{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:01:34Z","timestamp":1792069294466,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T21:23:41Z","timestamp":1180733021000},"page":"372-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Viral encephalitis: Neuropsychiatric and neurobehavioral aspects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"David B.","family":"Arciniegas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Alan","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"24_CR1","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Dementia. A Clinical Approach","author":"MF Mendez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mendez MF, Cummings JL: Dementia from conventional infectious agents. In Dementia. A Clinical Approach. Edited by Mendez MF, Cummings JL. Philadelphia: Butterworth Heineman; 2003:339\u2013385. An excellent review of the neurobehavioral features of viral encephalidities, including epidemic and sporadic, acute and subacute, and chronic and progressive."},{"key":"24_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200106000-00017","volume":"14","author":"VK Hinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hinson VK, Tyor WR: Update on viral encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurol 2001, 14:369\u2013374.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0902.020218","volume":"9","author":"KL Davison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davison KL, Crowcroft NS, Ramsay ME, et al.: Viral encephalitis in England, 1989\u20131998: what did we miss?\n                           Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:234\u2013240.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR4","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychiatry","author":"DP Moore","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moore DP: Infectious disorders. In Textbook of Clinical Neuropsychiatry. Edited by Moore DP. London: Arnold; 2001:527\u2013565."},{"key":"24_CR5","first-page":"878","volume-title":"Conn\u2019s Current Therapy","author":"CA Anderson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Anderson CA, Gilden D: Viral meningitis and encephalitis. In Conn\u2019s Current Therapy. Edited by Rakel R. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996:878\u2013881."},{"key":"24_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9427","volume":"20","author":"HA Rotbart","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rotbart HA: Viral meningitis. Semin Neurol 2000, 20:277\u2013292.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00192.x","volume":"93","author":"B Sivertsen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sivertsen B, Christensen PB: Acute encephalitis. Acta Neurol Scand 1996, 93:156\u2013159.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"24_CR8","first-page":"1","volume":"52","author":"E Arias","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arias E, Anderson RN, Kung H-C, et al.: Deaths: Final data for 2001. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2003, 52:1\u2013116.","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"24_CR9","first-page":"2A","volume":"11","author":"JE Malkin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Malkin JE: Epidemiology of genital herpes simplex virus infection in developed countries. Herpes 2004, 11(Suppl 1):2A-23A.","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"24_CR10","first-page":"8","volume":"100","author":"B Skoldenberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Skoldenberg B: Herpes simplex encephalitis. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl 1996, 100:8\u201313.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"key":"24_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.2.174","volume":"60","author":"M Koskiniemi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Koskiniemi M, Piiparinen H, Mannonen L, et al.: Herpes encephalitis is a disease of middle aged and elderly people: polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus in the CSF of 516 patients with encephalitis. The Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:174\u2013178.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"24_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/jon199992122","volume":"9","author":"P Thajeb","year":"1999","unstructured":"Thajeb P, Huang KM, Shih CC: Diaschisis in chronic viral encephalitis with Koshevnikov syndrome. J Neuroimaging 1999, 9:122\u2013125.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"24_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.10.1470","volume":"35","author":"JI Sage","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sage JI, Weinstein MP, Miller DC: Chronic encephalitis possibly due to herpes simplex virus: two cases. Neurology 1985, 35:1470\u20131472.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"24_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.61.5.478","volume":"61","author":"L Hokkanen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hokkanen L, Poutiainen E, Valanne L, et al.: Cognitive impairment after acute encephalitis: comparison of herpes simplex and other aetiologies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 61:478\u2013484. This article is a clear and concise description of the cognitive profile associated with herpes encephalitis.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"24_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550100038013","volume":"53","author":"L Hokkanen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hokkanen L, Salonen O, Launes J: Amnesia in acute herpetic and nonherpetic encephalitis. Arch Neurol 1996, 53:972\u2013978.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR16","first-page":"180","volume":"10","author":"TF Utley","year":"1997","unstructured":"Utley TF, Ogden JA, Gibb A, et al.: The long-term neuropsychological outcome of herpes simplex encephalitis in a series of unselected survivors. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1997, 10:180\u2013189.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(13)80322-X","volume":"30","author":"E De Renzi","year":"1994","unstructured":"De Renzi E, Lucchelli F: Are semantic systems separately represented in the brain? The case of living category impairment. Cortex 1994, 30:3\u201325.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"24_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480310000958","volume":"123","author":"K Kaga","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kaga K, Kaga M, Tamai F, Shindo M: Auditory agnosia in children after herpes encephalitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2003, 123:232\u2013235.","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"key":"24_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.3.321","volume":"63","author":"N McGrath","year":"1997","unstructured":"McGrath N, Anderson NE, Croxson MC, Powell KF: Herpes simplex encephalitis treated with acyclovir: diagnosis and long term outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997, 63:321\u2013326.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"24_CR20","first-page":"671","volume":"146","author":"B Laurent","year":"1990","unstructured":"Laurent B, Allegri RF, Michel D, et al.: [Primarily unilateral herpes encephalitis. Long-term neuropsychological study of 9 cases]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1990, 146:671\u2013681.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"24_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02211849","volume":"19","author":"MK Greer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Greer MK, Lyons-Crews M, Mauldin LB, Brown III FR: A case study of the cognitive and behavioral deficits of temporal lobe damage in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Autism Dev Disord 1989, 19:317\u2013326.","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"24_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-198611000-00014","volume":"79","author":"RP Hart","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hart RP, Kwentus JA, Frazier RB, Hormel TL: Natural history of Kluver-Bucy syndrome after treated herpes encephalitis. South Med J 1986, 79:1376\u20131378.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"24_CR23","first-page":"87","volume":"45","author":"T Nakada","year":"1984","unstructured":"Nakada T, Lee H, Kwee IL, Lerner AM: Epileptic Kluver-Bucy syndrome: case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1984, 45:87\u201388.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"24_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.9.1141","volume":"33","author":"R Lilly","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lilly R, Cummings JL, Benson DF, Frankel M: The human Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Neurology 1983, 33:1141\u20131145.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"24_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760160084017","volume":"31","author":"DE Raskin","year":"1974","unstructured":"Raskin DE, Frank SW: Herpes encephalitis with catatonic stupor. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974, 31:544\u2013546.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"24_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.49.572.393","volume":"49","author":"JH Adams","year":"1973","unstructured":"Adams JH, Miller D: Herpes simplex encephalitis: a clinical and pathological analysis of twenty-two cases. Postgrad Med 1973, 49:393\u2013397.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"24_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1994.tb00967.x","volume":"20","author":"I Steiner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Steiner I, Mador N, Reibstein I, et al.: Herpes simplex virus type 1 gene expression and reactivation of latent infection in the central nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1994, 20:253\u2013260.","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"24_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-198811000-00006","volume":"12","author":"JW Lester","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lester JW, Jr., Carter MP, Reynolds TL: Herpes encephalitis: MR monitoring of response to acyclovir therapy. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988, 12:941\u2013943.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"24_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(98)00014-9","volume":"19","author":"T Kato","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kato T, Ishii C, Furusho J, et al.: Early diagnosis of herpes encephalopathy using fluid-attenuated inversion recovery pulse sequence. Pediatr Neurol 1998, 19:58\u201361.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199505000-00029","volume":"19","author":"ML White","year":"1995","unstructured":"White ML, Edwards-Brown MK: Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI of herpes encephalitis. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1995, 19:501\u2013502.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"24_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-6111(01)00005-2","volume":"25","author":"RN Sener","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sener RN: Herpes simplex encephalitis: diffusion MR imaging findings. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2001, 25:391\u2013397.","journal-title":"Comput Med Imaging Graph"},{"key":"24_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01245353","volume":"89","author":"MA Paivarinta","year":"1992","unstructured":"Paivarinta MA, Marttila RJ, Rinne JO, Rinne UK: Decrease in mesencephalic dopamine autoreceptors in experimental herpes simplex encephalitis. J Neural Transm Gen Sect 1992, 89:71\u201380.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Gen Sect"},{"key":"24_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-7-200404060-00015","volume":"140","author":"J Gea-Banacloche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gea-Banacloche J, Johnson RT, Bagic A, et al.: West Nile virus: pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:545\u2013553.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"24_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05480-0","volume":"358","author":"F Mostashari","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mostashari F, Bunning ML, Kitsutani PT, et al.: Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a householdbased seroepidemiological survey. Lancet 2001, 358:261\u2013264.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"24_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.030129","volume":"9","author":"JJ Sejvar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sejvar JJ, Leis AA, Stokic DS, et al.: Acute flaccid paralysis and West Nile virus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9:788\u2013793.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.4.511","volume":"290","author":"JJ Sejvar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney BC, et al.: Neurologic manifestations and outcome of West Nile virus infection. JAMA 2003, 290:511\u2013515. This is a seminal article regarding the neurologic manifestations or WNV infections.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"24_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1309\/G23C-P54D-AR1B-CY8L","volume":"121","author":"MM Cushing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cushing MM, Brat DJ, Mosunjac MI, et al.: Fatal West Nile virus encephalitis in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Clin Pathol 2004, 121:26\u201331.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"24_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000101434.98873.CB","volume":"77","author":"D DeSalvo","year":"2004","unstructured":"DeSalvo D, Roy-Chaudhury P, Peddi R, et al.: West Nile virus encephalitis in organ transplant recipients: another high-risk group for meningoencephalitis and death. Transplantation 2004, 77:466\u2013469.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"24_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704293","volume":"33","author":"P Reddy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reddy P, Davenport R, Ratanatharathorn V, et al.: West Nile virus encephalitis causing fatal CNS toxicity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004, 33:109\u2013112.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"24_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022987","volume":"348","author":"M Iwamoto","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, et al.: Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:2196\u20132203.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"24_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000101435.91619.31","volume":"77","author":"D Kumar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kumar D, Prasad GV, Zaltzman J, et al.: Community-acquired West Nile virus infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004, 77:399\u2013402.","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"24_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-6143.2003.00223.x","volume":"3","author":"KL Hardinger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hardinger KL, Miller B, Storch GA, et al.: West Nile virusassociated meningoencephalitis in two chronically immunosuppressed renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2003, 3:1312\u20131315.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"24_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.86.6.441","volume":"86","author":"R Spiegel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Spiegel R, Miron D, Gavriel H, Horovitz Y: West Nile virus meningoencephalitis complicated by motor aphasia in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. Arch Dis Child 2002, 86:441\u2013442.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"24_CR44","first-page":"653","volume":"68","author":"GD Huhn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huhn GD, Sejvar JJ, Montgomery SP, Dworkin MS: West Nile virus in the United States: an update on an emerging infectious disease. Am Fam Physician 2003, 68:653\u2013660.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"24_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083004","volume":"4","author":"DR O\u2019Leary","year":"2004","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary DR, Marfin AA, Montgomery SP, et al.: The epidemic of West Nile virus in the United States, 2002. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004, 4:61\u201370.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"24_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00271-6","volume":"76","author":"WS Armstrong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Armstrong WS, Bashour CA, Smedira NG, et al.: A case of fatal West Nile virus meningoencephalitis associated with receipt of blood transfusions after open heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2003, 76:605\u2013607.","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"24_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(03)00614-8","volume":"102","author":"JB Chapa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chapa JB, Ahn JT, DiGiovanni LM, Ismail MA: West Nile virus encephalitis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 102:229\u2013231.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"24_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00452-5","volume":"136","author":"SG Alpert","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alpert SG, Fergerson J, Noel LP: Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings. Am J Ophthalmol 2003, 136:733\u2013735.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"24_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10557","volume":"29","author":"A Al Shekhlee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Al Shekhlee A, Katirji B: Electrodiagnostic features of acute paralytic poliomyelitis associated with West Nile virus infection. Muscle Nerve 2004, 29:376\u2013380.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"24_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200210173471616","volume":"347","author":"JD Glass","year":"2002","unstructured":"Glass JD, Samuels O, Rich MM: Poliomyelitis due to West Nile virus. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1280\u20131281.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"24_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000073617.08185.0A","volume":"61","author":"LE Jeha","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jeha LE, Sila CA, Lederman RJ, et al.: West Nile virus infection: a new acute paralytic illness. Neurology 2003, 61:55\u201359.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"24_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10635","volume":"53","author":"RT Johnson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johnson RT, Cornblath DR: Poliomyelitis and flaviviruses. Ann Neurol 2003, 53:691\u2013692.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200302063480618","volume":"348","author":"TW Kelley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kelley TW, Prayson RA, Isada CM: Spinal cord disease in West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 2003, 348:564\u2013566.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"24_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1309\/PU4R-76JJ-MG1F-81RP","volume":"119","author":"TW Kelley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kelley TW, Prayson RA, Ruiz AI, et al.: The neuropathology of West Nile virus meningoencephalitis. A report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 2003, 119:749\u2013753.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"24_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM2002c021587","volume":"347","author":"AA Leis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leis AA, Stokic DS, Polk JL, et al.: A poliomyelitis-like syndrome from West Nile virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002, 347:1279\u20131280.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"24_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10440","volume":"28","author":"AA Leis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leis AA, Stokic DS, Webb RM, et al.: Clinical spectrum of muscle weakness in human West Nile virus infection. Muscle Nerve 2003, 28:302\u2013308.","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"24_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10575","volume":"53","author":"J Li","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li J, Loeb JA, Shy ME, et al.: Asymmetric flaccid paralysis: a neuromuscular presentation of West Nile virus infection. Ann Neurol 2003, 53:703\u2013710.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00574-7","volume":"3","author":"T Solomon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solomon T, Ravi V: Acute flaccid paralysis caused by West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2003, 3:189\u2013190.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(02)00135-1","volume":"200","author":"C Klein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klein C, Kimiagar I, Pollak L, et al.: Neurological features of West Nile virus infection during the 2000 outbreak in a regional hospital in Israel. J Neurol Sci 2002, 200:63\u201366.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"24_CR60","unstructured":"State University of New York at Buffalo: Guide for the Uniform Data Set for Medical Rehabilitation (including the FIM instrument), Version 5.1. Buffalo, NY 14214-3007: 1997."},{"key":"24_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00477.x","volume":"13","author":"BI Omalu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Omalu BI, Shakir AA, Wang G, et al.: Fatal fulminant panmeningo-polioencephalitis due to West Nile virus. Brain Pathol 2003, 13:465\u2013472.","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"24_CR62","first-page":"59","volume":"23","author":"JP Bouffard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bouffard JP, Riudavets MA, Holman R, Rushing EJ: Neuropathology of the brain and spinal cord in human West Nile virus infection. Clin Neuropathol 2004, 23:59\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"key":"24_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1053\/hp.2000.8047","volume":"31","author":"BA Sampson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sampson BA, Ambrosi C, Charlot A, et al.: The pathology of human West Nile Virus infection. Hum Pathol 2000, 31:527\u2013531.","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"24_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02695.x","volume":"951","author":"BA Sampson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sampson BA, Armbrustmacher V: West Nile encephalitis: the neuropathology of four fatalities. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001, 951:172\u2013178.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"24_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5858\/2004-128-533-SCNIHW","volume":"128","author":"JD Fratkin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fratkin JD, Leis AA, Stokic DS, et al.: Spinal cord neuropathology in human West Nile virus infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004, 128:533\u2013537.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"24_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10731","volume":"54","author":"DP Agamanolis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Agamanolis DP, Leslie MJ, Caveny EA, et al.: Neuropathological findings in West Nile virus encephalitis: a case report. Ann Neurol 2003, 54:547\u2013551.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.2.1810591","volume":"181","author":"AD Olsan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olsan AD, Milburn JM, Baumgarten KL, Durham HL: Leptomeningeal enhancement in a patient with proven West Nile virus infection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003, 181:591\u2013592.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"24_CR68","first-page":"1376","volume":"24","author":"H Rosas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rosas H, Wippold FJ: West Nile virus: case report with MR imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24:1376\u20131378.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"24_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E140","DOI":"10.1086\/374936","volume":"36","author":"T Solomon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Solomon T, Fisher AF, Beasley DW, et al.: Natural and nosocomial infection in a patient with West Nile encephalitis and extrapyramidal movement disorders. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36:E140-E145.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E91","DOI":"10.1086\/377263","volume":"37","author":"G Vidwan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vidwan G, Bryant KK, Puri V, et al.: West Nile virus encephalitis in a child with left-side weakness. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:E91-E94.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.60.10.1448","volume":"60","author":"CM Bosanko","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bosanko CM, Gilroy J, Wang AM, et al.: West nile virus encephalitis involving the substantia nigra: neuroimaging and pathologic findings with literature review. Arch Neurol 2003, 60:1448\u20131452.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"24_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1086\/379516","volume":"37","author":"R Gandelman-Marton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gandelman-Marton R, Kimiagar I, Itzhaki A, et al.: Electroencephalography findings in adult patients with West Nile virus-associated meningitis and meningoencephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1573\u20131578.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(98)00034-8","volume":"44","author":"JL Cummings","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cummings JL: Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. J Psychosom Res 1998, 44:627\u2013628.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"24_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb38127.x","volume":"769","author":"JL Cummings","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cummings JL: Anatomic and behavioral aspects of frontalsubcortical circuits. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995, 769:1\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"24_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.6.682","volume":"149","author":"JL Cummings","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cummings JL: Subcortical dementia. Neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, and pathophysiology. Br J Psychiatry 1986, 149:682\u2013697.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"24_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.6.4.358","volume":"6","author":"MS Mega","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mega MS, Cummings JL: Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994, 6:358\u2013370.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"24_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.4.377","volume":"14","author":"DR Royall","year":"2002","unstructured":"Royall DR, Lauterbach EC, Cummings JL, et al.: Executive control function: a review of its promise and challenges for clinical research. A report from the Committee on Research of the American Neuropsychiatric Association. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002, 14:377\u2013405.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"24_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00428-2","volume":"53","author":"S Tekin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tekin S, Cummings JL: Frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits and clinical neuropsychiatry: an update. J Psychosom Res 2002, 53:647\u2013654.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"24_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E88","DOI":"10.1086\/377172","volume":"37","author":"M Haley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Haley M, Retter AS, Fowler D, et al.: The role for intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:E88-E90.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/376871","volume":"188","author":"AG Agrawal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Agrawal AG, Petersen LR: Human immunoglobulin as a treatment for West Nile virus infection. J Infect Dis 2003, 188:1\u20134.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.010432","volume":"7","author":"Z Shimoni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shimoni Z, Niven MJ, Pitlick S, Bulvik S: Treatment of West Nile virus encephalitis with intravenous immunoglobulin. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7:759.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"24_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249200300117","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hughes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hughes PJ, McLean KA, Lane RJ: Cranial polyneuropathy and brainstem disorder at the time of seroconversion in HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 1992, 3:60\u201361.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T10:48:55Z","timestamp":1659091735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["24"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-004-0024-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}