{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:48:34Z","timestamp":1792460914674,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Pain Headache Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulsed radiofrequency of the lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG-PRF) is a minimally invasive treatment for chronic radicular pain, but outcomes vary substantially and validated prediction models to guide patient selection are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop and internally validate a multivariable prediction model identifying patients most likely to achieve treatment success following lumbar DRG-PRF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study included 308 consecutive patients who underwent DRG-PRF for chronic lumbar radicular pain. Positive outcome was defined as \u2265\u200950% pain reduction on the Numerical Rating Scale at 6-month follow-up. Candidate prognostic variables were selected using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. Model performance was evaluated using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) and calibration plots. Internal validation employed 10,000 bootstrap replications. A clinical nomogram was developed for bedside application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Treatment success was achieved in 43.5% of patients (134\/308). LASSO identified four independent predictors: baseline pain intensity (OR\u2009=\u20091.558,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), daily morphine milligram equivalents (OR\u2009=\u20090.981,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), pain duration (OR\u2009=\u20090.816,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008) and previous fusion\/decompression surgery (OR\u2009=\u20090.315,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). The model demonstrated moderate discrimination (AUC\u2009=\u20090.734, 95%CI:0.678\u20130.788), good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.454), and robust internal validation (optimism-corrected AUC\u2009=\u20090.742). At optimal cutoff (0.478), sensitivity was 67.2% and specificity 69.0%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This validated prediction model incorporating opioid consumption, pain duration, baseline pain intensity, and surgical history enables individualized risk stratification for lumbar DRG-PRF. The accompanying nomogram facilitates clinical decision-making and patient counseling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-026-01544-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:09:04Z","timestamp":1787548144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors of Treatment Success Following Pulsed Radiofrequency of the Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion: A Multivariable Prediction Model with Clinical Nomogram"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5228-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo Luigi Giuseppe","family":"Leoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mercieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Magnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano Lo","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal","family":"Hasoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Far\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Chelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giustino","family":"Varrassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1544_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","volume":"5","author":"GBD 2021 Low Back Pain Collaborators","year":"2023","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Low Back Pain Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990\u20132020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5:e316\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"key":"1544_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-106723","author":"J-H Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park J-H, Jang JN, Park S, Choi Y-S, Ryu DK, Miah R, et al. Pulsed radiofrequency of lumbar dorsal root ganglion versus epidural neuroplasty for lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-106723. ;rapm-2025-106723.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"1544_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11865","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111865","volume":"22","author":"F-Y Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin F-Y, Huang K-F, Chen J-C, Lai M-F, Ma K-H, Yeh C-C. The Clinical Application of Pulsed Radiofrequency Induces Inflammatory Pain via MAPKs Activation: A Novel Hint for Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:11865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222111865.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1544_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S240138","volume":"13","author":"MLG Leoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leoni MLG, Schatman ME, Demartini L, Lo Bianco G, Terranova G. Genicular Nerve Pulsed Dose Radiofrequency (PDRF) Compared to Intra-Articular and Genicular Nerve PDRF in Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J Pain Res. 2020;13:1315\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S240138.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1544_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00317.x","volume":"9","author":"S Erdine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erdine S, Bilir A, Cosman ER, Cosman ER. Ultrastructural changes in axons following exposure to pulsed radiofrequency fields. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain. 2009;9:407\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00317.x.","journal-title":"Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E601","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2013\/16\/E601","volume":"16","author":"R Vallejo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vallejo R, Tilley DM, Williams J, Labak S, Aliaga L, Benyamin RM. Pulsed radiofrequency modulates pain regulatory gene expression along the nociceptive pathway. Pain Physician. 2013;16:E601\u2013613.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"1544_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14171320","volume":"14","author":"G Varrassi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varrassi G, Leoni MLG, Far\u00ec G, Al-Alwany AA, Al-Sharie S, Fornasari D. Neuromodulatory Signaling in Chronic Pain Patients: A Narrative Review. Cells. 2025;14:1320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14171320.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"1544_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111419","volume":"127","author":"X Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu X, Chen R, Yu Y, Yang J, Lin C, Liu R. Pulsed radiofrequency on DRG inhibits hippocampal neuroinflammation by regulating spinal GRK2\/p38 expression and enhances spinal autophagy to reduce pain and depression in male rats with spared nerve injury. Int Immunopharmacol. 2024;127:111419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.111419.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"1544_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Facchini G, Spinnato P, Guglielmi G, Albisinni U, Bazzocchi A. A comprehensive review of pulsed radiofrequency in the treatment of pain associated with different spinal conditions. Br J Radiol. 90:20150406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjr.20150406","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150406"},{"key":"1544_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.14245\/kjs.2014.11.3.109","volume":"11","author":"YM Yoon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yoon YM, Han SR, Lee SJ, Choi CY, Sohn MJ, Lee CH. The Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment of Cervical Radicular Pain Patients. Korean J Spine. 2014;11:109\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14245\/kjs.2014.11.3.109.","journal-title":"Korean J Spine"},{"key":"1544_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpn.ijpn_79_21","volume":"36","author":"S Waicus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waicus S, Bhambra N. Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment of the Dorsal Root Ganglion in Patients with Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Narrative Review. Indian J Pain. 2022;36:75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpn.ijpn_79_21.","journal-title":"Indian J Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0703500603","volume":"35","author":"K Malik","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malik K, Benzon HT. Pulsed radiofrequency: a critical review of its efficacy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35:863\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0310057X0703500603.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"1544_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000063","volume":"39","author":"K Van Boxem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Boxem K, Huntoon M, Van Zundert J, Patijn J, van Kleef M, Joosten EA. Pulsed radiofrequency: a review of the basic science as applied to the pathophysiology of radicular pain: a call for clinical translation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39:149\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000063.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"1544_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-023-00512-2","volume":"12","author":"F Occhigrossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Occhigrossi F, Carpenedo R, Leoni MLG, Varrassi G, Chin\u00e8 E, Cascella M, et al. Delphi-Based Expert Consensus Statements for the Management of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Neurotomy in the Treatment of Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome. Pain Ther. 2023;12:863\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-023-00512-2.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"1544_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101096","volume":"24","author":"SR Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han SR, Lee B-J, Koo H-W, Yoon SW, Choi CY, Sohn M-J, et al. The efficacy and successful factors of pulsed radiofrequency treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain patients. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2021;24:101096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101096.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"1544_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S164414","volume":"11","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Park SJ, Yoon DM, Yoon KB, Kim SH. Predictors of the analgesic efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency treatment in patients with chronic lumbosacral radicular pain: a retrospective observational study. J Pain Res. 2018;11:1223\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S164414.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1544_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-022-00355-3","volume":"11","author":"Z Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng Z, Guo J, Zhang Y, Guo X, Huang W, Li Y, et al. Development of a Model for Predicting the Effectiveness of Pulsed Radiofrequency on Zoster-Associated Pain. Pain Ther. 2022;11:253\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-022-00355-3.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"1544_CR18","unstructured":"Opioid National Drug Code and Oral MME Conversion File Update | Opioids | CDC [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Dec 15]. https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/www_cdc_gov\/opioids\/data-resources\/index.html. Accessed 15 Dec 2025."},{"key":"1544_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00639-w","volume":"13","author":"MLG Leoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leoni MLG, Micheli F, Abbott DM, Cascella M, Varrassi G, Sansone P, et al. Transforaminal Steroid Injection After Dorsal Root Ganglion Pulsed Radiofrequency (DRG-PRF): Impact on Pain Intensity and Disability. Pain Ther. 2024;13:1271\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-024-00639-w.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"1544_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014508","volume":"131","author":"GS Collins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KGM. Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD). Circulation. 2015;131:211\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014508.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"1544_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13351","volume":"24","author":"S Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park S, Park J-H, Jang JN, Choi S-I, Song Y, Kim YU, et al. Pulsed radiofrequency of lumbar dorsal root ganglion for lumbar radicular pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain. 2024;24:772\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.13351.","journal-title":"Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1544909","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2025.1544909","volume":"6","author":"W Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin W, Lou L, Chu D, Lv Y, Tian L, Wang B. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency stimulation in patients with chronic pain: a narrative review. Front Pain Res Lausanne Switz. 2025;6:1544909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2025.1544909.","journal-title":"Front Pain Res Lausanne Switz"},{"key":"1544_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13089","volume":"22","author":"S Waardenburg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waardenburg S, de Meij N, Brouwer B, Van Zundert J, van Kuijk SMJ. Clinical important improvement of chronic pain patients in randomized controlled trials and the DATAPAIN cohort. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain. 2022;22:349\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.13089.","journal-title":"Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.09.004","volume":"8","author":"F Salaffi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Salaffi F, Stancati A, Silvestri CA, Ciapetti A, Grassi W. Minimal clinically important changes in chronic musculoskeletal pain intensity measured on a numerical rating scale. Eur J Pain Lond Engl. 2004;8:283\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.09.004.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain Lond Engl"},{"key":"1544_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9","volume":"94","author":"JT Farrar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farrar JT, Young JP, LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole MR. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94:149\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00349-9.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12670","volume":"16","author":"K Van Boxem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Van Boxem K, de Meij N, Kessels A, Van Kleef M, Van Zundert J. Pulsed radiofrequency for chronic intractable lumbosacral radicular pain: a six-month cohort study. Pain Med Malden Mass. 2015;16:1155\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pme.12670.","journal-title":"Pain Med Malden Mass"},{"key":"1544_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19045-z","volume":"15","author":"T Yuba","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuba T, Koyama Y, Uematsu H, Takahashi A, Matsuda Y, Fujino Y, et al. Elucidation of the treatment mechanism of pulsed radiofrequency based on its antiinflammatory effects. Sci Rep Nat Publishing Group. 2025;15:33611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-19045-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep Nat Publishing Group"},{"key":"1544_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.12.004","volume":"18","author":"BJ Morasco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morasco BJ, Yarborough BJ, Smith NX, Dobscha SK, Deyo RA, Perrin NA, et al. Higher Prescription Opioid Dose is Associated With Worse Patient-Reported Pain Outcomes and More Health Care Utilization. J Pain. 2017;18:437\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.12.004.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx262","volume":"19","author":"AD Sharan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sharan AD, Riley J, Falowski S, Pope JE, Connolly AT, Karst E, et al. Association of Opioid Usage with Spinal Cord Stimulation Outcomes. Pain Med Malden Mass. 2018;19:699\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnx262.","journal-title":"Pain Med Malden Mass"},{"key":"1544_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13297","volume":"24","author":"M Nissen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nissen M, Ik\u00e4heimo T-M, Huttunen J, Leinonen V, Jyrkk\u00e4nen. H-K, von Und Zu Fraunberg M. Higher Preimplantation Opioid Doses Associated With Long-Term Spinal Cord Stimulation Failure in 211 Patients With Failed Back Surgery Syndrome. Neuromodulation J Int Neuromodulation Soc. 2021;24:102\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.13297.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation J Int Neuromodulation Soc"},{"key":"1544_CR31","first-page":"E733","volume":"25","author":"H Heikkila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heikkila H, Ristmagi A. Effect of Opioid Use on Results of Interventional Back Pain Management on Patients With Suspected Face-mediated Chronic Back Pain. Pain Physician. 2022;25:E733\u20138.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"1544_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd11090260","volume":"11","author":"R Gazzeri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gazzeri R, Castrucci T, Leoni MLG, Mercieri M, Occhigrossi F. Spinal Cord Stimulation for Intractable Chronic Limb Ischemia: A Narrative Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11:260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcdd11090260.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"key":"1544_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz093","volume":"86","author":"JD Markman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Markman JD, Rhyne AL, Sasso RC, Patel AA, Hsu WK, Fischgrund JS, et al. Association Between Opioid Use and Patient-Reported Outcomes in a Randomized Trial Evaluating Basivertebral Nerve Ablation for the Relief of Chronic Low Back Pain. Neurosurgery. 2020;86:343\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyz093.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1544_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dowell D, CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain \u2014 United States., 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Dec 15];71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1"},{"key":"1544_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-025-00786-8","author":"G Varrassi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varrassi G, Gudez-Santos MD, Hanna M, Kocot-K\u0119pska M, Montero Matamala A, Narvaez Tamayo MA, et al. The Role of Dexketoprofen\/Tramadol in Multimodal Therapy to Prevent Acute Postsurgical and Acute Low Back Pain from Developing into Chronic Pain: A Delphi Consensus Study. Pain Ther. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-025-00786-8.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"1544_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7770","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13247770","volume":"13","author":"H Ellerbroek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ellerbroek H, Kalkman GA, Kramers C, Schellekens AFA, van den Bemt BJF. Pharmacological Strategies to Decrease Long-Term Prescription Opioid Use: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst. 2024;13:7770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13247770.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst"},{"key":"1544_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab015","volume":"22","author":"N Christelis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Christelis N, Simpson B, Russo M, Stanton-Hicks M, Barolat G, Thomson S, et al. Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome: A Proposal for Failed Back Surgery Syndrome and ICD-11. Pain Med Off J Am Acad Pain Med. 2021;22:807\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnab015.","journal-title":"Pain Med Off J Am Acad Pain Med"},{"key":"1544_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-00778-x","volume":"5","author":"L Goudman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goudman L, Russo M, Pilitsis JG, Eldabe S, Duarte RV, Billot M, et al. Treatment modalities for patients with Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type II: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Commun Med. 2025;5:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-025-00778-x.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"1544_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132817","volume":"10","author":"N Naiditch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naiditch N, Billot M, Moens M, Goudman L, Cornet P, Le Breton D, et al. Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type 2 (PSPS-T2), a Social Pain? Advocacy for a Social Gradient of Health Approach to Chronic Pain. J Clin Med Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst. 2021;10:2817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10132817.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst"},{"key":"1544_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2023.07.003","volume":"42","author":"Q Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Q, Cui X, Guan LC, Zhang C, Liu J, Ford NC, et al. Chronic pain after spine surgery: Insights into pathogenesis, new treatment, and preventive therapy. J Orthop Transl. 2023;42:147\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jot.2023.07.003.","journal-title":"J Orthop Transl"},{"key":"1544_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6200102","DOI":"10.1155\/prm\/6200102","volume":"2025","author":"B Erken","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erken B, Yolcu G, Saracoglu TT. Efficacy of Epidural Pulsed Radiofrequency Treatment in Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical Study. Pain Res Manag. 2025;2025:6200102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/prm\/6200102.","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"1544_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4383","volume":"50","author":"I Urits","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urits I, Schwartz RH, Brinkman J, Foster L, Miro P, Berger AA, et al. An Evidence Based Review of Epidurolysis for the Management of Epidural Adhesions. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2020;50:74\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64719\/pb.4383.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"1544_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00695-2","volume":"14","author":"MLG Leoni","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leoni MLG, Occhigrossi F, Tenti M, Raffaeli W, ISAL Research Study Group. Endoscopic Epidurolysis for the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: A Delphi-Based Italian Experts Consensus. Pain Ther. 2025;14:339\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40122-024-00695-2.","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"key":"1544_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13071054","volume":"13","author":"J Jandura","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jandura J, Vajda M, Kostysyn R, Vanasek J, Cermakova E, Zizka J, et al. Previous Lumbar Spine Surgery Decreases the Therapeutic Efficacy of Dorsal Root Ganglion Pulsed Radiofrequency in Patients with Chronic Lumbosacral Radicular Pain. J Pers Med. 2023;13:1054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm13071054.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"1544_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5429","volume":"52","author":"GG T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"T\u00fcrky\u0131lmaz GG. Factors associated with treatment success after combined transforaminal epidural steroid injection and dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency treatment in patients with chronic lumbar radicular pain. Turk J Med Sci. 2022;52:1241\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55730\/1300-0144.5429.","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"1544_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2025-106908","author":"JN Jang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jang JN, Park S, Park J-H, Choi Y-S, Park S. Efficacy of pulsed radiofrequency treatment duration to the lumbar dorsal root ganglion in lumbar radicular pain: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rapm-2025-106908. ;rapm-2025-106908.","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"key":"1544_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.22603\/ssrr.2023-0106","volume":"8","author":"G Lewik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lewik G, Lewik G, M\u00fcller LS, von Glinski A, Schulte TL, Lange T. Postoperative Epidural Fibrosis: Challenges and Opportunities - A Review. Spine Surg Relat Res. 2024;8:133\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22603\/ssrr.2023-0106.","journal-title":"Spine Surg Relat Res"},{"key":"1544_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00311.x","volume":"10","author":"HA Bosscher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bosscher HA, Heavner JE. Incidence and severity of epidural fibrosis after back surgery: an endoscopic study. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain. 2010;10:18\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00311.x.","journal-title":"Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-022-00057-4","volume":"2","author":"I Lanini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lanini I, Amass T, Calabrisotto CS, Fabbri S, Falsini S, Adembri C, et al. The influence of psychological interventions on surgical outcomes: a systematic review. J Anesth Analg Crit Care. 2022;2:31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44158-022-00057-4.","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"1544_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-000-0009-3","volume":"4","author":"ME Sluijter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sluijter ME. The role of radiofrequency in failed back surgery patients. Curr Rev Pain. 2000;4:49\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-000-0009-3.","journal-title":"Curr Rev Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk10030242","volume":"10","author":"D Jorge","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jorge D, de MF, Rohof O, Jorge MBF, Teixeira A, de Oliveira CA, Sobreiro P, et al. A Transcutaneous Randomized Pulsed Radiofrequency Application for Spine Pain Conditions: A Case Series. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2025;10:242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfmk10030242.","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"1544_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659490","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490","volume":"12","author":"G Varrassi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Varrassi G, Far\u00ec G, Narvaez Tamayo MA, Gomez MP, Guerrero Li\u00f1eiro AM, Pereira CL, et al. Mixed pain: clinical practice recommendations. Front Med. 2025;12:1659490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1659490.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"1544_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12389","volume":"19","author":"SP Lad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lad SP, Petraglia FW, Kent AR, Cook S, Murphy KR, Dalal N, et al. Longer Delay From Chronic Pain to Spinal Cord Stimulation Results in Higher Healthcare Resource Utilization. Neuromodulation J Int Neuromodulation Soc. 2016;19:469\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ner.12389.","journal-title":"Neuromodulation J Int Neuromodulation Soc"},{"key":"1544_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-025-08912-y","volume":"34","author":"WX Low","year":"2025","unstructured":"Low WX, Sehmbi A, Shabani F, Shetty N, Mohammad S, Mohammad HR. The effect of symptom duration on the outcomes of lumbar discectomy for radicular pain secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2025;34:3996\u20134009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-025-08912-y.","journal-title":"Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc"},{"key":"1544_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13123063","volume":"13","author":"R Gazzeri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gazzeri R, Mosca J, Occhigrossi F, Galarza M, Schiaffini R, Varrassi G, et al. Spinal Cord Stimulation in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: Advances, Outcomes, and Future Directions. Biomedicines Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst. 2025;13:3063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13123063.","journal-title":"Biomedicines Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst"},{"key":"1544_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210941.04182.ea","volume":"23","author":"SP Cohen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Christo PJ, Winkley J, Mohiuddin MM, Stojanovic MP. Clinical predictors of success and failure for lumbar facet radiofrequency denervation. Clin J Pain. 2007;23:45\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210941.04182.ea.","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"1544_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219886595","volume":"10","author":"KL Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson KL, Rumley J, Griffith M, Agochukwu U, DeVine J. Correlating Psychological Comorbidities and Outcomes After Spine Surgery. Glob Spine J. 2020;10:929\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2192568219886595.","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"1544_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-025-01401-3","volume":"29","author":"M Mercieri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mercieri M, Leoni MLG, Naccarato A, Viswanath O, Sarmi SSA, Varrassi G, et al. Prognostic Value of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Profiles in Predicting Outcomes of Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Refractory Chronic Migraine: A Retrospective Bias-Corrected Multivariable Analysis. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2025;29:90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-025-01401-3.","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"1544_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ES67","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/ES67","volume":"15","author":"N Sehgal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sehgal N, Manchikanti L, Smith HS. Prescription opioid abuse in chronic pain: a review of opioid abuse predictors and strategies to curb opioid abuse. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES67\u201392.","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"1544_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5606\/tftrd.2024.13479","volume":"70","author":"G Yildiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yildiz G, Goksu H, Akcaboy EY, Celik S, Ayhan MY, Kaya SS. Does transforaminal epidural steroid injection added to dorsal root ganglion pulsed radiofrequency treatment increase efficacy? Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024;70:390\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5606\/tftrd.2024.13479.","journal-title":"Turk J Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Current Pain and Headache Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-026-01544-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11916-026-01544-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11916-026-01544-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:02:03Z","timestamp":1787594523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11916-026-01544-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-026-01544-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1531-3433","1534-3081"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1531-3433","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3081","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Omar Viswanath and Jamal Hasoon are section editor of this journal. The other authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and\/or discussion reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of AVEN (protocol number: 747\/2023\/DISP).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional Review Board","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"110"}}