{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:20:42Z","timestamp":1791354042219,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1038-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]],"date-time":"2019-06-03T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1559548946000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["HIV, Drug Injection, and Harm Reduction Trends in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Implications for International and Domestic Policy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Katherine","family":"LaMonaca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostyantyn","family":"Dumchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergii","family":"Dvoriak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyuba","family":"Azbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick L.","family":"Altice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1038_CR1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS data 2017."},{"key":"1038_CR2","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Global AIDS update 2016."},{"key":"1038_CR3","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Prevention gap report 2016."},{"issue":"12","key":"1038_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3","volume":"5","author":"Louisa Degenhardt","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Degenhardt L, Peacock A, Colledge S, Leung J, Grebely J, Vickerman P, et al. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3\n                      \n                    . This review includes country-level data on injection drug use and infection disease prevalence from a variety of peer-reviewed, international, and government sources, using metaanalyses to create aggregate estimates.","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"1038_CR5","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS). Ending AIDS: progress towards the 90-90-90 targets 2017."},{"issue":"8","key":"1038_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw416","volume":"63","author":"AJ Low","year":"2016","unstructured":"Low AJ, Mburu G, Welton NJ, May MT, Davies CF, French C, et al. Impact of opioid substitution therapy on antiretroviral therapy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(8):1094\u2013104. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciw416\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9738","key":"1038_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60829-x","volume":"376","author":"FL Altice","year":"2010","unstructured":"Altice FL, Kamarulzaman A, Soriano VV, Schechter M, Friedland GH. Treatment of medical, psychiatric, and substance-use comorbidities in people infected with HIV who use drugs. Lancet. 2010;376(9738):367\u201387. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60829-x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"9737","key":"1038_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60742-8","volume":"376","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Mathers B, Vickerman P, Rhodes T, Latkin C, Hickman M. Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. Lancet. 2010;376(9737):285\u2013301. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(10)60742-8\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1038_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ481","volume":"61","author":"M Hickman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hickman M, Vickerman P, Degenhardt L. The impact of opiate substitution therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy on mortality risk among people who inject drugs. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1166\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ481\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1038_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1208","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30373-X","volume":"5","author":"Sarah Larney","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Larney S, Peacock A, Leung J, Colledge S, Hickman M, Vickerman P, et al. Global, regional, and country-level coverage of interventions to prevent and manage HIV and hepatitis C among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 2017. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30373-X\n                      \n                    . This review provides a detailed synthesis of harm reduction program availability for each EECA country, including data quality rankings and recency information.","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"1038_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000423","volume":"8","author":"SS Alistar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alistar SS, Owens DK, Brandeau ML. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of expanding harm reduction and antiretroviral therapy in a mixed HIV epidemic: a modeling analysis for Ukraine. PLoS Med. 2011;8(3):e1000423. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000423\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1038_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y","volume":"17","author":"AS Abdul-Quader","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abdul-Quader AS, Feelemyer J, Modi S, Stein ES, Briceno A, Semaan S, et al. Effectiveness of structural-level needle\/syringe programs to reduce HCV and HIV infection among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(9):2878\u201392. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0593-y\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"1038_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-23","volume":"5","author":"R Elovich","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elovich R, Drucker E. On drug treatment and social control: Russian narcology\u2019s great leap backwards. Harm Reduct J. 2008;5:23. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1477-7517-5-23\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"1038_CR14","unstructured":"East Europe and Central Asia Union of PLWH. Eastern Europe and Central Asia: let\u2019s not lose track! 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"1038_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.09.004","volume":"26","author":"N Zaller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaller N, Mazhnaya A, Larney S, Islam Z, Shost A, Prokhorova T, et al. Geographic variability in HIV and injection drug use in Ukraine: implications for integration and expansion of drug treatment and HIV care. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(1):37\u201342. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.09.004\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"1038_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.08.004","volume":"25","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Mathers BM, Wirtz AL, Wolfe D, Kamarulzaman A, Carrieri MP, et al. What has been achieved in HIV prevention, treatment and care for people who inject drugs, 2010-2012? A review of the six highest burden countries. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(1):53\u201360. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.08.004\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"1038_CR17","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2018 \u2013 2017 data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2018."},{"key":"1038_CR18","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2017 \u2013 2016 data. Stokholm: ECCD; 2017."},{"issue":"10","key":"1038_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1112-0","volume":"19","author":"JI Cakalo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cakalo JI, Bozicevic I, Vitek C, Mandel JS, Salyuk T, Rutherford GW. Misclassification of men with reported HIV infection in Ukraine. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(10):1938\u201340. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-015-1112-0\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"1038_CR20","unstructured":"Dumchev K, Varetska O, Kornilova M, Azarskova M. Improved ascertainment of modes of HIV transmission in Ukraine highlights importance of risk due to injecting and homosexual risk behavior among males. 16th European AIDS Conference; Milan, Italy: Abstract #PE23\/33; 2017."},{"key":"1038_CR21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. People who inject drugs (PWID). 2018. \n                      http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/communicable-diseases\/hivaids\/policy\/policy-guidance-for-key-populations-most-at-risk2\/people-who-inject-drugs-pwid\n                      \n                    ."},{"key":"1038_CR22","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Do no harm: health, human rights, and people who use drugs Geneva 2016."},{"key":"1038_CR23","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2017."},{"key":"1038_CR24","unstructured":"Berleva G, Dumchev K, Kasianchuk M, Nikolko M, Saliuk T, Shvab I, et al. Estimation of the size of populations most-at-risk for HIV infection in Ukraine. Kyiv; 2012."},{"issue":"2","key":"1038_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1008-z","volume":"20","author":"RE Booth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Booth RE, Davis JM, Brewster JT, Lisovska O, Dvoryak S. Krokodile injectors in Ukraine: fueling the HIV epidemic? AIDS Behav. 2016;20(2):369\u201376. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-015-1008-z\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"1038_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3018(16)30040-6","volume":"3","author":"RE Booth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Booth RE, Davis JM, Dvoryak S, Brewster JT, Lisovska O, Strathdee SA, et al. HIV incidence among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Ukraine: results from a clustered randomised trial. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(10):e482\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-3018(16)30040-6\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"10050","key":"1038_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X","volume":"388","author":"FL Altice","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Altice FL, Azbel L, Stone J, Brooks-Pollock E, Smyrnov P, Dvoriak S, et al. The perfect storm: incarceration and the high-risk environment perpetuating transmission of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Lancet. 2016;388(10050):1228\u201348. This paper describes how increasing rates of opioid use disorder and harsh criminalization of drug use interact to drive ongoing infectious disease epidemics in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"1038_CR28","volume-title":"Curatio International Foundation. Population size estimation of people who inject drugs in Georgia 2014","author":"BP Union","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bemoni Public Union, Curatio International Foundation. Population size estimation of people who inject drugs in Georgia 2014 2015."},{"key":"1038_CR29","unstructured":"Maitieva V, Mambetov T, Akmatova Zh, Yanbukhtina L, Bayazbekova J, Jumalieva G, Ismailova A. National progress report on global actions to fight HIV in 2014 (available in Russian only) 2015."},{"key":"1038_CR30","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Latvia country drugs report 2017."},{"key":"1038_CR31","unstructured":"Union for HIV Prevention and Harm Reduction in Moldova, Eurasian Harm Reduction Network. National report: the Republic of Moldova \u201cHarm reduction works. Making a case for funding\u201d 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"1038_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41124-017-0026-z","volume":"2","author":"L Maistat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maistat L, Kravchenko N, Reddy A. Hepatitis C in Eastern Europe and Central Asia: a survey of epidemiology, treatment access and civil society activity in eleven countries. Hepatol Med Policy. 2017;2(1):9. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41124-017-0026-z\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Hepatol Med Policy."},{"issue":"5","key":"1038_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.5-5-487","volume":"5","author":"MC Donoghoe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Donoghoe MC, Lazarus JV, Matic S. HIV\/AIDS in the transitional countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Clin Med (Lond). 2005;5(5):487\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"7","key":"1038_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2015.1043313","volume":"10","author":"S Ancker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ancker S, Rechel B. Policy responses to HIV\/AIDS in Central Asia. Glob Public Health. 2015;10(7):817\u201333. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2015.1043313\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"Suppl A","key":"1038_CR35","first-page":"S259","volume":"13","author":"T Rhodes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Stimson GV, Crofts N, Ball A, Dehne K, Khodakevich L. Drug injecting, rapid HIV spread, and the \u2018risk environment\u2019: implications for assessment and response. AIDS. 1999;13(Suppl A):S259\u201369.","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"1038_CR36","unstructured":"UNICEF. After the fall: the human impact of ten years of transition. Florence: International Child Development Centre1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"1038_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200401010-00012","volume":"35","author":"RE Booth","year":"2004","unstructured":"Booth RE, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK, Brewster JT, Salomonsen-Sautel S, Semerik O. Predictors of self-reported HIV infection among drug injectors in Ukraine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(1):82\u20138.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"17","key":"1038_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328010e019","volume":"20","author":"RE Booth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Booth RE, Kwiatkowski CF, Brewster JT, Sinitsyna L, Dvoryak S. Predictors of HIV sero-status among drug injectors at three Ukraine sites. AIDS. 2006;20(17):2217\u201323. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328010e019\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"1038_CR39","unstructured":"European Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European drug report 2017: trends and developments 2017."},{"issue":"5","key":"1038_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01409.x","volume":"101","author":"N Abdala","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abdala N, Grund JP, Tolstov Y, Kozlov AP, Heimer R. Can home-made injectable opiates contribute to the HIV epidemic among injection drug users in the countries of the former Soviet Union? Addiction. 2006;101(5):731\u20137. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01409.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"1038_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.001","volume":"249","author":"EA Alves","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alves EA, Grund J-PC, Afonso CM, Netto ADP, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. The harmful chemistry behind krokodil (desomorphine) synthesis and mechanisms of toxicity. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;249:207\u201313. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.02.001\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1038_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000253858","volume":"16","author":"D Otiashvili","year":"2010","unstructured":"Otiashvili D, Zabransky T, Kirtadze I, Piralishvili G, Chavchanidze M, Miovsky M. Why do the clients of Georgian needle exchange programmes inject buprenorphine? Eur Addict Res. 2010;16:1\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000253858\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1038_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.04.007","volume":"24","author":"JP Grund","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grund JP, Latypov A, Harris M. Breaking worse: the emergence of krokodil and excessive injuries among people who inject drugs in Eurasia. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;24(4):265\u201374. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.04.007\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1038_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.06.004","volume":"24","author":"L Azbel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azbel L, Dvoryak S, Altice FL. Krokodil and what a long strange trip it\u2019s been. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;24(4):279\u201380. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.06.004\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1038_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2012.660574","volume":"50","author":"R Skowronek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skowronek R, Celinski R, Chowaniec C. \u201cCrocodile\u201d--new dangerous designer drug of abuse from the East. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2012;50(4):269. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15563650.2012.660574\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"1038_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-016-0105-2","volume":"13","author":"E Hearne","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hearne E, Grund JP, Van Hout MC, McVeigh J. A scoping review of home-produced heroin and amphetamine-type stimulant substitutes: implications for prevention, treatment, and policy. Harm Reduct J. 2016;13:14. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-016-0105-2\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1038_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-016-0049-2","volume":"11","author":"D Otiashvili","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otiashvili D, Tabatadze M, Balanchivadze N, Kirtadze I. Policing, massive street drug testing and poly-substance use chaos in Georgia \u2013 a policy case study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2016;11(1):4. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13011-016-0049-2\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"1038_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400488","volume":"35","author":"RE Booth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Booth RE, Kennedy J, Brewster T, Semerik O. Drug injectors and dealers in Odessa, Ukraine. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2003;35(4):419\u201326. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2003.10400488\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"1038_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0207-5","volume":"15","author":"WA Zule","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zule WA, Pande PG, Otiashvili D, Bobashev GV, Friedman SR, Gyarmathy VA, et al. Options for reducing HIV transmission related to the dead space in needles and syringes. Harm Reduct J. 2018;15:3. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-017-0207-5\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1038_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218555.36661.9c","volume":"20","author":"AP Kozlov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kozlov AP, Shaboltas AV, Toussova OV, Verevochkin SV, Masse BR, Perdue T, et al. HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV acquisition among injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia. AIDS. 2006;20(6):901\u20136. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.aids.0000218555.36661.9c\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"1038_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1836-0","volume":"22","author":"I Tavitian-Exley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tavitian-Exley I, Boily MC, Heimer R, Uuskula A, Levina O, Maheu-Giroux M. Polydrug use and heterogeneity in HIV risk among people who inject drugs in Estonia and Russia: a latent class analysis. AIDS Behav. 2017;22:1329\u201340. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-017-1836-0\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"1038_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9359-3","volume":"12","author":"RE Booth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Booth RE, Lehman WE, Kwiatkowski CF, Brewster JT, Sinitsyna L, Dvoryak S. Stimulant injectors in Ukraine: the next wave of the epidemic? AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4):652\u201361. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-008-9359-3\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"1038_CR53","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Ukraine country overview. 2016. \n                      http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/countries\/ukraine_en#laws\n                      \n                    . Accessed 12 Apr 2018."},{"key":"1038_CR54","unstructured":"Rosmarin A, Eastwood N. A quiet revolution: drug decriminalisation policies in practice across the globe. London; 2012."},{"key":"1038_CR55","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Estonia country drug report 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"1038_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.018","volume":"133","author":"JM Izenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Izenberg JM, Bachireddy C, Soule M, Kiriazova T, Dvoryak S, Altice FL. High rates of police detention among recently released HIV-infected prisoners in Ukraine: implications for health outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;133(1):154\u201360. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.018\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 3","key":"1038_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20880","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.19.4.20880","volume":"19","author":"M Polonsky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polonsky M, Azbel L, Wegman MP, Izenberg JM, Bachireddy C, Wickersham JA, et al. Pre-incarceration police harassment, drug addiction and HIV risk behaviours among prisoners in Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan: results from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(4 Suppl 3):20880. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/ias.19.4.20880\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 3","key":"1038_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20897","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.4.20897","volume":"19","author":"O Kutsa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kutsa O, Marcus R, Bojko MJ, Zelenev A, Mazhnaya A, Dvoriak S, et al. Factors associated with physical and sexual violence by police among people who inject drugs in Ukraine: implications for retention on opioid agonist therapy. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(4 Suppl 3):20897. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/IAS.19.4.20897\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1038_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e357","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30073-5","volume":"4","author":"K DeBeck","year":"2017","unstructured":"DeBeck K, Cheng T, Montaner JS, Beyrer C, Elliott R, Sherman S, et al. HIV and the criminalisation of drug use among people who inject drugs: a systematic review. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(8):e357\u2013e74. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30073-5\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"1038_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19043","DOI":"10.7448\/ias.17.1.19043","volume":"17","author":"K Lunze","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lunze K, Raj A, Cheng DM, Quinn EK, Bridden C, Blokhina E, et al. Punitive policing and associated substance use risks among HIV-positive people in Russia who inject drugs. J Int AIDS Soc. 2014;17:19043. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7448\/ias.17.1.19043\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"1038_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0500-6","volume":"17","author":"RE Booth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Booth RE, Dvoryak S, Sung-Joon M, Brewster JT, Wendt WW, Corsi KF, et al. Law enforcement practices associated with HIV infection among injection drug users in Odessa, Ukraine. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(8):2604\u201314. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0500-6\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"1038_CR62","first-page":"34","volume":"14","author":"L Beletsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beletsky L, Thomas R, Smelyanskaya M, Artamonova I, Shumskaya N, Dooronbekova A, et al. Policy reform to shift the health and human rights environment for vulnerable groups: the case of Kyrgyzstan\u2019s instruction 417. Health Hum Rights. 2012;14(2):34\u201348.","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1038_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.09.001","volume":"26","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Strathdee SA, Beletsky L, Kerr T. HIV, drugs and the legal environment. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(Suppl 1):S27\u201332. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.09.001\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"1038_CR64","unstructured":"World Health Organization, editor. Workshop report: how to scale\u2010up and implement opioid substitution treatment based on the experiences of selected EU Member States 2012 May 22-23; Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"key":"1038_CR65","unstructured":"Harm Reduction International. The global state of harm reduction 2016. London, United Kingdom 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"1038_CR66","first-page":"26","volume":"14","author":"A Khachatrian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khachatrian A. Uzbekistan: government discontinues pilot opiate substitution therapy program. HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev. 2009;14(2):26\u20137.","journal-title":"HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev"},{"key":"1038_CR67","unstructured":"Eurasian Harm Reduction Association. Kazakhstan risks losing opioid maintenance therapy programs. 2018. \n                      http:\/\/harmreductioneurasia.org\/kazakhstan-risks-losing-opioid-maintenance-therapy-programs\/\n                      \n                    . Accessed 8 Feb 2018."},{"issue":"5","key":"1038_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.01.013","volume":"21","author":"A Latypov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Latypov A. Opioid substitution therapy in Tajikistan: another perpetual pilot? Int J Drug Policy. 2010;21(5):407\u201310. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2010.01.013\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1038_CR69","unstructured":"WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS. Technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, and care for injecting drug users Geneva 2009."},{"key":"1038_CR70","unstructured":"Stone K, Shirley-Beavan S. Global state of harm reduction 2018. London, United Kingdom 2018."},{"key":"1038_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.06.007","volume":"37","author":"L Azbel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azbel L, Polonsky M, Wegman M, Shumskaya N, Kurmanalieva A, Asanov A, et al. Intersecting epidemics of HIV, HCV, and syphilis among soon-to-be released prisoners in Kyrgyzstan: implications for prevention and treatment. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;37:9\u201320. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.06.007\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"5","key":"1038_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.02.010","volume":"25","author":"JM Izenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Izenberg JM, Bachireddy C, Wickersham JA, Soule M, Kiriazova T, Dvoriak S, et al. Within-prison drug injection among HIV-infected Ukrainian prisoners: prevalence and correlates of an extremely high-risk behaviour. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(5):845\u201352. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.02.010\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"1038_CR73","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Global AIDS monitoring 2017: indicators for monitoring the 2016 United Nations political declaration on HIV and AIDS. 2017."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1038_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.010","volume":"132","author":"P Vagenas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vagenas P, Azbel L, Polonsky M, Kerimi N, Mamyrov M, Dvoryak S, et al. A review of medical and substance use co-morbidities in Central Asian prisons: implications for HIV prevention and treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(Suppl 1):S25\u201331. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.010\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"1038_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243","volume":"365","author":"MS Cohen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493\u2013505. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1038_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001827","volume":"79","author":"Alyona Mazhnaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mazhnaya A, Marcus R, Bojko MJ, Zelenev A, Makarenko I, Pykalo I, et al. Opioid agonist treatment and improved outcomes at each stage of the HIV treatment cascade in people who inject drugs in Ukraine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79(3):288-95. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qai.0000000000001827\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"3","key":"1038_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2015.1016397","volume":"22","author":"MJ Bojko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bojko MJ, Mazhnaya A, Makarenko I, Marcus R, Dvoriak S, Islam Z, et al. \u201cBureaucracy & Beliefs\u201d: assessing the barriers to accessing opioid substitution therapy by people who inject drugs in Ukraine. Drugs (Abingdon Engl). 2015;22(3):255\u201362. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/09687637.2015.1016397\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Drugs (Abingdon Engl)"},{"issue":"6","key":"1038_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13755","volume":"112","author":"MJM Vranken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vranken MJM, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Junger S, Radbruch L, Scholten W, Lisman JA, et al. Barriers to access to opioid medicines for patients with opioid dependence: a review of legislation and regulations in eleven central and eastern European countries. Addiction. 2017;112(6):1069\u201376. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.13755\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Addiction."},{"key":"1038_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.07.025","volume":"49","author":"L Madden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madden L, Bojko MJ, Farnum S, Mazhnaya A, Fomenko T, Marcus R, et al. Using nominal group technique among clinical providers to identify barriers and prioritize solutions to scaling up opioid agonist therapies in Ukraine. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;49:48\u201353. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.07.025\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"2","key":"1038_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-013-0153-0","volume":"10","author":"Z Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu Z, Shi CX, Detels R. Addressing injecting drug use in Asia and Eastern Europe. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2013;10(2):187\u201393. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-013-0153-0\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1038-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1038-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1038-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T01:35:06Z","timestamp":1591061706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1038-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-1038-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Kostyantyn Dumchev, Sergii Dvoriak, and Lyuba Azbel each declare no potential conflicts of interest. Katherine LaMonaca reports grants from NIH (awarded to Yale University). Olga Morozova reports grants from NIH (NIDA). Frederick L. Altice reports grants from Gilead, Merck, NIH, SAMHSA, and HRSA and personal fees from Gilead, Merck, and Practice Point Communications.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"47"}}