{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T23:11:44Z","timestamp":1778713904623,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,2]],"date-time":"2007-06-02T12:17:44Z","timestamp":1180786664000},"page":"462-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The relationship of major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder: Continuous or discontinuous?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Franco","family":"Benazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"68_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00390-7","volume":"73","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akiskal HS: Validating \u2018hard\u2019 and \u2018soft\u2019 phenotypes within the bipolar spectrum: continuity or discontinuity? J Affect Disord 2003, 73:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00322-1","volume":"73","author":"J Angst","year":"2003","unstructured":"Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W: Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:133\u2013146. Based on a large community sample, the study shows that bipolar disorders may be as common as depressive disorders. A broad concept of hypomania is described, from hypomania leading to some impairment of functioning to hypomania leading to increased functioning. The diagnostic validity of a minimum duration of hypomania of 1 to 3 days is supported (instead, DSM-IV TR requires at least 4 days).","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00323-3","volume":"73","author":"JR Kelsoe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kelsoe JR: Arguments for the genetic basis of the bipolar spectrum. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:183\u2013197.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR4","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Bipolar Disorders. Clinical Course and Outcome","author":"W Coryell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Coryell W: Bipolar II disorder: the importance of hypomania. In Bipolar Disorders. Clinical Course and Outcome. Edited by Goldberg JF, Harrow M. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1999:219\u2013236."},{"key":"68_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000."},{"key":"68_CR6","volume-title":"The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992."},{"key":"68_CR7","volume-title":"Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia","author":"E Kraepelin","year":"1921","unstructured":"Kraepelin E: Manic-Depressive Insanity and Paranoia. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone, 1921."},{"key":"68_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.9.1127","volume":"140","author":"MJ Sedler","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sedler MJ: Falret\u2019s discovery: the origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Am J Psychiatry 1983, 140:1127\u20131133.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00326-9","volume":"73","author":"A Koukopoulos","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koukopoulos A: Ewald Hecker\u2019s description of cyclothymia as a cyclical mood disorder: its relevance to the modern concept of bipolar II. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:199\u2013205. This is an English translation of a classic paper on \"cyclothymia,\" corresponding to DSM-IV-TR bipolar II disorder. The clinical picture of bipolar II disorder as it is usually seen in nontertiary care setting is clearly described, including the problem of missing the diagnosis of bipolar II disorder.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112706954","volume-title":"The Classification of Endogenous Psychoses","author":"K Leonhard","year":"1979","unstructured":"Leonhard K: The Classification of Endogenous Psychoses. New York: Irvington; 1979."},{"key":"68_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"J Angst","year":"1973","unstructured":"Angst J: The etiology and nosology of endogenous depressive psychoses. Foreign Psychiatry 1973, 2:1\u2013108.","journal-title":"Foreign Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1966.tb11009.x","volume":"194","author":"C Perris","year":"1966","unstructured":"Perris C: A study of bipolar (manic-depressive) and unipolar recurrent depressive psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1966, 194(Suppl):9\u201314.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"68_CR13","volume-title":"Manic-Depressive Illness","author":"G Winokur","year":"1969","unstructured":"Winokur G, Clayton P, Reich T: Manic-Depressive Illness. St. Louis: Mosby; 1969."},{"key":"68_CR14","first-page":"31","volume":"11","author":"DL Dunner","year":"1976","unstructured":"Dunner DL, Gershon ES, Goodwin FK: Heritable factors in the severity of affective illness. Biol Psychiatry 1976, 11:31\u201342.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(81)90049-3","volume":"22","author":"GL Klerman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Klerman GL: The spectrum of mania. Compr Psychiatry 1981, 22:11\u201320.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760250058006","volume":"32","author":"DJ Kupfer","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kupfer DJ, Pickar D, Himmelhoch JM, Detre TP: Are there two types of unipolar depression? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975, 32:866\u2013871.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0906","volume":"61","author":"A Duffy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Duffy A, Grof P, Robertson C, Alda M: The implications of genetics studies of major mood disorders for clinical practice. J Clin Psychiatry 2000, 61:630\u2013637.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.3.385","volume":"152","author":"W Coryell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, et al.: Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1995, 152:385\u2013390.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.2.229","volume":"157","author":"DA Solomon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Solomon DA, Keller MB, Leon AC, et al.: Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:229\u2013233.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.126.7.983","volume":"126","author":"E Robins","year":"1970","unstructured":"Robins E, Guze SB: Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1970, 126:983\u2013987.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810220085011","volume":"47","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kendler KS: Toward a scientific psychiatric nosology. Strengths and limitations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990, 47:969\u2013973.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.172","volume":"155","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Gardner CO Jr: Boundaries of major depression: an evaluation of DSM-IV criteria. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:172\u2013177.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2001.t01-1-00003.x","volume":"104","author":"LL Judd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Judd LL: Major depressive disorder: longitudinal symptomatic structure, relapse and recovery. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001, 104:81\u201383.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"68_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.530","volume":"59","author":"LL Judd","year":"2002","unstructured":"Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, et al.: The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:530\u2013537.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.3.261","volume":"60","author":"LL Judd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Schettler PJ, et al.: A prospective investigation of the natural history of the long-term weekly symptomatic status of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003, 60:261\u2013259. Depression was found to be much more common than hypomania in the course of bipolar II disorder. This finding could suggest long-term treatment with antidepressants, but antidepressants may increase the instability of the disorder. However, current mood stabilizing agents are not very effective in preventing the depression of bipolar I disorder.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.8.694","volume":"55","author":"LL Judd","year":"1998","unstructured":"Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD, et al.: A prospective 12-year study of subsyndromal and syndromal depressive symptoms in unipolar major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55:694\u2013700.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00320-8","volume":"73","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Allilaire JF: Bipolar II with and without cyclothymic temperament: \"dark\" and \"sunny\" expressions of soft bipolarity. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:49\u201357.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00325-7","volume":"73","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Allilaire JF, et al.: Validating antidepressant-associated hypomania (bipolar III): a systematic comparison with spontaneous hypomania (bipolar II). J Affect Disord 2003, 73:65\u201374.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950140032004","volume":"52","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, et al.: Switching from \u2018unipolar\u2019 to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:114\u2013123.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830050025004","volume":"53","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Eaves LJ, Walters EE, et al.: The identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a populationbased sample of female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:391\u2013399.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.2.210","volume":"151","author":"FJ McMahon","year":"1994","unstructured":"McMahon FJ, Stine OC, Chase GA, et al.: Influence of clinical subtype, sex, and lineality on age at onset of major affective disorder in a family sample. Am J Psychiatry 1994, 151:210\u2013215.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000292465","volume":"21","author":"FM Quitkin","year":"1993","unstructured":"Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, et al.: Columbia atypical depression. A subgroup of depressives with better response to MAOI than to tricyclic antidepressants or placebo. Br J Psychiatry 1993, 21(Suppl):30\u201334.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170041006","volume":"52","author":"G Winokur","year":"1995","unstructured":"Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller M, et al.: A family study of manicdepressive (bipolar I) disease: is it a distinct illness separable from primary unipolar depression? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995, 52:367\u2013373.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820180059006","volume":"50","author":"G Winokur","year":"1993","unstructured":"Winokur G, Coryell W, Keller M, et al.: A prospective follow-up of patients with bipolar and primary unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993, 50:457\u2013465.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.8.1176","volume":"150","author":"G Winokur","year":"1993","unstructured":"Winokur G, Coryell W, Endicott J, Akiskal H: Further distinctions between manic-depressive illness (bipolar disorder) and primary depressive disorder (unipolar depression). Am J Psychiatry 1993, 150:1176\u20131181.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(92)90042-5","volume":"26","author":"PJ Clayton","year":"1992","unstructured":"Clayton PJ, Guze SB, Cloninger CR, Martin RL: Unipolar depression: diagnostic inconsistency and its implications. J Affect Disord 1992, 26:111\u2013116.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00309-3","volume":"67","author":"Z Rihmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rihmer Z, Szadoczky E, Furedi J, et al.: Anxiety disorders comorbidity in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar major depression: results from a population-based study in Hungary. J Affect Disord 2001, 67:175\u2013179.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2222","volume":"161","author":"NM Simon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simon NM, Otto MW, Wisniewski SR, et al.: Anxiety disorder comorbidity in bipolar disorder patients: data from the first 500 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:2222\u20132229.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00137.x","volume":"6","author":"PB Mitchell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mitchell PB, Malhi GS: Bipolar depression: phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics. Bipolar Disord 2004, 6:530\u2013539. The paper reports that the clinical picture of bipolar I depression may be different from the clinical picture of bipolar II depression. The first one is more likely to be retarded, and the second one is more likely to be agitated.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"68_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.01.017","volume":"84","author":"EG Hantouche","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS: Bipolar II vs unipolar depression: psychopathologic differentiation by dimensional measures. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:127\u2013132.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"68_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(00)80007-3","volume":"41","author":"J Angst","year":"2000","unstructured":"Angst J, Sellaro R, Merikangas KR: Depressive spectrum diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry 2000, 41(Suppl 1):39\u201347.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(98)00112-8","volume":"50","author":"EG Hantouche","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS, Lencrenon S, et al.: Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-II disorder: data in mid-stream from a french national multi-site study (EPIDEP). J Affect Disord 1998, 50:163\u2013173.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(97)90088-2","volume":"38","author":"E Vieta","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vieta E, Gasto C, Otero A, et al.: Differential features between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1997, 38:98\u2013101.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70093-9","volume":"22","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"1999","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Pinto O: The evolving bipolar spectrum: prototypes I, II, III, and IV. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999, 22:517\u2013534.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"68_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.7.1264","volume":"161","author":"GB Cassano","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cassano GB, Rucci P, Frank E, et al.: The mood spectrum in unipolar and bipolar disorder: arguments for a unitary approach. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:1264\u20131269. Major depressive disorder was found to have a frequent lifetime history of manic or hypomanic symptoms not meeting the diagnostic criteria for mania or hypomania. The study supports continuity between depressive disorders and bipolar disorders.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1399-5618.2003.00073.x","volume":"5","author":"DL Dunner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dunner DL: Clinical consequences of under-recognized bipolar spectrum disorder. Bipolar Disord 2003, 5:456\u2013463.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"68_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000080717","volume":"37","author":"SN Ghaemi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Ko JY, et al.: Bipolar spectrum disorder: a pilot study. Psychopathology 2004, 37:222\u2013226.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"68_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00443-8","volume":"67","author":"G Perugi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Micheli C, et al.: Clinical characterization of depressive mixed state in bipolar-I patients: Pisa-San Diego collaboration. J Affect Disord 2001, 67:105\u2013114.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.12.2134","volume":"160","author":"M Maj","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maj M, Pirozzi R, Magliano L, Bartoli L: Agitated depression in bipolar I disorder: prevalence, phenomenology and outcome. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:2134\u20132140.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR50","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders-clinician version (SCID-CV)","author":"MB First","year":"1997","unstructured":"First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW: Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders-clinician version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997."},{"key":"68_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(03)00158-1","volume":"27","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Diagnosis of bipolar II disorder: a comparison of structured versus semistructured interviews. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003, 27:985\u2013991. Underdiagnosis of bipolar II disorder was shown to be related to structured interviews. Use of semistructured interviews by clinicians may reduce the false negative bipolar II disorder.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.8.736","volume":"59","author":"SG Simpson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Simpson SG, McMahon FJ, McInnis MG, et al.: Diagnostic reliability of bipolar II disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994, 59:736\u2013740.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(93)90015-V","volume":"34","author":"DL Dunner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dunner DL, Tay KL: Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Compr Psychiatry 1993, 34:303\u2013307.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00327-0","volume":"73","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F, Akiskal HS: Refining the evaluation of bipolar II: beyond the strict SCID-CV guidelines for hypomania. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:33\u201338. This article shows how assessment of history of hypomania can be improved by focusing the probing more on overactivity (increased goal-directed activity) than on mood changes, going beyond the stem question on mood of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) (a cause of underdiagnosis of bipolar II disorder).","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0715","volume":"66","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Optimizing the detection of bipolar II disorder in outpatient private practice: toward a systematization of clinical diagnostic wisdom. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:914\u2013921.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.12.1633","volume":"149","author":"SL McElroy","year":"1992","unstructured":"McElroy SL, Keck Jr PE, Pope Jr HG, et al.: Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:1633\u20131644.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.12.2077","volume":"160","author":"FK Goodwin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goodwin FK, Ghaemi SN: The course of bipolar disorder and the nature of agitated depression. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:2077\u20132079.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2004.06.018","volume":"28","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Agitated depression: a valid depression subtype? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004, 28:1279\u20131285.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00198-7","volume":"120","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Depression with racing thoughts. Psychiatry Res 2003, 120:273\u2013282.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"68_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970510029858","volume":"6","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Agitated depression in bipolar II disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2005, 6:198\u2013205.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.12.004","volume":"85","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Benazzi F, Perugi G, Rihmer Z: Agitated \"unipolar\" depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state: implications for the antidepressant-suicide controversy. J Affect Disord 2005, 85:245\u2013258. This article shows the bipolar nature of agitated major depressive disorder, and a cross-sectional link between psychomotor agitation and suicidal ideation, which may have an important impact on the treatment of this subtype of depression. Antidepressants used alone (not protected by mood stabilizing agents) may increase psychomotor agitation, and by this way may induce or increase also suicidal ideation. Prospective studies are required.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"68_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200304002-00011","volume":"16","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F, Akiskal HS: Clinical and factor analytic-validation of depressive mixed states: a report from the Ravenna-San Diego collaboration. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2003, 16(Suppl 2):S71-S78.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00172-6","volume":"84","author":"T Sato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sato T, Bottlender R, Kleindienst N, Moller HJ: Irritable psychomotor elation in depressed inpatients: a factor validation of mixed depression. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:187\u2013196.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v64n0921a","volume":"64","author":"RM Hirschfeld","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hirschfeld RM, Calabrese JR, Weissman MM, et al.: Screening for bipolar disorder in the community. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64:1130\u20131131.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00332-4","volume":"73","author":"LL Judd","year":"2003","unstructured":"Judd LL, Akiskal HS: The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:123\u2013131.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.01.005","volume":"84","author":"JK Rybakowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rybakowski JK, Suwalska A, Lojko D, et al.: Bipolar mood disorders among Polish psychiatric outpatients treated for major depression. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:141\u2013147.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.02.005","volume":"84","author":"DJ Smith","year":"2005","unstructured":"Smith DJ, Harrison N, Muir W, Blackwood DH: The high prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorders in young adults with recurrent depression: toward an innovative diagnostic framework. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:167\u2013178.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370404900410","volume":"49","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benazzi F: High frequency of bipolar spectrum in outpatients with depression. Can J Psychiatry 2004, 49:279\u2013280.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-003-0433-6","volume":"253","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Frequency of bipolar spectrum in 111 private practice depression outpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003, 253:203\u2013208.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"68_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00265-3","volume":"78","author":"R Bottlender","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bottlender R, Sato T, Kleindienst N, et al.: Mixed depressive features predict maniform switch during treatment of depression in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord 2004, 78:149\u2013152.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00159-9","volume":"81","author":"T Sato","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sato T, Bottlender R, Sievers M, et al.: Evaluating the interepisode stability of depressive mixed states. J Affect Disord 2004, 81:103\u2013113.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01234.x","volume":"58","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Intra-episode hypomanic symptoms during major depression and their correlates. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004, 58:289\u2013294.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"68_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suppes T, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, et al.: Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Bipolar Treatment Network: a gender-specific phenomenon. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005, In press. This article shows that hypomania, especially in females, may be mixed (ie, depressive symptoms may co-occur).","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1089"},{"key":"68_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2005.00242.x","volume":"7","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Toward a clinical delineation of dysphoric hypomania: operational and conceptual dilemmas. Bipolar Disord 2005, 7:456\u2013464. This is a detailed study of the clinical features of dysphoric (mixed) hypomania.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"68_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00103-9","volume":"84","author":"M Biondi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Biondi M, Picardi A, Pasquini M, et al.: Dimensional psychopathology of depression: detection of an \u2018activation\u2019 dimension in unipolar depressed outpatients. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:133\u2013139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.09.011","volume":"84","author":"A Serretti","year":"2005","unstructured":"Serretti A, Olgiati P: Profiles of \"manic\" symptoms in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorders. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:159\u2013166.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00330-0","volume":"73","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2003","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Family history validation of the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:113\u2013122. This is a study validating the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states (in bipolar II disorder and in major depressive disorder) on the basis of bipolar family history.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2003.07.006","volume":"127","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Mixed states in bipolar II disorder: should full hypomania always be required? Psychiatry Res 2004, 127:247\u2013257.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"68_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000072792","volume":"36","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: The role of gender in depressive mixed state. Psychopathology 2003, 36:213\u2013217.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"68_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2003.50000","volume":"44","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Bipolar II depressive mixed state: finding a useful definition. Compr Psychiatry 2003, 44:21\u201327.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2004.11.010","volume":"29","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Mixed depression: a clinical marker of bipolar-II disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005, 29:267\u2013274.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.034","volume":"45","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Family history validation of a definition of mixed depression. Compr Psychiatry 2005, 45:159\u2013166. This study validates a definition of depressive mixed state (mixed depression) based on a major depressive episode mixed with 3 or more hypomanic symptoms. A dose-response relationship was found between number of hypomanic symptoms inside depression and bipolar family history loading, supporting the bipolar nature of depressive mixed states.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00140.x","volume":"6","author":"O Mantere","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mantere O, Suominen K, Leppamaki S, et al.: The clinical characteristics of DSM-IV bipolar I and II disorders: baseline findings from the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS). Bipolar Disord 2004, 6:395\u2013405.","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"68_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00051.x","volume":"107","author":"T Sato","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sato T, Bottlender R, Schroter A, Moller HJ: Frequency of manic symptoms during a depressive episode and unipolar \u2018depressive mixed state\u2019 as bipolar spectrum. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003, 107:268\u2013274.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"68_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000075187","volume":"36","author":"S Ducrey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ducrey S, Gex-Fabry M, Dayer A, et al.: A retrospective comparison of inpatients with mixed and pure depression. Psychopathology 2004, 36:292\u2013298.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"68_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2003.12.003","volume":"45","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Bipolar II disorder family history using the family history screen: findings and clinical implications. Compr Psychiatry 2004, 45:77\u201382.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.4","volume":"160","author":"R Kendell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kendell R, Jablensky A: Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:4\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.05.004","volume":"84","author":"HS Akiskal","year":"2005","unstructured":"Akiskal HS, Benazzi F: Atypical depression: a variant of bipolar II or a bridge between unipolar and bipolar II? J Affect Disord 2005, 84:209\u2013217.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00169-6","volume":"72","author":"J Angst","year":"2002","unstructured":"Angst J, Gamma A, Sellaro R, et al.: Toward validation of atypical depression in the community: results of the Zurich cohort study. J Affect Disord 2002, 72:125\u2013138.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/15622970310029914","volume":"4","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder: continuity or discontinuity? World J Biol Psychiatry 2003, 4:166\u2013171. The study shows no point of rarity in the distribution of atypical symptoms and hypomanic symptoms between the depressive syndromes of bipolar II disorder and major depressive disorder. The near-normal distribution shape supports continuity between the two disorders.","journal-title":"World J Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n0202","volume":"66","author":"RH Perlis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perlis RH, Fraguas R, Fava M, et al.: Prevalence and clinical correlates of irritability in major depressive disorder: a preliminary report from the sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005, 66:159\u2013166.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.07.006","volume":"84","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Benazzi F, Akiskal H: Irritable-hostile depression: further validation as a bipolar depressive mixed state. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:197\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Unipolar depression with racing thoughts: a bipolar spectrum disorder? Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005, In press.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2005.01416.x"},{"key":"68_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1159\/000073026","volume":"72","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Major depressive disorder with anger: a bipolar spectrum disorder? Psychother Psychosom 2003, 72:300\u2013306.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"68_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1819.2003.01154.x","volume":"57","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Unipolar depression with bipolar family history: links with the bipolar spectrum. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003, 57:497\u2013503.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"68_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2003.50015","volume":"44","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Is there a link between atypical and early-onset \"unipolar\" depression and bipolar II disorder? Compr Psychiatry 2003, 44:102\u2013109.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1265","volume":"158","author":"JF Goldberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Whiteside JE: Risk for bipolar illness in patients initially hospitalized for unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1265\u20131270. The study shows that major depressive disorder has a high long-term risk of switching to bipolar disorders. Studies based on major depressive disorder samples may include misdiagnosed bipolar II disorder and depressions of bipolar nature, with misleading results.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00195-2","volume":"84","author":"J Angst","year":"2005","unstructured":"Angst J, Sellaro R, Stassen HH, Gamma A: Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a longterm prospective study of hospital admissions. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:149\u2013157.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.07.004","volume":"45","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Benazzi F: Factor structure of recalled DSM-IV hypomanic symptoms of bipolar II disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2004, 45:441\u2013446.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"68_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00333-6","volume":"73","author":"F Benazzi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Benazzi F, Akiskal HS: The dual factor structure of self-rated MDQ hypomania: energized-activity versus irritable-thought racing. J Affect Disord 2003, 73:59\u201364.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"68_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n1109","volume":"65","author":"JR Calabrese","year":"2004","unstructured":"Calabrese JR, Hirschfeld RM, Frye MA, Reed ML: Impact of depressive symptoms compared with manic symptoms in bipolar disorder: results of a U.S. community-based sample. J Clin Psychiatry 2004, 65:1499\u20131504.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T21:39:25Z","timestamp":1737063565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["68"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-005-0068-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}}}