{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:24:03Z","timestamp":1782959043300,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review evaluates stellate ganglion block as a treatment for long COVID, seeking to evaluate the treatment\u2019s efficacy by various symptoms and the limitations of the current literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic Review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ambulatory or Outpatient Setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods, Subjects<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review of the current literature regarding use of stellate ganglion block in patients with long COVID was conducted. 2 databases were searched on August 28th, 2025. Search terms were \u201clong COVID\u201d and \u201cstellate ganglion block\u201d, yielding 45 results. Studies examining patient outcomes after stellate ganglion block were included. Case reports, case series, basic science studies and previous reviews were excluded. Seven studies met inclusion criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients received a single stellate ganglion block in some studies and multiple stellate ganglion blocks in others. All studies reported symptomatic improvement without control groups. Response rates ranged from 55.8% to 100%. The most robust improvements (&gt;\u200980% patients reporting relief) were seen in cough, dyspnea, headache, joint pain, pain interference\/intensity, pins\/needles, subjective relief.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stellate ganglion block is a promising treatment that appears to generate substantive benefit for many of the symptoms seen in long COVID. However, the current literature has small, uncontrolled studies with heterogenous study designs and follow-up periods. Standardized research with larger sample sizes, control groups, and longer-term follow up is necessary to elucidate the degree of benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>IRB approval and clinical trial registration not required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-026-01477-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T09:07:39Z","timestamp":1776071259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Stellate Ganglion Block in the Treatment of Long COVID: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sudeep","family":"Peddireddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"VanWingerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1477_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjep.2023.100661","volume":"32","author":"SAB Burrowes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burrowes SAB, Casey SM, Pierre-Joseph N, et al. COVID-19 pandemic impacts on mental health, burnout, and longevity in the workplace among healthcare workers: a mixed methods study. J Interprof Educ Pract. 2023;32:100661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xjep.2023.100661.","journal-title":"J Interprof Educ Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1477_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27309","volume":"94","author":"P Malik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malik P, Patel K, Pinto C, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2022;94(1):253\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27309.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1477_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.25182003","volume":"182","author":"TM Thant","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thant TM, Khandai AC, Gillan A, Peace M, Quinn D, Levenson J. Neuropsychiatric symptoms of subacute and chronic long covid. 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