Agarwal D, Benzon HT. Perioperative single dose ketorolac to prevent postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:424\u201333.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1395_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aer107","volume":"106","author":"ED McNicol","year":"2011","unstructured":"McNicol ED, Tzortzopoulou A, Cepeda MS, Francia MB, Farhat T, Schumann R. Single-dose intravenous Paracetamol or Propacetamol for prevention or treatment of postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2011;106:764\u201375.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"1395_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2013.65.1.4","volume":"65","author":"SH Do","year":"2013","unstructured":"Do SH. Magnesium: a versatile drug for anesthesiologists. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;65:4\u20138.","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"1395_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2020.56.2.130","volume":"56","author":"C Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee C, So CH. The impact of perioperative use of a Statin-Magnesium combination on opioid consumption in patients who underwent cardiac surgery: A retrospective study with Propensity-Score matching. Chonnam Med J. 2020;56:130\u20135.","journal-title":"Chonnam Med J"},{"key":"1395_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-019-00618-2","volume":"33","author":"D Kreutzwiser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kreutzwiser D, Tawfic QA. Expanding role of NMDA receptor antagonists in the management of pain. CNS Drugs. 2019;33:347\u201374.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"1395_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.09.007","volume":"7","author":"TL Yaksh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yaksh TL. Calcium channels as therapeutic targets in neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2006;7:S13\u201330.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1395_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","volume":"5","author":"W Jahnen-Dechent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5:i3\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"1395_CR26","first-page":"646","volume":"9","author":"LA Graham","year":"1960","unstructured":"Graham LA, Caesar JJ, Burgen AS. Gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of Mg 28 in man. Metabolism. 1960;9:646\u201359.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"1395_CR27","first-page":"47","volume":"24","author":"R Swaminathan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Swaminathan R. Magnesium metabolism and its disorders. Clin Biochem Rev. 2003;24:47\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"1395_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1983.93","volume":"23","author":"JH Dirks","year":"1983","unstructured":"Dirks JH. The kidney and magnesium regulation. Kidney Int. 1983;23:771\u20137.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1395_CR29","unstructured":"Hicks MA, Tyagi A. Magnesium sulfate StatPearls treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Alka Tyagi declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.: StatPearls publishing copyright \u00a9 2024. StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2024."},{"key":"1395_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.527788","volume":"40","author":"AG Euser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Euser AG, Cipolla MJ. Magnesium sulfate for the treatment of eclampsia: a brief review. Stroke. 2009;40:1169\u201375.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1395_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.03.038","volume":"39","author":"L Rodr\u00edguez-Rubio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rubio L, Nava E, Del Pozo JSG, Jord\u00e1n J. Influence of the perioperative administration of magnesium sulfate on the total dose of anesthetics during general anesthesia. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2017;39:129\u201338.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"1395_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2005.08.010","volume":"19","author":"C Bolcal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bolcal C, Iyem H, Sargin M, Mataraci I, Yildirim V, Doganci S, Ozal E, Demirkilic U, Tatar H. Comparison of magnesium sulfate with opioid and NSAIDs on postoperative pain management after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005;19:714\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"1395_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2018.31.2.93","volume":"31","author":"EZ Kamel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kamel EZ, Abd-Elshafy SK, Sayed JA, Mostafa MM, Seddik MI. Pain alleviation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; presternal local anesthetic and magnesium infiltration versus conventional intravenous analgesia: a randomized double-blind study. Korean J Pain. 2018;31:93\u2013101.","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"key":"1395_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.15319","volume":"90","author":"NN Dudi-Venkata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dudi-Venkata NN, Kroon HM, Bedrikovetski S, Moore JW, Sammour T. Systematic scoping review of enhanced recovery protocol recommendations targeting return of Gastrointestinal function after colorectal surgery. ANZ J Surg. 2020;90:41\u20137.","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"1395_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200010000-00032","volume":"91","author":"R Zarauza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zarauza R, S\u00e1ez-Fern\u00e1ndez AN, Iribarren MJ, Carrascosa F, Adame M, Fidalgo I, Monedero P. A comparative study with oral Nifedipine, intravenous nimodipine, and magnesium sulfate in postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2000;91:938\u201343.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"1395_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2016.08.033","volume":"48","author":"B Gucyetmez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gucyetmez B, Atalan HK, Aslan S, Yazar S, Polat KY. Effects of intraoperative magnesium sulfate administration on postoperative Tramadol requirement in liver transplantation: A prospective, Double-Blind study. Transpl Proc. 2016;48:2742\u20136.","journal-title":"Transpl Proc"},{"key":"1395_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3941-1","volume":"11","author":"G Dewe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dewe G, Steyaert A, De Kock M, Lois F, Reding R, Forget P. Pain management in living related adult donor hepatectomy: feasibility of an evidence-based protocol in 100 consecutive donors. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:834.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"1395_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2147\/LRA.S379194","volume":"15","author":"FA El Sherif","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Sherif FA, Youssef HA, Fares KM, Mohamed SA, Ali AR, Thabet AM. Efficacy of ketamine versus magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to Levobupivacaine in ultrasound bilevel erector spinae block in breast Cancer surgery (a Double-Blinded randomized controlled Study). Local Reg Anesth. 2022;15:87\u201396.","journal-title":"Local Reg Anesth"},{"key":"1395_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah TH, Rubenstein AR, Kosik ES, Heimbach SW, Madamangalam AS. Parturient on Magnesium Infusion and Its Effectiveness as an Adjuvant Analgesic after Cesarean Delivery: A Retrospective Analysis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2018;2018:3978760.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3978760"},{"key":"1395_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2016.05.006","volume":"34","author":"AM Sousa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sousa AM, Rosado GM, Neto Jde S, Guimar\u00e3es GM, Ashmawi HA. Magnesium sulfate improves postoperative analgesia in laparoscopic gynecologic surgeries: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth. 2016;34:379\u201384.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"1395_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106091","volume":"197","author":"G Tsaousi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsaousi G, Nikopoulou A, Pezikoglou I, Birba V, Grosomanidis V. Implementation of magnesium sulphate as an adjunct to multimodal analgesic approach for perioperative pain control in lumbar laminectomy surgery: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;197:106091.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"1395_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000893","volume":"36","author":"R Tavanaei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tavanaei R, Rezaee-Naserabad SS, Alizadeh S, Yazdani KO, Zali A, Farsani HA, Oraee-Yazdani S. Analgesic effects of preoperative combination of oral Pregabalin and intravenous magnesium sulfate on postoperative pain in patients undergoing posterolateral spinal fusion surgery: A 4-arm, randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled trial. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2024;36:134\u201341.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol"},{"key":"1395_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003309","volume":"133","author":"JY Park","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park JY, Hong JH, Kim DH, Yu J, Hwang JH, Kim YK. Magnesium and bladder discomfort after transurethral resection of bladder tumor: A randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2020;133:64\u201377.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"1395_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_837_18","volume":"13","author":"C Mahajan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahajan C, Mishra RK, Jena BR, Kapoor I, Prabhakar H, Rath GP, Chaturvedi A. Effect of magnesium and Lignocaine on post-craniotomy pain: A comparative, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13:299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"1395_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohn HM, Kim BY, Bae YK, Seo WS, Jeon YT. Magnesium sulfate enables patient immobilization during moderate block and ameliorates the pain and analgesic requirements in spine surgery, which can not be achieved with Opioid-Only protocol: A randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled study. J Clin Med 2021;10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194289"},{"key":"1395_CR46","first-page":"e57002","volume":"16","author":"U Sawant","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sawant U, Sen J. A comprehensive review of magnesium sulfate infusion: unveiling the impact on hemodynamic stability during laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in ear, nose, and throat surgeries. Cureus. 2024;16:e57002.","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01395-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01395-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01395-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T21:05:19Z","timestamp":1771275919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01395-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1395"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01395-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All reported studies\/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional\/national research committee standards, and international\/national\/institutional guidelines).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest or financial involvement with this manuscript. The research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"88"}}