{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:27:55Z","timestamp":1792099675117,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,19]],"date-time":"2015-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,18]],"date-time":"2015-04-18T00:39:15Z","timestamp":1429317555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Treatment of Sleep Disturbances in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Janeese A.","family":"Brownlow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerlinde C.","family":"Harb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"587_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.6.697","volume":"146","author":"RJ Ross","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ross RJ et al. Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:697\u2013707.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"587_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.11.1405","volume":"28","author":"A Sharafkhaneh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sharafkhaneh A, Giray N, Richardson P, et al. Association of psychiatric disorders and sleep apnea in a large cohort. Sleep. 2005;28(11):1405\u201311.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090111","volume":"9","author":"TM Brown","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brown TM, Boudewyns PA. Periodic limb movements of sleep in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1996;9(1):129\u201336.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.1.110","volume":"152","author":"TA Mellman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mellman TA, Kulick-Bell R, Ashlock LE, et al. Sleep events among veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:110\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200103000-00005","volume":"18","author":"AM Husain","year":"2001","unstructured":"Husain AM, Miller PP, Carwile ST. REM sleep behavior disorder: potential relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2001;18(2):148\u201357.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"587_CR6","first-page":"S22","volume":"7","author":"KT Brady","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, et al. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;7 Suppl 6:S22\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.08.002","volume":"24","author":"KA Babson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Babson KA, Feldner MT. Temporal relations between sleep problems and both traumatic event exposure and PTSD: a critical review of the empirical literature. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2000.16568","volume":"41","author":"MM Ohayon","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ohayon MM, Shapiro CM. Sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorder associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(6):469\u201378.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00093-2","volume":"16","author":"Krakow","year":"2002","unstructured":"Krakow et al. Nightmare frequency in sexual assault survivors with PTSD. Anxiety Disord. 2002;16:175\u201390.","journal-title":"Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(02)00025-0","volume":"36","author":"GA Leskin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leskin GA, Woodard SH, Young HE, et al. Effects of comorbid diagnoses on sleep disturbance in PTSD. J Psychiatr Res. 2002;36:449\u201352.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"587_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200109000-00008","volume":"189","author":"GA Clum","year":"2001","unstructured":"Clum GA, Nishith P, Resick PA. Trauma-related sleep disturbance and self-reported physical health symptoms in treatment-seeking female rape victims. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189(9):618\u201322.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"587_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westermeyer J, et al. Correlates of daytime sleepiness in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and sleep disturbance. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;12(2).","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.07m00563gry"},{"key":"587_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.09.022","volume":"70","author":"G Belleville","year":"2011","unstructured":"Belleville G, Guay S, Marchand A. Persistence of sleep disturbances following cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2011;70:318\u201327. This study showed that sleep disturbances persisted following cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD and emphasized the importance of examining sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20418","volume":"22","author":"TE Galovski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galovski TE, Monson C, Bruce SE, et al. Does cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD improve perceived health and sleep impairment? J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(3):197\u2013204.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.09.008","volume":"51","author":"CA Gutner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gutner CA, Casement MD, Gilbert KS, et al. Change in sleep symptoms across cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure: a longitudinal perspective. Behav Res Ther. 2013;51:817\u201322. This is the first study to examine the long-term effects of prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy on sleep outcomes in individuals with PTSD.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"587_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013."},{"key":"587_CR17","volume-title":"International classification of sleep revised: diagnostic and coding manual","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2001","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep revised: diagnostic and coding manual. Chicago: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2001."},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181961d8e","volume":"192","author":"G Belleville","year":"2009","unstructured":"Belleville G, Guay S, Marchand A. Impact of sleep disturbances on PTSD symptoms and perceived health. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009;192(2):126\u201332.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.1.69","volume":"33","author":"RA Bryant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bryant RA et al. Sleep disturbance immediately prior to trauma predicts subsequent psychiatric disorder. Sleep. 2010;33(1):69\u201374.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"7","key":"587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2798","volume":"36","author":"P Gehrman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gehrman P et al. Predeployment sleep duration and insomnia symptoms as risk factors for new-onset mental health disorder following military deployment. Sleep. 2013;36(7):1009\u201318. This study showed that insomnia symptoms endorsed prior to deployment in combat Veterans, were associated with the development of PTSD, depression, and anxiety post-deployment.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"587_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20845","volume":"67","author":"KM Wright","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wright KM et al. Insomnia as predictor versus outcome of PTSD and depression among Iraq combat veterans. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67:1240\u201358. Evidence showed that insomnia symptoms at an earlier time point were a strong predictor of psychological symptoms at a later time point.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"587_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.7.2.102","volume":"7","author":"BJ Schreuder","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schreuder BJ, Igreja V, van Dijk J, et al. Intrusive re-experiencing of chronic strife or war. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2001;7:102\u201308.","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"issue":"18","key":"587_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900013663","volume":"11","author":"TA Mellman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mellman TA, Hipolito MS. Sleep disturbance in the aftermath of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(18):611\u20135.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2009.07.012","volume":"4","author":"B Hasler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hasler B, Germain A. Correlates and treatments of nightmares in adults. Sleep Med Clin. 2009;4(4):507\u201317.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"key":"587_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.7.929","volume":"155","author":"T Neylan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Neylan T et al. Sleep disturbances in the Vietnam generation: findings from a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:929\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.11.1659","volume":"152","author":"TA Mellman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mellman TA, David D, Kulick-Bell R, et al. Sleep disturbance and its relationship to psychiatric morbidity after hurricane Andrew. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1659\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200607000-00001","volume":"21","author":"S Liempt van","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Liempt S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, et al. Pharmacotherapy for disordered sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21:193\u2013202.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007812321136","volume":"14","author":"TA Mellman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mellman TA, David D, Bustamante V, et al. Dreams in the acute aftermath of trauma and their relationship to PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2001;14(1):241\u201347.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20368","volume":"21","author":"I Kobayashi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kobayashi I, Sledjesk EM, Spoonster E, et al. Effects of early nightmares on the development of sleep disturbances in motor vehicle accident victims. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(6):548\u201355.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1037\/1053-0797.17.4.187","volume":"17","author":"JL Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis JL, Byrd P, Rhudy JL, et al. Characteristics of chronic nightmares in a trauma-exposed treatment-seeking sample. Dreaming. 2007;17(4):187\u201398.","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR31","first-page":"205","volume":"25","author":"R Levin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Levin R, Fireman G. Nightmare prevalence, nightmare distress, and self-reported psychological disturbance. Sleep. 2002;25(2):205\u201312.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.1.93","volume":"34","author":"MR Nadorff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nadorff MR, Nazem S, Fiske A. Insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and suicidal ideation in a college student sample. Sleep. 2011;34(1):93\u20138.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"9","key":"587_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/28.9.1135","volume":"28","author":"RA Bernert","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernert RA, Joiner TE, Cukrowicz KC, et al. Suicidality and sleep disturbances. Sleep. 2005;28(9):1135\u201341.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.1.91","volume":"30","author":"N Sjostrom","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sjostrom N, Waern M, Hetta J. Nightmares and sleep disturbances in relation to suicidality in suicide attempters. Sleep. 2007;30(1):91\u20135.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"587_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espie CA, Morin CM. The Oxford handbook of sleep and sleep disorder. Oxford University Press; 2012.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780195376203.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200709-155MG","volume":"5","author":"NM Punjabi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Punjabi NM. The epidemiology of adult obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(2):136\u201343.","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27348","volume":"4","author":"QR Huang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Huang QR, Qin Z, Zhang S, et al. Clinical patterns of obstructive sleep apnea and its comorbid conditions: a data mining approach. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(6):543\u201350.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1176\/foc.7.2.foc176","volume":"8","author":"RB Lydiard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lydiard RB, Hamner MH. Clinical importance of sleep disturbance as a treatment target in PTSD. Focus. 2009;8(2):176\u201383.","journal-title":"Focus"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000029269.29098.67","volume":"17","author":"B Krakow","year":"2004","unstructured":"Krakow B et al. Nightmares, insomnia, and sleep-disordered breathing in fire evacuees seeking treatment for posttraumatic sleep disturbance. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(3):257\u201368.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01087-8","volume":"49","author":"B Krakow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krakow B et al. Complex insomnia: insomnia and sleep-disordered breathing in a consecutive series of crime victims with nightmares and PTSD. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;49:948\u201353.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000221286.65021.e0","volume":"194","author":"B Krakow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krakow B et al. Signs and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in trauma survivors: a matched comparison with classic sleep apnea patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(6):433\u201339.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"587_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181e446ea","volume":"20","author":"JA Yesavage","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yesavage JA et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatr. 2012;20:199\u2013204.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"DE Ehrmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ehrmann DE, Pitt B, Deldin PJ. Sleep-disordered breathing and psychopathology: a complex web of questions and answers. J Sleep Disord Ther. 2013;2(6):1\u20133.","journal-title":"J Sleep Disord Ther"},{"key":"587_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2005.12.003","volume":"10","author":"M Hornyak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hornyak M, Feige B, Riemann D, et al. Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: prevalence, clinical significance and treatment. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:169\u201377.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"587_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/17.8.723","volume":"17","author":"RJ Ross","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ross RJ et al. Motor dysfunction during sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder. Sleep. 1994;17(8):723\u201332.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"587_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00071-4","volume":"54","author":"A Germain","year":"2003","unstructured":"Germain A, Nielsen TA. Sleep pathophysiology in posttraumatic stress disorder and idiopathic nightmare suffers. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:1092\u201398.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desautels A, Michaud M, Lanfranchi P, et al. \u201cPeriodic limb movements in sleep\u201d. In Chokroverty S, Allen R, Waters A, Montagna P, editors. Sleep and movement disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 650-663.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199795161.003.0049"},{"key":"587_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.537.x","volume":"44","author":"I Kobayashi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kobayashi I, Boarts JM, Delahanty DL. Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: a meta-analytic review. Psychophysiology. 2007;44:660\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"587_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3922","volume":"37","author":"TA Mellman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mellman TA, Kobayashi I, Lavela J, et al. A relationship between REM sleep measures and the duration of posttraumatic stress disorder in a young adult urban minority population. Sleep. 2014;37(8):1321\u20136.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"587_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frauscher B, Hogl B. Rem sleep behavior disorder. In Chokroverty S, Allen R, Waters A, Montagna P, editors. Sleep and movement disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 406-422.","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199795161.003.0029"},{"key":"587_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","volume":"52","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:1048\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.106.003236","volume":"13","author":"AS Ahmed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ahmed AS. Post-traumatic stress disorder, resilience and vulnerability. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2007;13:369\u201375.","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"587_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22048","volume":"30","author":"IR Galatzer-Levy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Galatzer-Levy IR, Nickerson A, Litz BT, et al. Patterns of lifetime PTSD comorbidity: a latent class analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30:489\u201396.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"587_CR54","unstructured":"Jonas D, et al. Psychological and pharmacological treatments for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder. Comp Effect Rev. 2013; (92). http:\/\/www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov\/ehc\/products\/347\/1435\/PTSD-adult-treatment-report-130403.pdf Accessed 15 May 2014."},{"key":"587_CR55","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an assessment of the evidence. Committee on treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. http:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/11955.html Accessed 10 November 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024444410595","volume":"11","author":"JJ Sherman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sherman JJ. Effects of psychotherapeutic treatments for PTSD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. J Trauma Stress. 1998;11(3):413\u201335.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.2.214","volume":"162","author":"R Bradley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, et al. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):214\u201317.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e541","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12r08225","volume":"74","author":"BV Watts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watts BV, Schnurr PP, Mayo L, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(6):e541\u201350.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.04.007","volume":"30","author":"MB Powers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Powers MB, Halpern JM, Ferenschak MP, et al. A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:635\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"587_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2011.02.029","volume":"62","author":"CM Nappi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nappi CM, Drummond SP, Hall JM. Treating nightmares and insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of current evidence. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62:576\u201385.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"587_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.08.008","volume":"12","author":"VI Spoormamker","year":"2008","unstructured":"Spoormamker VI, Montgomery P. Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: secondary symptom or core feature? Sleep Med Rev. 2008;12:169\u201384.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000014679.31799.e7","volume":"17","author":"C Zayfert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zayfert C, DeViva JC. Residual insomnia following cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(1):69\u201373.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(89)80057-7","volume":"20","author":"NA Cooper","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cooper NA, Clum GA. Imaginal flooding as a supplementary treatment for PTSD in combat veterans: a controlled study. Behav Ther. 1989;20:381\u201391.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"587_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(89)80072-3","volume":"20","author":"TM Keane","year":"1989","unstructured":"Keane TM, Fairbank JA, Caddell JM, et al. Implosive (flooding) therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behav Ther. 1989;20:245\u201360.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90036-1","volume":"25","author":"K Vaughn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vaughn K et al. A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994;25(4):283\u201391.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.054","volume":"1071","author":"MR Raboni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raboni MR, Tufik S, Suchecki D. Treatment of PTSD by eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) improves sleep quality, quality of life, and perception of stress. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2006;1071:508\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"587_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60750-2","volume":"379","author":"CM Morin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morin CM, Benca R. Chronic insomnia. Lancet. 2012;379:1129\u201341.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"587_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471264385.wei0914","volume-title":"Insomnia: a clinical guide to assessment and treatment","author":"CM Morin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morin CM, Espie CA. Insomnia: a clinical guide to assessment and treatment. New York: Kluwer Academic\/Plenum Publisher; 2003."},{"key":"587_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S10041","volume":"4","author":"AT Siebern","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siebern AT, Manber R. New developments in cognitive behavioral therapy as the first-line treatment of insomnia. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2011;4:21\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20015","volume":"18","author":"JC DeViva","year":"2005","unstructured":"DeViva JC, Zayfert C, Pigeon WR, et al. Treatment of residual insomnia after CBT for PTSD: case studies. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18(2):155\u201359.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2011.613448","volume":"20","author":"LA Gellis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gellis LA, Gehrman PR. Cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia in veterans with long-standing posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma. 2011;20:904\u201316. This is the first pilot study to examine the effects of CBT-I on insomnia as an independent intervention for Veterans with PTSD, showing significant improvements in insomnia severity post-treatment.","journal-title":"J Aggress Maltreat Trauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3408","volume":"37","author":"LS Talbot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Talbot LS et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2014;37(2):327\u201341. To date, this is the first randomized clinical trial to investigate the efficacy of CBT-I in PTSD independent of a nightmare-focused intervention. Findings indicate significant improvements in sleep outcomes across sleep diary and polysomnography.","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27883","volume":"6","author":"Aurora","year":"2010","unstructured":"Aurora et al. Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(4):389\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"587_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.10.012","volume":"33","author":"K Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen K, Hofling V, Kroner-Borowik T, et al. Efficacy of psychological interventions aiming to reduce chronic nightmares: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33:146\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"587_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1037\/1053-0797.14.4.195","volume":"14","author":"A Germain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Germain A, Krakow B, Faucher B, et al. Increased mastery elements associated with imagery rehearsal treatment for nightmares in sexual assault survivors with PTSD. Dreaming. 2004;14:195\u2013206.","journal-title":"Dreaming"},{"key":"587_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2010.01.004","volume":"5","author":"B Krakow","year":"2010","unstructured":"Krakow B, Zadra A. Imagery rehearsal therapy: principles and practice. Sleep Med Clin. 2010;5:289\u201398.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1300\/J229v07n01_02","volume":"7","author":"JL Davis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davis JL, Wright DC. Exposure, relaxation, and rescripting treatment for trauma-related nightmares. J Trauma Dissociation. 2006;7(1):5\u201318.","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"587_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21854","volume":"26","author":"GC Harb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harb GC, Phelps AJ, Forbes D, et al. A critical review of the evidence base of imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: pointing the way for future research. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26:570\u201379.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.06.002","volume":"32","author":"MD Casement","year":"2012","unstructured":"Casement MD, Swanson LM. A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-trauma nightmares: effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32:566\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"587_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20569","volume":"23","author":"JM Cook","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cook JM et al. Imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: a randomized controlled trial. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23(5):553\u201363.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2011.11.010","volume":"72","author":"A Germain","year":"2012","unstructured":"Germain A, Richardson R, Moul DE, et al. Placebo-controlled comparison of prazosin and cognitive-behavioral treatments for sleep disturbance in US military Veterans. J Psychosom Res. 2012;72(2):89\u201396.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000004078.93012.7d","volume":"16","author":"EA Hembree","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hembree EA, Foa EB, Dorfan NM, et al. Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD? J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(6):555\u201362.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1207\/s15402010bsm0303_3","volume":"3","author":"JL Davis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Davis JL, Wright DC. Case series utilizing exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy: impact on nightmares, sleep quality, and psychological distress. Behav Sleep Med. 2005;3(3):151\u201357.","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20199","volume":"20","author":"JL Davis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Davis JL, Wright DC. Randomized clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed adults. J Trauma Stress. 2007;20(2):123\u201333.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20656","volume":"66","author":"JL Rhudy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rhudy JL et al. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed persons: assessing physiological reactions to nightmare-related fear. J Clin Psychol. 2010;66:365\u201382.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"587_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.12.007","volume":"25","author":"ME Long","year":"2011","unstructured":"Long ME, Hammons ME, Davis JL, et al. Imagery rescripting and exposure group treatment of posttraumatic nightmares in Veterans with PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:531\u20135.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"587_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2043","volume":"158","author":"B Krakow","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krakow B, Johnston L, Melendrez D, et al. An open-label trial of evidence-based cognitive behavior therapy for nightmares and insomnia in crime victims with PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:2043\u201347.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.04.009","volume":"45","author":"A Germain","year":"2007","unstructured":"Germain A, Shear MK, Hall M, et al. Effects of a brief behavioral treatment for PTSD-related sleep disturbances: a pilot study. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45:627\u201332.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"587_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20468","volume":"22","author":"LM Swanson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Swanson LM, Favorite TK, Horin E, et al. A combined group treatment for nightmares and insomnia in combat veterans: a pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22(6):639\u201342.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"587_CR90","volume-title":"Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: final assessment","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations: final assessment. Washington: National Academies Press; 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"587_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.485","volume":"58","author":"JR Davidson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Davidson JR, Rothbaum BO, van der Kolk BA, et al. Multicenter, double-blind comparison of sertraline and placebo in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(5):485\u201392.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.14.1837","volume":"283","author":"K Brady","year":"2000","unstructured":"Brady K et al. Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000;283:1837\u201344.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"587_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.1982","volume":"158","author":"RD Marshall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marshall RD, Beebe KL, Oldham M, et al. Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1982\u201388.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011100420978","volume":"14","author":"TC Neylan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Neylan TC et al. Fluvoxamine and sleep disturbances in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2001;14(3):461\u201367.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"10","key":"587_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.10.1158","volume":"63","author":"J Davidson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Davidson J, Baldwin D, Stein DJ, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(10):1158\u201365.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"587_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145708008961","volume":"12","author":"DJ Stein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stein DJ, Pedersen R, Rothbaum BO, et al. Onset of activity and time to response on individual CAPS-SX17 items in patients treated for post-traumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine ER: a pooled analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12(1):23\u201331.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"587_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.03.037","volume":"1293","author":"LN Ravindran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ravindran LN, Stein MB. Pharmacotherapy of PTSD: premises, principles, and priorities. Brain Res. 2009;1293:24\u201339.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"587_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2238","volume":"27","author":"P Carey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carey P, Suliman S, Ganesan K, et al. Olanzapine monotherapy in posttraumatic stress disorder: efficacy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2012;27:386\u201391.","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp"},{"key":"587_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.10.1777","volume":"159","author":"MB Stein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stein MB, Kline NA, Matloff JL. Adjunctive olanzapine for SSRI-resistant combat-related PTSD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:1777\u201379.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.05.003","volume":"56","author":"C Han","year":"2014","unstructured":"Han C, Wang S, Lee S, et al. The potential role of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatry Res. 2014;56:72\u201381.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"587_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1080","volume":"306","author":"JH Krystal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krystal JH, Rosenheck RA, Cramer JA, et al. Adjunctive risperidone treatment for antidepressant-resistant symptoms of chronic military service-related PTSD: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(5):493\u2013502.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"587_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.039","volume":"57","author":"G Bartzokis","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bartzokis G, Lu PH, Turner J, et al. Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(5):474\u201379.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n1204","volume":"65","author":"DB Reich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reich DB, Winternitz J, Hennen T, et al. A preliminary study of risperidone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse in women. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1601\u201306.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"587_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27286","volume":"4","author":"S Schutte-Rodin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schutte-Rodin S, Broch L, Buysse D, et al. Clinical guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(5):487\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"587_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1E043","volume":"38","author":"ME Cates","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cates ME, Bishop MH, Davis LL, et al. Clonazepam for treatment of sleep disturbances associated with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:1395\u201399.","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.3.421","volume":"50","author":"ME Dieperink","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dieperink ME, Drogemuller L. Zolpidem for insomnia related to PTSD. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50(3):421.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"7","key":"587_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05607gry","volume":"72","author":"MH Pollack","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pollack MH et al. Eszopiclone for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and associated insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(7):892\u201397. This randomized clinical trial provides preliminary evidence for eszopiclone for the treatment of PTSD and associated insomnia.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(01)00262-7","volume":"26","author":"GM Saletu-Zyhlarz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Abu-Bakr MH, Anderer P, et al. Insomnia in depression: differences in objective and subjective sleep and awakening quality to normal controls and acute effects of trazodone. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002;26(2):249\u201360.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.7.1069","volume":"151","author":"AA Nierenberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nierenberg AA, Adler LA, Peselo E, et al. Trazodone for antidepressant-associated insomnia. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1069\u201372.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-15871","volume":"34","author":"MD Warner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Warner MD, Dorn MR, Peabody CA. Survey on the usefulness of trazodone in patients with PTSD with insomnia or nightmares. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2001;34(4):128\u201331.","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199608000-00004","volume":"16","author":"MA Hertzberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hertzberg MA, Feldman ME, Beckham JC, et al. Trial of trazodone for posttraumatic stress disorder using a multiple baseline group design. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16(4):294\u201398.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"587_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)9:3<146::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-Y","volume":"9","author":"TA Mellman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mellman TA, David D, Barza L. Nefazodone treatment and dream reports in chronic PTSD. Depress Anxiety. 1999;9(3):146\u201348.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v61n0208","volume":"61","author":"MA Raskind","year":"2000","unstructured":"Raskind MA, Dobie DJ, Kanter ED, et al. The alpha1-adrenergic antagonist prazosin ameliorates combat trauma nightmares in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a report of 4 cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(2):129\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR114","first-page":"371","volume":"160","author":"MA Raskind","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Kanter ED, et al. Reduction of nightmares and other PTSD symptoms in combat veterans by prazosin: a placebo-controlled study. PsychiatryOnline. 2003;160(2):371\u201373.","journal-title":"PsychiatryOnline"},{"key":"587_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.06.032","volume":"61","author":"MA Raskind","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Hoff DJ, et al. A parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:928\u201334.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.07.001","volume":"63","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taylor et al. Prazosin effects on objective sleep measures and clinical symptoms in civilian trauma posttraumatic stress disorder: a placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63:629\u201332.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"587_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12081133","volume":"170","author":"MA Raskind","year":"2013","unstructured":"Raskind MA, Peterson K, Williams T, et al. A trial of prazosin for combat trauma PTSD with nightmares in active-duty soldiers returned from Iraq and Afghanistan. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170:1003\u201310. This study showed that prazosin was effective for posttraumatic nightmares, sleep quality, and overall PTSD symptoms in active-duty soldiers.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20351","volume":"21","author":"CE Thompson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thompson CE, Taylor FB, McFall ME, et al. Non nightmare distressed awakenings in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: response to prazosin. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(4):417\u201320.","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"587_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2190\/PM.44.2.g","volume":"44","author":"A Alao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alao A, Selvarajah J, Razi S. The use of clonidine in the treatment of nightmares among patients with co-morbid PTSD and traumatic brain injury. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2012;44(2):165\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"587_CR120","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"NC Bernnardy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bernnardy NC. The role of benzodiazepines in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD Research Quarterly. 2013;23(4):1\u20139.","journal-title":"PTSD Research Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T09:27:15Z","timestamp":1717838835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,19]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0587-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,19]]},"article-number":"41"}}