{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T07:41:42Z","timestamp":1791013302362,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,26]],"date-time":"2011-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-011-0202-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,25]],"date-time":"2011-04-25T10:59:29Z","timestamp":1303729169000},"page":"295-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Motor Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Is Tardive Dyskinesia a Symptom or Side Effect? A Modern Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Lerner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chanoch","family":"Miodownik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"202_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.661","volume":"148","author":"V Khot","year":"1991","unstructured":"Khot V, Wyatt RJ. Not all that moves is tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:661\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511544163","volume-title":"A guide to the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs","author":"DGC Owens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Owens DGC. A guide to the extrapyramidal side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"202_CR3","first-page":"10","volume":"61","author":"WS Fenton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fenton WS. Prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61 Suppl 4:10\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR4","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Tardive dyslinesia: biological mechanisms and clinical aspects","author":"JL Waddington","year":"1988","unstructured":"Waddington JL, Crow TJ. Abnormal involuntary movements and psychosis in the preneuroleptic era and in medicated patients: implications for the concept of tardive dyskinesia. In: Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD, editors. Tardive dyslinesia: biological mechanisms and clinical aspects. Washington: American Psychiatric Press; 1988. p. 51\u201366."},{"key":"202_CR5","first-page":"336","volume":"2","author":"TJ Crow","year":"1982","unstructured":"Crow TJ, Cross AJ, Johnstone EC, et al. Abnormal involuntary movements in schizophrenia: are they related to the disease process or its treatment? Are they associated with changes in dopamine receptors? J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982;2:336\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"202_CR6","unstructured":"Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Barclay, M. (trans). Huntington: Krieger, 1971."},{"key":"202_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.104.437.943","volume":"104","author":"F Fish","year":"1958","unstructured":"Fish F. Leonhard\u2019s classification of schizophrenia. J Ment Sci. 1958;104:943\u201371.","journal-title":"J Ment Sci"},{"key":"202_CR8","first-page":"550","volume":"28","author":"M Schonecker","year":"1957","unstructured":"Schonecker M. Paroxysmal dyskinesia as the effect of megaphen. Nervenarzt. 1957;28:550\u20133.","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"202_CR9","first-page":"751","volume":"100","author":"J Sigwald","year":"1959","unstructured":"Sigwald J, Bouttier D, Raymondeaud C, Piot C. 4 cases of facio-bucco-linguo-masticatory dyskinesis of prolonged development following treatment with neuroleptics. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1959;100:751\u20135.","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"202_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1964.tb05731.x","volume":"40","author":"A Faurbye","year":"1964","unstructured":"Faurbye A, Rasch PJ, Petersen PB, et al. Neurological symptoms in pharmacotherapy of psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1964;40:10\u201327.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"202_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2007.149","volume":"22","author":"MB Detweiler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Detweiler MB, Kalafat N, Kim KY. Drug-induced movement disorders in older adults: an overview for clinical practitioners. Consult Pharm. 2007;22:149\u201365.","journal-title":"Consult Pharm"},{"key":"202_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2004.10.004","volume":"28","author":"PS Sachdev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sachdev PS. Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders: an overview. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2005;28:255\u201374. x.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"202_CR13","unstructured":"Brion S, Plas J, Chevalier JF, Dussaux P. Senile dyskinesias and tardive dyskinesias. Encephale 1988;14 Spec No:215\u2013219"},{"key":"202_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006900","volume":"27","author":"EC Lauterbach","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lauterbach EC, Carter WG, Rathke KM, et al. Tardive dyskinesia\u2014diagnostic issues, subsyndromes, and concurrent movement disorders: a study of state hospital inpatients referred to a movement disorder consultation service. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27:601\u201313.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"202_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470753217.ch10","volume-title":"Drug induced movement disorders","author":"F Skidmore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skidmore F, Weiner WJ, Burke R. Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia variants. In: Factor SA, Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug induced movement disorders. 2nd ed. Malden: Blackwell; 2005. p. 257\u201384.","edition":"2"},{"key":"202_CR16","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Drug induced movement disorders","author":"ML DeLeon","year":"2004","unstructured":"DeLeon ML, Jankovic J. Clinical features and management of tardive dyskinesias, tardive myoclonus, tardive tremor, and tardive tourettism. In: Sethi K, editor. Drug induced movement disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2004. p. 77\u2013109."},{"key":"202_CR17","first-page":"20","volume":"44","author":"V Lerner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lerner V, Libov I, Kaptsan A, et al. The prevalence of neuroleptic drug-induced tardive movement subsyndromes among schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients residing in the southern region of Israel. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2007;44:20\u20138.","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci"},{"key":"202_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-005-0016-0","volume":"7","author":"F Skidmore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Skidmore F, Reich SG. Tardive dystonia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2005;7:231\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"202_CR19","unstructured":"Miodownik C, Lerner V, Witztum E. Pisa syndrome and laryngeal dystonia induced by novel antipsychotics. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 2011 (in press)."},{"key":"202_CR20","unstructured":"\u2022 Brasic JR, Bronson B. Tardive dyskinesia. Access: 2010, http:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1151826-overview . This is an updated review regarding TD."},{"key":"202_CR21","unstructured":"\u2022 Factor SA, Leffler JB, Murray CF. Drug-induced movement disorders: a clinical review. Access: 2009, http:\/\/cme.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/586881 . This is also an updated review regarding TD."},{"key":"202_CR22","volume-title":"Principles and practice of movement disorders","author":"S Fahn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fahn S, Jankovic J. Principles and practice of movement disorders. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier; 2007."},{"key":"202_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.09.010","volume":"98","author":"PN Harten van","year":"2008","unstructured":"van Harten PN, Matroos GE, Van Os J. The course of tardive dystonia in Afro Caribbean patients, a population-based study: the Curacao extrapyramidal syndromes study: VII. Schizophr Res. 2008;98:79\u201383.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"202_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.03.015","volume":"31","author":"Y Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee Y, Yeh WC, Chong MY, et al. Venlafaxine and tardive blepharospasm: a case report. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:1139\u201340.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.19.1.86","volume":"19","author":"HS Duggal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duggal HS, Mendhekar DN. Clozapine-induced tardive dystonia (blepharospasm). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19:86\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"202_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130614","volume":"13","author":"P Sachdev","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sachdev P. Tardive blepharospasm. Mov Disord. 1998;13:947\u201351.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"202_CR27","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Drug-induced movement disorders","author":"RE Burke","year":"1992","unstructured":"Burke RE. Neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia variants. In: Lang AE, Weiner WJ, editors. Drug-induced movement disorders. New York: Futura; 1992. p. 167\u201398."},{"key":"202_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301528","volume":"33","author":"DF Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong DF, Brasic JR, Singer HS, et al. Mechanisms of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in Tourette syndrome: clues from an in vivo neurochemistry study with PET. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33:1239\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"202_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070110","volume":"7","author":"M Stacy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stacy M, Jankovic J. Tardive tremor. Mov Disord. 1992;7:53\u20137.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"202_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10227","volume":"17","author":"D Tarsy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tarsy D, Indorf G. Tardive tremor due to metoclopramide. Mov Disord. 2002;17:620\u20131.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"202_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2007.09.013","volume":"110","author":"SH Kuo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuo SH, Jankovic J. Tardive gait. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2008;110:198\u2013201.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"202_CR32","first-page":"5","volume":"61","author":"DE Casey","year":"2000","unstructured":"Casey DE. Tardive dyskinesia: pathophysiology and animal models. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61 Suppl 4:5\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.08.007","volume":"153","author":"YJ Liou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liou YJ, Wang YC, Chen JY, et al. Association analysis of polymorphisms in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit 2B (GRIN2B) gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2007;153:271\u20135.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"202_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0b013e32832080ad","volume":"19","author":"EN Rizos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rizos EN, Siafakas N, Katsantoni E, et al. Association of the dopamine D3 receptor Ser9Gly and of the serotonin 2C receptor gene polymorphisms with tardive dyskinesia in Greeks with chronic schizophrenic disorder. Psychiatr Genet. 2009;19:106\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet"},{"key":"202_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.4\/tlencz","volume":"11","author":"T Lencz","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022 Lencz T, Malhotra AK. Pharmacogenetics of antipsychotic-induced side effects. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2009; 11: 405\u2013415. This is a review regarding the effect of dopamine D2- and D3-receptor genes (DRD2, DRD3, and HTR2C) on the risk of TD.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"202_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2010.05.002","volume":"20","author":"RP Souza","year":"2010","unstructured":"Souza RP, Remington G, Chowdhury NI, et al. Association study of the GSK-3B gene with tardive dyskinesia in European Caucasians. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;20:688\u201394.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"202_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2003.39.1.799430","volume":"39","author":"SK Kulkarni","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kulkarni SK, Naidu PS. Pathophysiology and drug therapy of tardive dyskinesia: current concepts and future perspectives. Drugs Today (Barc). 2003;39:19\u201349.","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"202_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260600583114","volume":"18","author":"K Vaddadi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vaddadi K, Hakansson K, Clifford J, Waddington J. Tardive dyskinesia and essential fatty acids. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006;18:133\u201343.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2007.04.007","volume":"31","author":"M Bishnoi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bishnoi M, Chopra K, Kulkarni SK. Possible anti-oxidant and neuroprotective mechanisms of zolpidem in attenuating typical anti-psychotic-induced orofacial dyskinesia: a biochemical and neurochemical study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2007;31:1130\u20138.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n1103","volume":"68","author":"V Lerner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, et al. Vitamin B6 treatment for tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1648\u201354.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0709","volume":"68","author":"I Libov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Libov I, Miodownik C, Bersudsky Y, et al. Efficacy of piracetam in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1031\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2004.08.004","volume":"74","author":"YL Tan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tan YL, Zhou DF, Zhang XY. Decreased plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia: association with dyskinetic movements. Schizophr Res. 2005;74:263\u201370.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"202_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190380","volume":"244","author":"P Dalgalarrondo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Dalgalarrondo P, Gattaz WF. Basal ganglia abnormalities in tardive dyskinesia. Possible relationship with duration of neuroleptic treatment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1994;244:272\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"202_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.02.003","volume":"109","author":"YM Bai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bai YM, Chou KH, Lin CP, et al. White matter abnormalities in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia: a diffusion tensor image study. Schizophr Res. 2009;109:167\u201381.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"202_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.4.332","volume":"59","author":"RG McCreadie","year":"2002","unstructured":"McCreadie RG, Thara R, Padmavati R, et al. Structural brain differences between never-treated patients with schizophrenia, with and without dyskinesia, and normal control subjects: a magnetic resonance imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:332\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200303000-00002","volume":"16","author":"MA Niznikiewicz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Niznikiewicz MA, Kubicki M, Shenton ME. Recent structural and functional imaging findings in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2003;16:123\u201347.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00101-7","volume":"15","author":"S Szymanski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Szymanski S, Gur RC, Gallacher F, et al. Vulnerability to tardive dyskinesia development in schizophrenia: an FDG-PET study of cerebral metabolism. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;15:567\u201375.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"202_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90603-Y","volume":"28","author":"G Bartzokis","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bartzokis G, Garber HJ, Marder SR, Olendorf WH. MRI in tardive dyskinesia: shortened left caudate T2. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;28:1027\u201336.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3282f53132","volume":"21","author":"CU Correll","year":"2008","unstructured":"Correll CU, Schenk EM. Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2008;21:151\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109106306","volume":"24","author":"DE Tenback","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tenback DE, van Harten PN, Slooff CJ, van Os J. Incidence and persistence of tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:1031\u20135.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"202_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-0705-z","volume":"257","author":"J DeLeon","year":"2007","unstructured":"DeLeon J. The effect of atypical versus typical antipsychotics on tardive dyskinesia. A naturalistic study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;257:169\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"202_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.07m03890yel","volume":"71","author":"SW Woods","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Woods SW, Morgenstern H, Saksa JR, et al. Incidence of tardive dyskinesia with atypical versus conventional antipsychotic medications: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 463\u2013474. This prospective cohort study found that current users of typical and atypical antipsychotics had similar incidences of TD.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20823","volume":"21","author":"D Tarsy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ. Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesia: is risk declining with modern antipsychotics? Mov Disord. 2006;21:589\u201398.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"202_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2165\/11319230-000000000-00000","volume":"70","author":"AG Malykh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Malykh AG, Sadaie MR. Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders. Drugs. 2010;70:287\u2013312.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"202_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00268.x","volume":"11","author":"B Winblad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Winblad B. Piracetam: a review of pharmacological properties and clinical uses. CNS Drug Rev. 2005;11:169\u201382.","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev"},{"key":"202_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200104000-00026","volume":"21","author":"C Fehr","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fehr C, Dahmen N, Klawe C, et al. Piracetam in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and akathisia: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:248\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"202_CR57","first-page":"339","volume":"79","author":"J Kabes","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kabes J, Sikora J, Stary O, et al. Effectiveness of piracetam in tardive dyskinesia\u2014double-blind cross-over controlled trial with a placebo. Cesk Psychiatr. 1983;79:339\u201345.","journal-title":"Cesk Psychiatr"},{"key":"202_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.6.3.241","volume":"6","author":"D Sirsi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sirsi D, Safdieh JE. The safety of levetiracetam. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007;6:241\u201350.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"202_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000203823.60603.80","volume":"26","author":"JR Bona","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bona JR. Treatment of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia with levetiracetam: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26:215\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"202_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20835","volume":"21","author":"S Konitsiotis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konitsiotis S, Pappa S, Mantas C, Mavreas V. Levetiracetam in tardive dyskinesia: an open label study. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1219\u201321.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"202_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0405","volume":"69","author":"SW Woods","year":"2008","unstructured":"Woods SW, Saksa JR, Baker CB, et al. Effects of levetiracetam on tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:546\u201354.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 9","key":"202_CR62","first-page":"25","volume":"65","author":"DE Casey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Casey DE. Pathophysiology of antipsychotic drug-induced movement disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65 Suppl 9:25\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0689","volume":"42","author":"DG Margineanu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Margineanu DG, Klitgaard H. Inhibition of neuronal hypersynchrony in vitro differentiates levetiracetam from classical antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacol Res. 2000;42:281\u20135.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"202_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2010.06.008","volume":"33","author":"V Belcastro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Belcastro V, Pierguidi L, Tambasco N. Levetiracetam in brain ischemia: clinical implications in neuroprotection and prevention of post-stroke epilepsy. Brain Dev. 2011;33:289\u201393.","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"202_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1990.10720360","volume":"9","author":"MC Schaeffer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Schaeffer MC, Cochary EF, Sadowski JA. Subtle abnormalities of gait detected early in vitamin B6 deficiency in aged and weanling rats with hind leg gait analysis. J Am Coll Nutr. 1990;9:120\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"202_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb28049.x","volume":"585","author":"K Dakshinamurti","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dakshinamurti K, Paulose CS, Viswanathan M, et al. Neurobiology of pyridoxine. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990;585:128\u201344.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"202_CR67","volume-title":"The pharmacologic basis of therapeutics, vol. II","author":"LS Goodman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Goodman LS, Gilman A. The pharmacologic basis of therapeutics, vol. II. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1992.","edition":"8"},{"key":"202_CR68","first-page":"661","volume-title":"Basic neurochemistry","author":"PM Dreyfus","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dreyfus PM, Geel SE. Vitamins and nutritional deficiencies. In: Siegel GJ, Alberts RW, Agranoff BW, Katzman R, editors. Basic neurochemistry. Boston: Little Brown; 1981. p. 661\u201379."},{"key":"202_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90312-5","volume":"473","author":"M Viswanathan","year":"1988","unstructured":"Viswanathan M, Siow YL, Paulose CS, Dakshinamurti K. Pineal indoleamine metabolism in pyridoxine-deficient rats. Brain Res. 1988;473:37\u201342.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"202_CR70","first-page":"689","volume":"46","author":"L Cabrini","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cabrini L, Bergami R, Fiorentini D, et al. Vitamin B6 deficiency affects antioxidant defences in rat liver and heart. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998;46:689\u201397.","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Int"},{"key":"202_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.9.1511","volume":"158","author":"V Lerner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, et al. Vitamin B(6) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1511\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200317010-00004","volume":"17","author":"JB Lohr","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lohr JB, Kuczenski R, Niculescu AB. Oxidative mechanisms and tardive dyskinesia. CNS Drugs. 2003;17:47\u201362.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"202_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-000-0003-4","volume":"2","author":"D Tarsy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tarsy D. Tardive dyskinesia. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2000;2:205\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"202_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00027-9","volume":"43","author":"LA Adler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Adler LA, Edson R, Lavori P, et al. Long-term treatment effects of vitamin E for tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:868\u201372.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR75","first-page":"167","volume":"57","author":"JB Lohr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lohr JB, Caligiuri MP. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996;57:167\u201373.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.9.836","volume":"56","author":"LA Adler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Adler LA, Rotrosen J, Edson R, et al. Vitamin E treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #394 Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:836\u201341.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.3.391","volume":"149","author":"CL Shriqui","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shriqui CL, Bradwejn J, Annable L, Jones BD. Vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:391\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00367-8","volume":"41","author":"A Dorevitch","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dorevitch A, Kalian M, Shlafman M, Lerner V. Treatment of long-term tardive dyskinesia with vitamin E. Biol Psychiatry. 1997;41:114\u20136.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.17025","volume":"33","author":"KH Boomershine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boomershine KH, Shelton PS, Boomershine JE. Vitamin E in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:1195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"202_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239809148942","volume":"10","author":"Y Barak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Barak Y, Swartz M, Shamir E, et al. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a statistical meta-analysis. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1998;10:101\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares KV, McGrath JJ. Vitamin E for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001:CD000209.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000209"},{"key":"202_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01191.x","volume":"61","author":"A Altun","year":"2007","unstructured":"Altun A, Ugur-Altun B. Melatonin: therapeutic and clinical utilization. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61:835\u201345.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"202_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s001090050297","volume":"77","author":"RJ Reiter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Reiter RJ, Maestroni GJ. Melatonin in relation to the antioxidative defense and immune systems: possible implications for cell and organ transplantation. J Mol Med. 1999;77:36\u20139.","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"202_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0803","volume":"61","author":"E Shamir","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shamir E, Barak Y, Plopsky I, et al. Is melatonin treatment effective for tardive dyskinesia? J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:556\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.11.1049","volume":"58","author":"E Shamir","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shamir E, Barak Y, Shalman I, et al. Melatonin treatment for tardive dyskinesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:1049\u201352.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR86","unstructured":"Melatonin Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 2010; www.naturaldatabase.com"},{"key":"202_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C460","volume":"37","author":"LA Nelson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nelson LA, McGuire JM, Hausafus SN. Melatonin for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37:1128\u201331.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"202_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0742268.x","volume":"74","author":"S Bastianetto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bastianetto S, Zheng WH, Quirion R. The Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects and rescues hippocampal cells against nitric oxide-induced toxicity: involvement of its flavonoid constituents and protein kinase C. J Neurochem. 2000;74:2268\u201377.","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"202_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450003349380","volume":"1","author":"FV DeFeudis","year":"2000","unstructured":"DeFeudis FV, Drieu K. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and CNS functions: basic studies and clinical applications. Curr Drug Targets. 2000;1:25\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"202_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n1107","volume":"62","author":"XY Zhang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Zhang PY, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extract of Ginkgo biloba added to haloperidol in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:878\u201383.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"202_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10888","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008150200","volume":"276","author":"B Mirnikjoo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mirnikjoo B, Brown SE, Kim HF, et al. Protein kinase inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids. J Biol Chem. 2001;276:10888\u201396.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"202_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01035-1","volume":"285","author":"A Ikemoto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ikemoto A, Nitta A, Furukawa S, et al. Dietary n-3 fatty acid deficiency decreases nerve growth factor content in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 2000;285:99\u2013102.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"202_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-3278(03)00107-8","volume":"69","author":"M Sarsilmaz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sarsilmaz M, Songur A, Ozyurt H, et al. Potential role of dietary omega-3 essential fatty acids on some oxidant\/antioxidant parameters in rats\u2019 corpus striatum. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;69:253\u20139.","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"202_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.03.023","volume":"84","author":"R Emsley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Emsley R, Niehaus DJ, Koen L, et al. The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophr Res. 2006;84:112\u201320.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"202_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260600583015","volume":"18","author":"BK Puri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Puri BK. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging sinc-interpolation-based subvoxel registration and semi-automated quantitative lateral ventricular morphology employing threshold computation and binary image creation in the study of fatty acid interventions in schizophrenia, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome and Huntington\u2019s disease. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006;18:149\u201354.","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-011-0202-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-011-0202-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-011-0202-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T05:49:24Z","timestamp":1637560164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-011-0202-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,26]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]}},"alternative-id":["202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-011-0202-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,26]]}}}