{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:08:03Z","timestamp":1781176083079,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0937-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T04:33:29Z","timestamp":1533789209000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Neuroactive Steroids and Perinatal Depression: a Review of Recent Literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"McEvoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren M.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"937_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. 2005; 106:1071, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737167.5.6.683 .","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.5.6.683"},{"key":"937_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22597","volume":"34","author":"ME Silverman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Silverman ME, Reichenberg A, Savitz DA, Cnattingius S, Lichtenstein P, Hultman CM, et al. The risk factors for postpartum depression: a population-based study. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34:178\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/da.22597 .","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"937_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1607649","volume":"375","author":"DE Stewart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stewart DE, Vigod S. Postpartum depression. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:2177\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1607649 .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"937_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00406.x","volume":"110","author":"R Abbott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abbott R, Dunn VJ, Robling SA, Paykel ES. Long-term outcome of offspring after maternal severe puerperal disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110:365\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00406.x .","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"937_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE. The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature. 2003;6:263, DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exphem.2018.06.287 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2018.06.287"},{"key":"937_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0934","volume":"73","author":"A Jarde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarde A, Morais M, Kingston D, Giallo R, MacQueen GM, Giglia L, et al. Neonatal outcomes in women with untreated antenatal depression compared with women without depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73:826\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0934 .","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h5918","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5918","volume":"532","author":"MS Chisolm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chisolm MS, Payne JL. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ. 2016;532:h5918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h5918 .","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"937_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000257","volume":"203","author":"LM Osborne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osborne LM, Payne J. Antidepressants, pregnancy, and stigma: how we are failing mothers and babies. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2015;203:164\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000257 .","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"937_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.10.014","volume":"108","author":"J Milgrom","year":"2008","unstructured":"Milgrom J, Gemmill AW, Bilszta JL, Hayes B, Barnett B, Brooks J, et al. Antenatal risk factors for postnatal depression: a large prospective study. J Affect Disord. 2008;108:147\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2007.10.014 .","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"937_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764017725543","volume":"63","author":"IE Corbani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Corbani IE, Rucci P, Iapichino E, Quartieri Bollani M, Cauli G, Ceruti MR, et al. Comparing the prevalence and the risk profile for antenatal depressive symptoms across cultures. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2017;63:622\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020764017725543 .","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Field T. Prenatal depression risk factors, developmental effects and interventions: a review. J Pregnancy Child Health. 2017;4 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2376-127X.1000301.","DOI":"10.4172\/2376-127X.1000301."},{"key":"937_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-016-0048-3","volume":"32","author":"P Leff-Gelman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leff-Gelman P, Mancilla-Herrera I, Flores-Ramos M, Cruz-Fuentes C, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Garcia-Cuetara Mdel P, et al. The immune system and the role of inflammation in perinatal depression. Neurosci Bull. 2016;32:398\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-016-0048-3 .","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"937_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.03.019","volume":"38","author":"LM Osborne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osborne LM, Monk C. Perinatal depression--the fourth inflammatory morbidity of pregnancy?: theory and literature review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:1929\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.03.019 .","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"937_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sherer ML, Posillico CK, Schwarz JM. The psychoneuroimmunology of pregnancy. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.10.006 .","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.10.006"},{"key":"937_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852914000480","volume":"20","author":"CE Schiller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schiller CE, Meltzer-Brody S, Rubinow DR. The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression. CNS Spectr. 2015;20:48\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852914000480 .","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"937_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.13.51","volume":"5","author":"M Kimmel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kimmel M, Kaminsky Z, Payne JL. Biomarker or pathophysiology? The role of DNA methylation in postpartum depression. Epigenomics. 2013;5:473\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/epi.13.51 .","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"937_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0432-9","volume":"18","author":"M Kimmel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kimmel M, Hess E, Roy PS, Palmer JT, Meltzer-Brody S, Meuchel JM, et al. Family history, not lack of medication use, is associated with the development of postpartum depression in a high-risk sample. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2015;18:113\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737-014-0432-9 .","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"937_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEvoy K, Osborne LM, Nanavati J, Payne JL (2017) Reproductive affective disorders: a review of the genetic evidence for premenstrual dysphoric disorder and postpartum depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19:94-017-0852-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0852-0"},{"key":"937_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborne L, Clive M, Kimmel M, Gispen F, Guintivano J, Brown T, Cox O, Judy J, Meilman S, Braier A, Beckmann MW, Kornhuber J, Fasching PA, Goes F, Payne JL, Binder EB, Kaminsky Z (2016) Replication of epigenetic postpartum depression biomarkers and variation with hormone levels. Neuropsychopharmacology 41:1648\u20131658, DOI: 10.1038\/npp.2015.333.","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.333"},{"key":"937_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v62n0504","volume":"62","author":"A Ahokas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahokas A, Kaukoranta J, Wahlbeck K, Aito M. Estrogen deficiency in severe postpartum depression: successful treatment with sublingual physiologic 17beta-estradiol: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:332\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.v62n0504 .","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.924","volume":"157","author":"M Bloch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, Murphy J, Nieman L, Rubinow DR. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:924\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.6.924 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91414-2","volume":"347","author":"AJ Gregoire","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gregoire AJ, Kumar R, Everitt B, Henderson AF, Studd JW. Transdermal oestrogen for treatment of severe postnatal depression. Lancet. 1996;347:930\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91414-2 .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"937_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.100.1.63","volume":"100","author":"MW O'Hara","year":"1991","unstructured":"O'Hara MW, Schlechte JA, Lewis DA, Varner MW. Controlled prospective study of postpartum mood disorders: psychological, environmental, and hormonal variables. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100:63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.100.1.63 .","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"937_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00063-1","volume":"38","author":"DA Sichel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Robertson LM, Ruttenberg A, Rosenbaum JF. Prophylactic estrogen in recurrent postpartum affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:814\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00063-1 .","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.002071","volume":"62","author":"GE Gillies","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gillies GE, McArthur S. Estrogen actions in the brain and the basis for differential action in men and women: a case for sex-specific medicines. Pharmacol Rev. 2010;62:155\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.109.002071 .","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"937_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.012","volume":"57","author":"DG Stein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stein DG. Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury. Brain Res Rev. 2008;57:386\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.06.012 .","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"937_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3276-5","volume":"230","author":"CM Carver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carver CM, Reddy DS. Neurosteroid interactions with synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors: regulation of subunit plasticity, phasic and tonic inhibition, and neuronal network excitability. Psychopharmacology. 2013;230:151\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-013-3276-5 .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.08.004","volume":"37","author":"SS Girdler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Girdler SS, Lindgren M, Porcu P, Rubinow DR, Johnson JL, Morrow AL. A history of depression in women is associated with an altered GABAergic neuroactive steroid profile. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:543\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.08.004 .","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"937_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00442","volume":"8","author":"KB Tuem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tuem KB, Atey TM. Neuroactive steroids: receptor interactions and responses. Front Neurol. 2017;8:442.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"937_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.04.003","volume":"116","author":"AL Morrow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Morrow AL. Recent developments in the significance and therapeutic relevance of neuroactive steroids\u2014introduction to the special issue. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.04.003 .","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"937_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00064-1","volume":"28","author":"R Rupprecht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rupprecht R. Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003;28:139\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4530(02)00064-1 .","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"937_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.05.006","volume":"116","author":"SS Girdler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Girdler SS, Klatzkin R. Neurosteroids in the context of stress: implications for depressive disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116:125\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.05.006 .","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"937_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00096-6","volume":"15","author":"VK Patchev","year":"1996","unstructured":"Patchev VK, Hassan AH, Holsboer DF, Almeida OF. The neurosteroid tetrahydroprogesterone attenuates the endocrine response to stress and exerts glucocorticoid-like effects on vasopressin gene transcription in the rat hypothalamus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1996;15:533\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0893-133X(96)00096-6 .","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00023-3","volume":"24","author":"DS Reddy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reddy DS. Is there a physiological role for the neurosteroid THDOC in stress-sensitive conditions? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2003;24:103\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-6147(03)00023-3 .","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"937_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Agis-Balboa RC, Guidotti A, Pinna G (2014) 5alpha-reductase type I expression is downregulated in the prefrontal cortex\/Brodmann\u2019s area 9 (BA9) of depressed patients. Psychopharmacology 231:3569\u20133580, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-014-3567-5 .","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3567-5"},{"key":"937_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.09.003","volume":"113","author":"C Schule","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schule C, Nothdurfter C, Rupprecht R. The role of allopregnanolone in depression and anxiety. Prog Neurobiol. 2014;113:79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.09.003 .","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"937_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.7.910","volume":"155","author":"E Romeo","year":"1998","unstructured":"Romeo E, Strohle A, Spalletta G, di Michele F, Hermann B, Holsboer F, et al. Effects of antidepressant treatment on neuroactive steroids in major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:910\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.155.7.910 .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.6.3239","volume":"95","author":"V Uzunova","year":"1998","unstructured":"Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, et al. Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:3239\u201344.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"937_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.23.13512","volume":"96","author":"LD Griffin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Griffin LD, Mellon SH. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors directly alter activity of neurosteroidogenic enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:13512\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"937_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.9.851","volume":"59","author":"CN Epperson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Epperson CN, Haga K, Mason GF, Sellers E, Gueorguieva R, Zhang W, et al. Cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid levels across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and those with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:851\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.59.9.851 .","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"937_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bixo M, Johansson M, Timby E, Michalski L, Backstrom T. Effects of GABA active steroids in the female brain with a focus on the premenstrual dysphoric disorder. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018;30 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12553 .","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12553"},{"key":"937_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4258-1","volume":"233","author":"E Timby","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timby E, Backstrom T, Nyberg S, Stenlund H, Wihlback AC, Bixo M. Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder have altered sensitivity to allopregnanolone over the menstrual cycle compared to controls\u2014a pilot study. Psychopharmacology. 2016;233:2109\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-016-4258-1 .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.246","volume":"41","author":"PE Martinez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martinez PE, Rubinow DR, Nieman LK, Koziol DE, Morrow AL, Schiller CE, et al. 5alpha-reductase inhibition prevents the luteal phase increase in plasma allopregnanolone levels and mitigates symptoms in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016;41:1093\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/npp.2015.246 .","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.05.045","volume":"218","author":"KA Yonkers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yonkers KA, Simoni MK. Premenstrual disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:68\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.05.045 .","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"937_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3423-z","volume":"231","author":"G MacKenzie","year":"2014","unstructured":"MacKenzie G, Maguire J. The role of ovarian hormone-derived neurosteroids on the regulation of GABAA receptors in affective disorders. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231:3333\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-013-3423-z .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590500361747","volume":"21","author":"SE Gilbert Evans","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gilbert Evans SE, Ross LE, Sellers EM, Purdy RH, Romach MK. 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids and their precursors during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;21:268\u201379.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"937_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3599-x","volume":"231","author":"CE Schiller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiller CE, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Allopregnanolone as a mediator of affective switching in reproductive mood disorders. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231:3557\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-014-3599-x .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7","volume":"186","author":"CN Epperson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Epperson CN, Gueorguieva R, Czarkowski KA, Stiklus S, Sellers E, Krystal JH, et al. Preliminary evidence of reduced occipital GABA concentrations in puerperal women: a 1H-MRS study. Psychopharmacology. 2006;186:425\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-006-0313-7 .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2010.540050","volume":"14","author":"CA Frye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frye CA, Hirst JJ, Brunton PJ, Russell JA. Neurosteroids for a successful pregnancy. Stress. 2011;14:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"937_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13284","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13284","volume":"95","author":"A Concas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Concas A, Mostallino MC, Porcu P, Follesa P, Barbaccia ML, Trabucchi M, et al. Role of brain allopregnanolone in the plasticity of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor in rat brain during pregnancy and after delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:13284\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"937_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.019","volume":"59","author":"J Maguire","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maguire J, Mody I. GABA(A)R plasticity during pregnancy: relevance to postpartum depression. Neuron. 2008;59:207\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.019 .","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"937_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.03.008","volume":"116","author":"SS Smith","year":"2007","unstructured":"Smith SS, Shen H, Gong QH, Zhou X. Neurosteroid regulation of GABA(A) receptors: focus on the alpha4 and delta subunits. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116:58\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2007.03.008 .","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"937_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000358838","volume":"69","author":"C Hellgren","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hellgren C, Akerud H, Skalkidou A, Backstrom T, Sundstrom-Poromaa I. Low serum allopregnanolone is associated with symptoms of depression in late pregnancy. Neuropsychobiology. 2014;69:147\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000358838 .","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"937_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.06.008","volume":"94","author":"C Hellgren","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Hellgren C, Comasco E, Skalkidou A, Sundstrom-Poromaa I. Allopregnanolone levels and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms in the allopregnanolone synthesis pathway. Horm Behav. 2017;94:106\u201313. The only study to check for a correlation between ALLO levels alone and concurrent depressive symptoms in the 2nd trimester, with negative findings. Did find an association between 2nd trimester ALLO levels and a polymorphism in the ALLO synthesis pathway. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.06.008 .","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"937_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4217-x","volume":"233","author":"SK Crowley","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022 Crowley SK, O'Buckley TK, Schiller CE, Stuebe A, Morrow AL, Girdler SS. Blunted neuroactive steroid and HPA axis responses to stress are associated with reduced sleep quality and negative affect in pregnancy: a pilot study. Psychopharmacology. 2016;233:1299\u2013310. This positive study found an association between low levels of ALLO + pregnanolone (measured together) measured in the 2nd trimester. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00213-016-4217-x .","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"937_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.02.012","volume":"79","author":"LM Osborne","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Osborne LM, Gispen F, Sanyal A, Yenokyan G, Meilman S, Payne JL. Lower allopregnanolone during pregnancy predicts postpartum depression: an exploratory study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;79:116\u201321. The first study to show an association between levels of ALLO in pregnancy (2nd trimester) and PPD, in a sample of mood-disordered women. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.02.012 .","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"937_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.02.010","volume":"47","author":"KM Deligiannidis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Deligiannidis KM, Sikoglu EM, Shaffer SA, Frederick B, Svenson AE, Kopoyan A, et al. GABAergic neuroactive steroids and resting-state functional connectivity in postpartum depression: a preliminary study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:816\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.02.010 .","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"937_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.05.010","volume":"70","author":"KM Deligiannidis","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022 Deligiannidis KM, Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Mo S, Nguyen HP, Svenson A, Jaitly N, et al. Peripartum neuroactive steroid and gamma-aminobutyric acid profiles in women at-risk for postpartum depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016;70:98\u2013107. Only study to use mean ALLO levels across 4 perinatal time-points. Levels correlated with STAI-S (Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State) scores in both healthy and at-risk women, ALLO levels did not differ between the 2 groups. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.05.010 .","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"937_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002641","volume":"48","author":"J Guintivano","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Guintivano J, Sullivan PF, Stuebe AM, Penders T, Thorp J, Rubinow DR, et al. Adverse life events, psychiatric history, and biological predictors of postpartum depression in an ethnically diverse sample of postpartum women. Psychol Med. 2018;48:1190\u2013200. This negative study measured progesterone and ALLO at 6 weeks postpartum in a case-control study of PPD and found no differences between groups. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717002641 .","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"937_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1868","volume":"10","author":"H Shen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shen H, Gong QH, Aoki C, Yuan M, Ruderman Y, Dattilo M, et al. Reversal of neurosteroid effects at alpha4beta2delta GABAA receptors triggers anxiety at puberty. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10:469\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn1868 .","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"937_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31264-3","volume":"390","author":"S Kanes","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Kanes S, Colquhoun H, Gunduz-Bruce H, Raines S, Arnold R, Schacterle A, et al. Brexanolone (SAGE-547 injection) in post-partum depression: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;390:480\u20139. The first treatment trial (randomized placebo-controlled trial) using a synthetic analogue of ALLO (Brexanolone) to treat PPD. Brexanolone was superior to placebo and resulted in a 70% remission rate in cases of severe PPD. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31264-3 .","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"937_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.002","volume":"30","author":"N Maninger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maninger N, Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Epel ES, Mellon SH. Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30:65\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.002 .","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"937_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00044-4","volume":"24","author":"JG Buckwalter","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buckwalter JG, Stanczyk FZ, McCleary CA, Bluestein BW, Buckwalter DK, Rankin KP, et al. Pregnancy, the postpartum, and steroid hormones: effects on cognition and mood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1999;24:69\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0306-4530(98)00044-4 .","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"937_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-16-0013","volume":"56","author":"RA Prough","year":"2016","unstructured":"Prough RA, Clark BJ, Klinge CM. Novel mechanisms for DHEA action. J Mol Endocrinol. 2016;56:R139\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JME-16-0013 .","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"937_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1140741","volume":"29","author":"E Kasap","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kasap E, Aksu EE, Gur EB, Genc M, Eskicioglu F, Gokduman A, et al. Investigation of the relationship between salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, anxiety, and depression in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29:3686\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/14767058.2016.1140741 .","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"937_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.12.008","volume":"143","author":"CR Marrs","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marrs CR, Ferraro DP, Cross CL, Rogers SL. A potential role for adrenal androgens in postpartum psychiatric distress. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009;143:127\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.12.008 .","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"937_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0207","volume":"177","author":"TK Kallak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kallak TK, Hellgren C, Skalkidou A, Sandelin-Francke L, Ubhayasekhera K, Bergquist J, et al. Maternal and female fetal testosterone levels are associated with maternal age and gestational weight gain. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177:379\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-17-0207 .","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"937_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080004326.x","volume":"80","author":"M Hohlagschwandtner","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hohlagschwandtner M, Husslein P, Klier C, Ulm B. Correlation between serum testosterone levels and peripartal mood states. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80:326\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080004326.x .","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"937_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.08.008","volume":"17","author":"A Aswathi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aswathi A, Rajendiren S, Nimesh A, Philip RR, Kattimani S, Jayalakshmi D, et al. High serum testosterone levels during postpartum period are associated with postpartum depression. Asian J Psychiatr. 2015;17:85\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2015.08.008 .","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"937_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S277","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932788","volume":"63","author":"A Parizek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parizek A, Mikesova M, Jirak R, Hill M, Koucky M, Paskova A, et al. Steroid hormones in the development of postpartum depression. Physiol Res. 2014;63(Suppl 2):S277\u201382.","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"937_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.09.001","volume":"35","author":"J McHenry","year":"2014","unstructured":"McHenry J, Carrier N, Hull E, Kabbaj M. Sex differences in anxiety and depression: role of testosterone. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35:42\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.09.001 .","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-018-0937-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-018-0937-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-018-0937-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,7]],"date-time":"2020-11-07T13:22:56Z","timestamp":1604755376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-018-0937-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["937"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-018-0937-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 August 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Katherine McEvoy and Lauren M. Osborne declare no conflict of interest.Jennifer L. Payne reports grants and personal fees from SAGE Therapeutics and has done legal consulting for Eli Lilly and Abbott Pharmaceuticals. In addition, Dr. Payne holds a patent for epigenetic biomarkers of postpartum depression.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"78"}}