{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:34:03Z","timestamp":1777440843700,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-015-0641-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T11:44:05Z","timestamp":1452771845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Disjointed Historical Trajectory of Anorexia Nervosa Before 1970"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"John P. M.","family":"Court","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan S.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"641_CR1","volume-title":"Eating disorders: obesity, anorexia nervosa and the person within","author":"H Bruch","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bruch H. Eating disorders: obesity, anorexia nervosa and the person within. New York: Basic Books; 1973."},{"key":"641_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruch H. The golden cage: the enigma of anorexia nervosa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1978.","DOI":"10.1097\/00017285-197809000-00003"},{"key":"641_CR3","unstructured":"Mitchell B. W5 and Saturday Star: 7 March 2015, A1, A15; Toronto, ON. http:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/canada\/2015\/03\/07\/how-deep-brain-stimulation-helped-one-woman-fight-anorexia.html Accessed 23 Dec 2015. CTV-TV (Toronto) link: http:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/w5\/deep-brain-stimulation-offers-treatment-hope-for-severe-anorexia-patients-1.2266141 Accessed 23 Dec 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"641_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.30.2.199","volume":"30","author":"J Fuller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuller J, Olszewski MM. Medical history in Canadian undergraduate medical education, 1939\u20132012. Can Bull Med Hist. 2013;30(2):199\u2013209. 200.","journal-title":"Can Bull Med Hist"},{"key":"641_CR5","unstructured":"ANRED \/ anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders. What is the history of eating disorders? http:\/\/www.anred.com\/faq.html#hist Accessed 23 Dec 2015. This useful source has also been reproduced or adapted into a textbook: Shives LR. Basic Concepts of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing, 2008, 7th Ed., 376\u20137. Wolters Kluwer Lippincott: Philadelphia, PA ."},{"key":"641_CR6","first-page":"18","volume-title":"The mentally Ill in America","author":"A Deutsch","year":"1949","unstructured":"Deutsch A. The mentally Ill in America. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press; 1949. p. 18\u201320.","edition":"2"},{"key":"641_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226169743.001.0001","volume-title":"Holy anorexia","author":"RM Bell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bell RM. Holy anorexia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1985."},{"key":"641_CR8","volume-title":"Phthisiologia, or, a treatise of consumptions, 1689","author":"R Morton","year":"1694","unstructured":"Morton R. Phthisiologia, or, a treatise of consumptions, 1689. London: Smith and Walford; 1694. The male patient\u2019s ambiguity stems from an uncertain outcome in Morton\u2019s 1694 edition, although Bell (1985, 191 n.4) reports from Morton\u2019s 2nd Ed. (1720, 8\u20139), that the young man \u201ceffected a full recovery."},{"key":"641_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gull WW. Anorexa nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). Trans Clin Soc London. 1874;7:22\u20138. Also Gull WW. Anorexia nervosa. Lancet 1888;I:516\u20137. Las\u00e8gue C. On hysterical anorexia. Medical Times and Gazette 1873 (Engl.);2:265\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)48519-3"},{"key":"641_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hervey N. Gull, Sir William Withey, first baronet (1816\u20131890). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004; online edn 2006(May): [< http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/public\/index.html Accessed 23 Dec 2015].","DOI":"10.1093\/ref:odnb\/11730"},{"key":"641_CR11","first-page":"226","volume-title":"The life and work of Sigmund Freud: Vol. 1, the formative years and the great discoveries, 1856\u20131900","author":"E Jones","year":"1953","unstructured":"Jones E. The life and work of Sigmund Freud: Vol. 1, the formative years and the great discoveries, 1856\u20131900. New York: Basic Books; 1953. p. 226."},{"key":"641_CR12","first-page":"15","volume-title":"The basic writings of Sigmund Freud","author":"AA Brill","year":"1938","unstructured":"Brill AA. The basic writings of Sigmund Freud. New York: Introduction: Random House; 1938. p. 15."},{"key":"641_CR13","first-page":"262","volume-title":"Konkordanz zu den Gesammelten Werken von Sigmund Freud (6 volumes)","author":"SA Guttman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Guttman SA, Parrish SM, Ruffing J, Smith Jr PH. Konkordanz zu den Gesammelten Werken von Sigmund Freud (6 volumes), vol. 1. Waterloo: North Waterloo Academic Press; 1995. p. 262."},{"key":"641_CR14","unstructured":"Maddox B. Freud\u2019s Wizard: Ernest Jones and the transformation of psychoanalysis. London\\New York: John Murray (Publishers)\\Da Capo Press\\Perseus Books; 2006. p. 52. \u201cAnna O\u201d was the patient with \u201ca museum of symptoms\u201d including an \u201cinability to take food\u201d with whom Freud\u2019s mentor and co-author (1895), Breuer, developed the Cathartic method (Jones, 1953, 223)."},{"key":"641_CR15","unstructured":"Baskett R. The social, medical and historical context of neurasthenia: a study of Neurasthenia Cases at the Toronto General Hospital, 1906\u20131926, 1991: Graduate Research Paper, 37, available at CAMH Archives: Toronto, ON. Neurology addressed \u201cthe mental state\u201d in that era through \u201creassurance, encouragement, persuasion, and curative suggestions\u201d."},{"key":"641_CR16","volume-title":"Medical undergraduate lecture notes","author":"ER Hastings","year":"1912","unstructured":"Hastings ER. Medical undergraduate lecture notes. ON: University of Toronto Archives; 1912. B2002-0014\/007\/02."},{"key":"641_CR17","unstructured":"Brown TE. Dr. Ernest Jones, psychoanalysis, and the Canadian medical profession. In: Shortt SED, editor. Medicine in Canadian society: historical perspectives, 1981. Kingston: McGill-Queen\u2019s University Press; 1908-1913. p. 315\u201360. 330, 353, 360 n.108."},{"key":"641_CR18","unstructured":"Bliss M. William Osler: a life in medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 1999. p. 110, 179. Charcot \u201chypnotized patients to study hysteria.\u201d Lamb SD. Pathologist of the mind: Adolf Meyer and the origins of American psychiatry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014. p. 36."},{"key":"641_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamb SD. Pathologist of the Mind, 2014: ibid., 157\u20138.","DOI":"10.1353\/book.35552"},{"key":"641_CR20","unstructured":"Osler W. The principles and practice of medicine: designed for the use of practitioners and students of medicine, 1899. 3rd Ed., 1076, 1117, 503: Appleton, New York. For Meyer: Lamb SD, ibid:157\u20138, 206\u20137."},{"key":"641_CR21","unstructured":"Osler W: ibid, 7th Ed., 1083\u20134."},{"key":"641_CR22","unstructured":"Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada: a report to the Carnegie Foundation for the advancement of teaching, 1910. Carnegie bulletin number four, 325: New York."},{"key":"641_CR23","first-page":"127","volume-title":"A life in psychiatry: looking out, looking in","author":"P Garfinkel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garfinkel P. A life in psychiatry: looking out, looking in. Toronto: Barlow Books Inc; 2014. p. 127. The author, one of the ED field\u2019s most significant post-Bruch scholar-clinicians, outlines relevant historical developments insightfully in chaps. 8\u201310, 12, 23\u201324."},{"key":"641_CR24","unstructured":"Press Clippings file \u2013 Meyers, University of Toronto Archives. Baskett, 1991, op. cit. p. 13."},{"key":"641_CR25","unstructured":"Meyers DC. Dr. Meyers\u2019 Neurological Hospital (marketing pamphlet), ca.1900:3. Robert Pos fonds, CAMH Archives: Toronto."},{"key":"641_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pos R, Walters JA, Sommers FG. D. Campbell Meyers (1863\u20131927): pioneer of Canadian general hospital psychiatry. Can Psychiatr Assoc J. 1975;20:393\u2013403. 401.","DOI":"10.1177\/070674377502000510"},{"key":"641_CR27","unstructured":"Stedman\u2019s Medical Dictionary, 5th Rev. Ed., 1918: 56, 144, 465. New York, NY. Scott RJE, Ed. Gould\u2019s Medical Dictionary, 1928: 243. Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"641_CR28","unstructured":"Meyers DC. First Annual Report of the Nervous Wards of the Toronto General Hospital for the sixteen months ending Sept. 30, 1907 reprinted from the Annual Report of the Hospital, 1907: 7. CAMH Archives: Toronto."},{"key":"641_CR29","unstructured":"Concordance of medical\/nervous records\u2014diagnosis groups by case numbers, 1906\u20131926. Medical Clinical Records, Toronto General Hospital (TGH) sous-fonds, Dr. Robert Pos fonds, CAMH Archives, Toronto."},{"key":"641_CR30","unstructured":"Reaume G. Chronic patients on an acute psychiatric ward: treatment of the insane at the Toronto General Hospital Nervous Ward, 1907\u20131912. Graduate Research Paper, 1990:19; available at CAMH Archives, Toronto."},{"key":"641_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reaume 1990, ibid.: 28\u20139, 37.","DOI":"10.3151\/coj1975.28.9_37"},{"key":"641_CR32","unstructured":"Prior to the 1907 establishment of Psychiatry as a separate University of Toronto department, Daniel Clark (Notes 34, 35) and other Asylum-based faculty held the title of \u201cExtramural Professor of Mental Diseases\u201d in the Department of Medicine."},{"key":"641_CR33","unstructured":"Ontario, Department of the Provincial Secretary. Report of the Medical Superintendent, Hospital for the Insane, Toronto, 1912: in report of the Inspector of Prisons and Public Charities, for the year ending 31st october 1911, table 10 (excerpt), 121. King\u2019s Printer: Toronto. No mental disease classification specifically for AN, nor a category definitively encompassing it, is included among these reports."},{"key":"641_CR34","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Mental diseases: a synopsis of twelve lectures","author":"D Clark","year":"1895","unstructured":"Clark D. Mental diseases: a synopsis of twelve lectures. Toronto: William Briggs; 1895. p. 177."},{"key":"641_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark, ibid., 38, 41.","DOI":"10.1353\/aph.2013.0023"},{"key":"641_CR36","unstructured":"White WA. Outlines of psychiatry, 1923 Ed., reprinted 1970. New York and Washington, DC: Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co; 1913."},{"key":"641_CR37","unstructured":"Diefendorf AR. Clinical psychiatry: a text-book for students and physicians: abstracted and adapted from the German edition of Kraepelin\u2019s \u201clehrbuch der psychiatrie,\u201d 1904, 6th & 7th Eds. New York: Macmillan; 1915."},{"key":"641_CR38","unstructured":"White WA, 1913, 1923, reprinted 1970, op.cit,: \u201cHysteria,\u201d 4th Ed., (237\u201341), 238; and \u201cConversion Hysteria,\u201d 9th Ed. (281\u20136), 282."},{"key":"641_CR39","unstructured":"White, ibid.: 4th Ed., Hysterical Insanity, 243; 9th Ed., Hysterical Psychoses, 288; italicized emphasis added."},{"key":"641_CR40","unstructured":"White, ibid.: 4th Ed. (32\u20135), 32; 9th Ed. (47\u201352), 47; boldface in original, italicized emphasis added."},{"key":"641_CR41","unstructured":"Garfinkel, 2014, op. cit., 128."},{"key":"641_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226169743.001.0001","volume-title":"Holy anorexia","author":"RM Bell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bell RM. Holy anorexia. IL: The University of Chicago Press; 1985. p. 13."},{"key":"641_CR43","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Fasting girls: the history of anorexia nervosa","author":"JJ Blumberg","year":"1988","unstructured":"Blumberg JJ. Fasting girls: the history of anorexia nervosa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Plume Edition; 1988. p. 209."},{"key":"641_CR44","first-page":"435","volume-title":"A text-book of psychiatry for students and practitioners","author":"DK Henderson","year":"1933","unstructured":"Henderson DK, Gillespie RD. A text-book of psychiatry for students and practitioners, vol. 3rd. New York: Oxford University Press; 1933., 442\u20134; also 360, 460; for the characteristic clinical features of hysteria. p. 435."},{"key":"641_CR45","unstructured":"McGhie BT, Ed. Course of Instruction for Operating Mental Health Clinics, 1930 (May). Toronto Psychiatric Hospital (TPH) fonds, 14\u20133 (accrual); CAMH Archives, Toronto, ON."},{"key":"641_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrar CB. Undergraduate instruction in psychiatry. J Assoc Am Med Coll. 1936;4:3\u20137.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-193607000-00006"},{"key":"641_CR47","unstructured":"Shorter E. Partnership for excellence: medicine at the university of Toronto and academic hospitals. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2013. p. 183\u20134. 781 n.17-19. This favourably-reviewed historical monograph is exemplary in its comprehensive scope and engaging documentation of the scientific evolution since 1843 at Toronto\u2019s Faculty of Medicine and affiliated teaching hospitals."},{"key":"641_CR48","unstructured":"Blumberg JJ, op. cit.: 208\u201312, 336\u20137, n.7-21."},{"key":"641_CR49","first-page":"30","volume-title":"DSM-1: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"The Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics","year":"1952","unstructured":"The Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. DSM-1: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1952. p. 30."},{"key":"641_CR50","first-page":"47","volume-title":"DSM-2: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"The Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics","year":"1968","unstructured":"The Committee on Nomenclature and Statistics. DSM-2: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, vol. 2nd. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1968. p. 47\u20138."},{"key":"641_CR51","unstructured":"Henderson, and Gillespie, 1969, 10th Ed., 175 (italic emphasis in original) and 187."},{"key":"641_CR52","unstructured":"Bruch H., 1973 and 1978, op. cit."},{"key":"641_CR53","unstructured":"Szmukler GI, Dare C, Treasure J. Forward by Garfinkel PE. Handbook of eating disorders: theory, treatment, and research. Chichester: Wiley; 1995. This is but one example of the voluminous productivity of these authors for addressing AN, and their leadership for UK and European clinician-scientists in particular."},{"key":"641_CR54","unstructured":"Garfinkel PE, Garner DM. Anorexia nervosa: a multi-dimensional perspective. New York: Brunner\/Mazel; 1982. This volume is highlighted\u00a0for its elegant attention -\u00a0generally overlooked -\u00a0to the history of the disorder or ailment in question, AN in this instance, along with the evolution of its research and treatment approaches and their impacts upon sufferers, patients and their families. Professor Garfinkel\u2019s prolific scientific and educational\u00a0leadership in this field have been exemplary since the mid-1970s. His 2014 book of memoirs (Note 23) is also essential reading."}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0641-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0641-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0641-6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T13:43:20Z","timestamp":1692193400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0641-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-015-0641-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"article-number":"10"}}