{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:59:34Z","timestamp":1785409174675,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the literature on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and Cluster C personality disorders (PDs). Our aim was to clarify which of the 18 EMSs exhibit the strongest associations and are most frequently endorsed in clinical and non-clinical samples with Cluster C PDs and traits.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>After initially screening 2622 records, 12 studies were selected with 5310 participants. Meta-analyses of the raw correlation coefficients for each EMS-Cluster C PD link (3-8 studies per meta-analysis) indicated that the 18 EMSs were significantly related to all three Cluster C PDs with <jats:italic>r\u2019s<\/jats:italic> ranging from .13 to .63. However, when considering endorsement rates among multiple regression studies that controlled for the EMSs intercorrelations and the effects of other PD traits and demographics, specific EMS constellations emerged for each Cluster C PD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, the findings of the current paper suggest that Cluster C PDs might be conceptualized on the basis of a hybrid EMS model, in which all EMSs contribute to global personality dysfunction whereas specific EMS patterns reflect unique personality disorder style expressions. Longitudinal research with appropriate methodology is needed to draw more definite conclusions on the EMSs-Cluster C PDs relationships.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01439-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T06:01:54Z","timestamp":1698040914000},"page":"439-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Relationship Between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Cluster C Personality Disorder Traits: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Angelos","family":"Panagiotopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akylina","family":"Despoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Varveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie C. A.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Lobbestael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1439_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.202","volume":"213","author":"J Volkert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Volkert J, Gablonski TC, Rabung S. Prevalence of personality disorders in the general adult population in Western countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2018;213:709\u201315.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.166","volume":"216","author":"C Winsper","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP, et al. The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2020;216:69\u201378.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR3","volume-title":"Handboek persoonlijkheidspathologie","author":"H Andrea","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andrea H, Verheul R. Categoriale classificatie, epidemiologie en comorbiditeit. In: Eurelings-Bontekoe EHM, Verheul R, Snellen W, editors. Handboek persoonlijkheidspathologie. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum; 2009."},{"key":"1439_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.","edition":"5"},{"key":"1439_CR5","first-page":"306","volume":"60","author":"J Hutsebaut","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hutsebaut J, Willemsen EMC, Van HL. Time for cluster c personality disorders: state of the art. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2018;60:306\u201314.","journal-title":"Tijdschr Psychiatr"},{"key":"1439_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007668.pub3","author":"S Gibbon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gibbon S, Khalifa NR, Cheung NH, V\u00f6llm BA, McCarthy L. Psychological interventions for antisocial personality disorder. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD007668.pub3.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Syst Rev"},{"key":"1439_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012955.pub2","author":"OJ Storeb\u00f8","year":"2020","unstructured":"Storeb\u00f8 OJ, Stoffers-Winterling JM, V\u00f6llm BA, Kongerslev MT, Mattivi JT, J\u00f8rgensen, et al. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012955.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1439_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.4287","volume":"74","author":"IA Cristea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cristea IA, Gentili C, Cotet CD, Palomba D, Barbui C, Cuijpers P. Efficacy of psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74:319\u201328.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1439_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2014.890682","volume":"13","author":"HA Wilson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson HA. Can antisocial personality disorder be treated? A meta-analysis examining the effectiveness of treatment in reducing recidivism for individuals diagnosed with ASPD. Int J Forensic Ment Health. 2014;13:36\u201346.","journal-title":"Int J Forensic Ment Health"},{"key":"1439_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264239","volume":"18","author":"NZY Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong NZY, Barnett P, Rains LS, Johnson S, Billings J. Evaluation of international guidance for the community treatment of \u2018personality disorders\u2019: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2023;18: e0264239.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1439_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000254902","volume":"79","author":"A Bartak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bartak A, Spreeeuwenberg MD, Andrea H, Holleman L, Rijnierse P, Rossum BV, et al. Effectiveness of different modalities of psychotherapeutic treatment for patients with cluster c personality disorders: results of a large prospective multicentre study. Psychother Psychosom. 2010;79:20\u201330.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"1439_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1252","volume":"8","author":"H Beckwith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beckwith H, Moran PF, Reilly J. Personality disorder prevalence in psychiatric outpatients: a systematic literature review. Pers Ment Health. 2014;8:91\u2013101.","journal-title":"Pers Ment Health"},{"key":"1439_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12040105","volume":"12","author":"LY Massaal-van der Ree","year":"2022","unstructured":"Massaal-van der Ree LY, Eikelenboom M, Hoogendoorn AW, Thomaes K, van Marle HJ. Cluster b versus cluster c personality disorders: a comparison of comorbidity, suicidality, traumatization and global functioning. Behav Sci. 2022;12:105.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"1439_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.2.276","volume":"159","author":"AE Skodol","year":"2002","unstructured":"Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, et al. Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:276\u201383.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09412","volume":"76","author":"LLM Bamelis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bamelis LLM, Arntz A, Wetzelaer P, Verdoorn R, Evers SMAA. Economic evaluation of ST and COP for personality disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76:1432\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0212","volume":"69","author":"DI Soeteman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soeteman DI, Hakkaart-van Roijen L, Verheul R, Busschbach JJ. The economic burden of personality disorders in mental health care. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69:259\u201365.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.5.434","volume":"59","author":"AO Massion","year":"2002","unstructured":"Massion AO, Dyck IR, Shea MT, Phillips KA, Warshaw MG, Keller MB. Personality disorders and time to remission in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:434\u201340.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001777","volume":"41","author":"EB Ansell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ansell EB, Pinto A, Edelen MO, Markowitz JC, Sanislow CA, Yen S, et al. The association of personality disorders with the prospective 7-year course of anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1019\u201328.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1439_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2012.26.3.322","volume":"26","author":"J Oleski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oleski J, Cox BJ, Robinson J, Grant B. The predictive validity of cluster c personality disorders on the persistence of major depression in the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Pers Disord. 2012;26:322.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20419","volume":"40","author":"AM Crane","year":"2007","unstructured":"Crane AM, Roberts ME, Treasure J. Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies. Int J Eat Disord. 2007;40:581\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR21","first-page":"1","volume":"152\u2013154","author":"O Friborg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Friborg O, Martinsen EW, Martinussen M, Kaiser S, \u00d8verg\u00e5rd KT, Rosenvinge JH. Comorbidity of personality disorders in mood disorders: a meta-analytic review of 122 studies from 1988 to 2010. J Affect. 2014;152\u2013154:1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Affect"},{"key":"1439_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.07.004","volume":"145","author":"O Friborg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friborg O, Martinussen M, Kaiser S, \u00d8verg\u00e5rd KT, Rosenvinge JH. Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of 30 years of research. J Affect. 2013;145:143\u201355.","journal-title":"J Affect"},{"key":"1439_CR23","first-page":"201","volume":"22","author":"M Martinussen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martinussen M, Friborg O, Schmierer P, Kaiser S, \u00d8verg\u00e5rd KT, Neunhoeffer AL, et al. The comorbidity of personality disorders in eating disorders: a meta-analysis. EWD. 2017;22:201\u20139.","journal-title":"EWD"},{"key":"1439_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2013.6.2.171","volume":"6","author":"GA Jacob","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jacob GA, Arntz A. Schema therapy for personality disorders\u2014a review. Int J Cogn Ther. 2013;6:171\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Cogn Ther"},{"key":"1439_CR25","volume-title":"Schema therapy: a practitioner\u2019s guide","author":"JE Young","year":"2003","unstructured":"Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar M. Schema therapy: a practitioner\u2019s guide. New York: Guilford; 2003."},{"key":"1439_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Pilkington PD, Bishop A, Younan R. Adverse childhood experiences and early maladaptive schemas in adulthood: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis.\u00a0Clin Psychol Psychother. 2021;28:569\u201384. This meta-analytic review illustrates that early maladaptive schemas in adults are related to childhood experiences of abuse and neglect, and primarily to emotional neglect.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2533"},{"key":"1439_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-016-9559-5","volume":"39","author":"JA Haugh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haugh JA, Miceli M, DeLorme J. Maladaptive parenting, temperament, early maladaptive schemas, and depression: a moderated mediation analysis. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2017;39:103\u201316.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"key":"1439_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2009.10.001","volume":"41","author":"JC Thimm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thimm JC. Mediation of early maladaptive schemas between perceptions of parental rearing style and PD symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41:52\u20139.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.2010.02009.x","volume":"84","author":"V Simard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simard V, Moss E, Pascuzzo K. Early maladaptive schemas and child and adult attachment: a 15-year longitudinal study. Psychol Psychother: Theory Res Prac. 2011;84:349\u201366.","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother: Theory Res Prac"},{"key":"1439_CR30","first-page":"171","volume":"14","author":"K Mairet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mairet K, Boag S, Warburton W. How important is temperament? The relationship between coping styles, early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2014;14:171\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Psychol Ther"},{"key":"1439_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.010","volume":"53","author":"VS Ghosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghosh VS, Gilboa A. What is a memory schema? A historical perspective on current neuroscience literature. Neuropsychologia. 2014;53:104\u201314.","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"1439_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Janovsky T, Rock AJ, Thorsteinsson EB, Clark GI, Murray CV. The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: a meta-analytic review.\u00a0Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;27:408\u201347. This meta-analytic review demonstrates that early maladaptive schemas-especially within the disconnection and rejection domain along with vulnerability to harm, failure, subjugation, and negativity-are associated with interpersonal problems.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2439"},{"key":"1439_CR33","first-page":"325","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of personality disorders","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Arntz A. Cognitive contributions to personality disorders. In: Widiger TA, editor. The Oxford handbook of personality disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. 325\u201344."},{"key":"1439_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018712202933","volume":"23","author":"CW Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee CW, Taylor G, Dunn J. Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cogn Ther Res. 1999;23:441\u201351.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1439_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Nordahl HM, Holthe H, Haugum JA. Early maladaptive schemas in patients with or without personality disorders: does schema modification predict symptomatic relief? Clin Psychol Psychother. 2005;12:142\u20139. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.430"},{"key":"1439_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Bach B, Lockwood G, Young JE. A new look at the schema therapy model: organization and role of early maladaptive schemas. Cogn Behav Ther. 2018;47:328\u201349. Considering statistical indicators and clinical interpretability, this study demonstrates that early maladaptive schemas are best organized in four domains, and that each domain is related to a specific pattern of need-depriving parenting styles. In turn, these parenting styles predict adult vulnerability through the development of these schema domains.","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1410566"},{"key":"1439_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.21846","volume":"68","author":"L Kriston","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kriston L, Sch\u00e4fer J, von Wolff A, H\u00e4rter M, H\u00f6lzel LP. The latent factor structure of Young\u2019s early maladaptive schemas: are schemas organized into domains? J Clin Psychol. 2012;68:684\u201398.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/ap.12458","volume":"55","author":"O Yalcin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yalcin O, Lee C, Correia H. Factor structure of the young schema questionnaire (long form-3). Aust Psychol. 2020;55:546\u201358.","journal-title":"Aust Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Kunst H, Lobbestael J, Candel I, Batink T. Early maladaptive schemas and their relation to personality disorders: a correlational examination in a clinical population. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;27:837\u201346. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2467"},{"key":"1439_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Gilbert F, Daffern M. The association between early maladaptive schema and personality disorder traits in an offender population. Psychol Crime Law. 2013;19:933\u201346. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2013.770852"},{"key":"1439_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Reeves M, Taylor J. Specific relationships between core beliefs and personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2007;14:96\u2013104. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.519"},{"key":"1439_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05228blu","volume":"71","author":"DI Soeteman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Soeteman DI, Verheul R, Meerman AM, Ziegler U, Rossum BV, Delimon J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy for cluster c personality disorders: a decision-analytic model in the Netherlands. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;71:51\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906"},{"key":"1439_CR44","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach","author":"JE Young","year":"1990","unstructured":"Young JE. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange; 1990."},{"key":"1439_CR45","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach","author":"JE Young","year":"1994","unstructured":"Young JE, Brown G. Young schema questionnaire. In: Young JE, editor. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: a schema-focused approach. 2nd ed. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press; 1994. p. 63\u201376 Rev ed.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1439_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530601148397","volume":"59","author":"TP Oei","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oei TP, Baranoff J. Young schema questionnaire: review of psychometric and measurement issues. Aust J Psychol. 2007;59:78\u201386.","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR47","volume-title":"Young schema questionnaire Short Form","author":"JE Young","year":"1998","unstructured":"Young JE. Young schema questionnaire Short Form. 1st ed. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center; 1998.","edition":"1"},{"key":"1439_CR48","volume-title":"Young schema questionnaire-L3","author":"JE Young","year":"2003","unstructured":"Young JE, Brown GK. Young schema questionnaire-L3. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange; 2003."},{"key":"1439_CR49","volume-title":"Young schema questionnaire \u2013 Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3)","author":"JE Young","year":"2005","unstructured":"Young JE. Young schema questionnaire \u2013 Short Form 3 (YSQ-S3). New York, NY: Cognitive Therapy Center; 2005."},{"key":"1439_CR50","volume-title":"Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields","author":"LM Kmet","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kmet LM, Lee RC, Cook LS. Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Alberta, Canada: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research; 2004."},{"key":"1439_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Nicol A, Mak AS, Murray K, Walker I, Buckmaster D. The relationships between early maladaptive schemas and youth mental health: a systematic review. Cogn Ther Res. 2020;44:715\u201351. This systematic review looks at the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and various forms of psychopathology in youth between 12\u201325 years of age.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-020-10092-6"},{"key":"1439_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","volume":"15","author":"TK Koo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155\u201363.","journal-title":"J Chiropr Med"},{"key":"1439_CR53","unstructured":"jamovi. The jamovi project (Version 2.2) [Computer Software]. 2021. https:\/\/www.jamovi.org\/."},{"key":"1439_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03","volume":"36","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1\u201348.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1439_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1240","volume":"8","author":"D Jackson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jackson D, Turner R. Power analysis for random-effects meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2017;8:290\u2013302.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"1439_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666","volume":"10","author":"WG Cochran","year":"1954","unstructured":"Cochran WG. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics. 1954;10:101\u201329.","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"1439_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","volume":"327","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2003","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557\u201360.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1439_CR58","first-page":"171","volume":"6","author":"M Shariatzadeh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shariatzadeh M, Vaziri S, Mirhashemi M. Comparison of early maladaptive schemas in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, patients with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder with healthy individuals. Mediterr J Soc Sci. 2015;6:171\u201381.","journal-title":"Mediterr J Soc Sci"},{"key":"1439_CR59","first-page":"3474","volume":"6","author":"T Firoozan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Firoozan T, Khosropour F, Anari AM. The relationship of the enneagram personality types and the early maladaptive schemas to dependent personality disorder. J Posit Sch Psychol. 2022;6:3474\u201381.","journal-title":"J Posit Sch Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR60","volume-title":"The early maladaptive schemas and their correlations with the psychiatric symptoms and the personality accentuations for Palestinian students","author":"L Alfastos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alfastos L. The early maladaptive schemas and their correlations with the psychiatric symptoms and the personality accentuations for Palestinian students. Hamburg University; 2009. Unpublished doctoral dissertation."},{"key":"1439_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Carr SN, Francis AJ. Early maladaptive schemas and personality disorder symptoms: an examination in a non-clinical sample. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Prac. 2010;83:333\u201349. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1348\/147608309X481351"},{"key":"1439_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-009-9250-1","volume":"34","author":"SN Carr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carr SN, Francis AJ. Do early maladaptive schemas mediate the relationship between childhood experiences and avoidant personality disorder features? A preliminary investigation in a non-clinical sample. Cogn Ther Res. 2010;34:343\u201358.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1439_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Pauwels E, Claes L, Smits D, Dierckx E, Muehlenkamp JJ, Peuskens H, et al. Validation and reliability of the young schema questionnaire in a Flemish inpatient eating disorder and alcohol and substance use disorder sample. Cogn Ther Res. 2013;37:647\u201356. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9501-4"},{"key":"1439_CR64","unstructured":"\u2022 Bilge Y, Balaban G. The relationships between personality disorders and early maladaptive schemas and the moderating role of gender. Alpha Psychiatry. 2021;22:12\u20138. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis."},{"key":"1439_CR65","first-page":"75","volume":"20","author":"G Soyg\u00fct","year":"2009","unstructured":"Soyg\u00fct G, Karaosmano\u011flu A, \u00c7ak\u0131r Z. Erken d\u00f6nem uyumsuz \u015femalar\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi: young \u015fema \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi k\u0131sa form-3\u2019\u00fcn psikometrik \u00f6zelliklerine ili\u015fkin bir inceleme [Assessment of early maladaptive schemas: a psychometric study of the Turkish young schema questionnaire-short form-3]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2009;20:75\u201384.","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg"},{"key":"1439_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Steylaerts B, Dierckx E, Schotte C. Relationships between DSM-5 personality disorders and early maladaptive schemas from the perspective of dimensional and categorical comorbidity. Cogn Ther Res. 2023;47:454\u201368. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-023-10349-w"},{"key":"1439_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9051-8","volume":"30","author":"MM Rijkeboer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rijkeboer MM, van den Bergh H. Multiple group confirmatory factor analysis of the young schema-questionnaire in a Dutch clinical versus non-clinical population. Cogn Ther Res. 2006;30:263\u201378.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1439_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.406","volume":"58","author":"E Pauwels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pauwels E, Dierckx E, Smits D, Janssen R, Claes L. Validation of the young schema questionnaire-short form in a Flemish community sample. Psychol Belg. 2018;58:34\u201350.","journal-title":"Psychol Belg"},{"key":"1439_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Bach B, Simonsen E, Christoffersen P, Kriston L. The young schema questionnaire 3 short form (YSQ-S3): psychometric properties and association with personality disorders in a Danish mixed sample. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2017;33:134\u201343. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000272"},{"key":"1439_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Ball SA, Cecero JJ. Addicted patients with personality disorders: traits, schemas, and presenting problems. J Pers Disord. 2001;15:72\u201383. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.15.1.72.18642"},{"key":"1439_CR71","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"1439_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Thimm JC. Incremental validity of maladaptive schemas over five-factor model facets in the prediction of personality disorder symptoms. Personality Individ Differ. 2011;50:777\u201382. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.12.030"},{"key":"1439_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 M\u0105cik D. Early maladaptive schemas, parental attitudes and temperament, and the evolution of borderline and avoidant personality features\u2013the search for interdependencies. Psychiatr Psychol Klin. 2018;18:12\u20138. Included in the systematic review and meta-analysis.","DOI":"10.15557\/PiPK.2018.0002"},{"key":"1439_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Thimm JC, Chang M. Early maladaptive schemas and mental disorders in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cogn Ther. 2022;15:371\u2013413. This meta-analytic review demonstrates that nearly all early maladaptive schemas are heightened across patients with different diagnoses, thus concluding that psychiatric disorders cannot be differentiated based on specific schema constellations.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-022-00149-7"},{"key":"1439_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.02.006","volume":"51","author":"AKK Nilsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nilsson AKK, J\u00f8rgensen CR, Straarup KN, Staarup KN, Licht RW. Severity of affective temperament and maladaptive self-schemas differentiate borderline patients, bipolar patients, and controls. Compr Psychiatry. 2010;51:486\u201391.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153732","volume":"10","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Markon KE. The role of the DSM-5 personality trait model in moving toward a quantitative and empirically based approach to classifying personality and psychopathology. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:477\u2013501.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.10.1911","volume":"162","author":"M Zimmerman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zimmerman M, Rothschild L, Chelminski I. The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1911\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1439_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2018_32_393","volume":"34","author":"B Bach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bach B, Anderson JL. Patient-reported ICD-11 personality disorder severity and DSM-5 level of personality functioning. J Pers Disord. 2020;34:231\u201349.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000033","volume":"124","author":"C Sharp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharp C, Wright AGC, Fowler JC, Frueh BC, Allen JG, Oldham J, et al. The structure of personality pathology: both general (\u2018g\u2019) and specific (\u2018s\u2019) factors? J Abnorm Psychol. 2015;124:387\u201398.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002227","volume":"48","author":"TF Williams","year":"2018","unstructured":"Williams TF, Scalco MD, Simms LJ. The construct validity of general and specific dimensions of personality pathology. Psychol Med. 2018;48:834\u201348.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1439_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702617750150","volume":"6","author":"JR Oltmanns","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oltmanns JR, Smith GT, Oltmanns TF, Widiger TA. General factors of psychopathology, personality, and personality disorder: across domain comparisons. Clin Psychol Sci. 2018;6:581\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"1439_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Bach B, Bernstein DP. Schema therapy conceptualization of personality functioning and traits in ICD-11 and DSM-5. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2019;32:38\u201349. This theoretical review emphasizes the conceptual coherence between the schema therapy model of personality pathology and the dimensional personality disorder models in ICD-11 and DSM-5.","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000464"},{"key":"1439_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002674","volume":"42","author":"RF Krueger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krueger RF, Derringer J, Markon KE, Watson D, Skodol AE. Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1879\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1439_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2000.14.3.233","volume":"14","author":"B Meyer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meyer B, Carver CS. Negative childhood accounts, sensitivity, and pessimism: a study of avoidant personality disorder features in college students. J Pers Disord. 2000;14:233\u201348.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.05.002","volume":"49","author":"A Arntz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arntz A, Weertman A, Salet S. Interpretation bias in cluster-c and borderline personality disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2011;49:472\u201381.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1439_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.1.72","volume":"22","author":"DP Bowles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bowles DP, Meyer B. Attachment priming and avoidant personality features as predictors of social-evaluation biases. J Pers Disord. 2008;22:72\u201388.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20021001-10","volume":"32","author":"DP Bernstein","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bernstein DP. Cognitive therapy of personality disorders in patients with histories of emotional abuse or neglect. Psychiatr Ann. 2002;32:618\u201328.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Ann"},{"key":"1439_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.629","volume":"16","author":"L Keith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keith L, Gillanders D, Simpson S. An exploration of the main sources of shame in an eating-disordered population. Clin Psychol Psychother Int J Theory Pract. 2009;16:317\u201327.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother Int J Theory Pract"},{"key":"1439_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.06.002","volume":"211","author":"S Thoresen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thoresen S, Aakvaag HF, Str\u00f8m IF, Wentzel-Larsen T, Birkeland MS. Loneliness as a mediator of the relationship between shame and health problems in young people exposed to childhood violence. Soc Sci Med. 2018;211:183\u20139.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1439_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbt075","volume":"69","author":"RL Utz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Utz RL, Swenson KL, Caserta M, Lund D, DeVries B. Feeling lonely versus being alone: loneliness and social support among recently bereaved persons. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014;69:85\u201394.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"1439_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.511","volume":"14","author":"P Stallard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stallard P. Early maladaptive schemas in children: stability and differences between a community and a clinic referred sample. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2007;14:10\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"1439_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2011.25.1.41","volume":"25","author":"LLM Bamelis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bamelis LLM, Renner F, Heidkamp D, Arntz A. Extended schema mode conceptualizations for specific personality disorders: an empirical study. J Pers Disord. 2011;25:41\u201358.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.bpi051","volume":"12","author":"A Arntz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arntz A. Pathological dependency: distinguishing functional from emotional dependency. Clin Psychol Sci Prac. 2005;12:411\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci Prac"},{"key":"1439_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191115605178","volume":"24","author":"AS McClintock","year":"2017","unstructured":"McClintock AS, McCarrick SM, Anderson T, Himawan L, Hirschfeld R. Development and validation of a six-item version of the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory. Assessment. 2017;24:360\u201370.","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"1439_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.18.6.604.54793","volume":"18","author":"T Gude","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gude T, Hoffart A, Hedley L, R\u00f8 \u00d8. The dimensionality of dependent personality disorder. J Pers Disord. 2004;18:604\u201310.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00099-1","volume":"39","author":"AT Beck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beck AT, Butler AC, Brown GK, Dahslgaard KK, Newman CF, Beck JS. Dysfunctional beliefs discriminate personality disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39:1213\u201325.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1439_CR97","first-page":"1253","volume":"22","author":"A Weertman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weertman A, Arntz A, de Jong PJ, Rinck M. Implicit self and other associations in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits. Psychology Press. 2008;22:1253\u201375.","journal-title":"Psychology Press"},{"key":"1439_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016393","volume":"118","author":"P Spinhoven","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spinhoven P, Bamelis L, Molendijk M, Haringsma R, Arntz A. Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory in cluster c personality disorders and the role of depression, worry, and experiential avoidance. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118:520\u201330.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1439_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"M Borenstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to meta-analysis. New Jersey: Wiley; 2009."},{"key":"1439_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.0","author":"J Higgins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page M, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.0. 2019."},{"key":"1439_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031778","volume":"20","author":"O Yalcin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yalcin O, Marais I, Lee CW, Correia H. The YSQ-R: predictive validity and comparison to the short and long form young schema questionnaire. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:1778.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1439_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Arntz A, Rijkeboer M, Chan E, Fassbinder E, Karaosmanoglu A, Lee CW, et al. Towards a reformulated theory underlying schema therapy: position paper of an international workgroup. Cogn Ther Res. 2021;45:1007\u201320. In this position paper, an international workgroup suggests the expansion of the five core emotional needs to seven and the addition of three new early maladaptive schemas to the standard 18. By combining all early maladaptive schemas and coping strategies in a systematic way, the workgroup further proposes an extensive list of schema modes for empirical investigation.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-021-10209-5"},{"key":"1439_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Louis JP, Wood AM, Lockwood G, Ho MHR, Ferguson E. Positive clinical psychology and schema therapy (ST): the development of the young positive schema questionnaire (YPSQ) to complement the young schema questionnaire 3 short form (YSQ-S3). Psychol Assess. 2018;30:1199\u2013213. This study presents the development and psychometric evaluation of the young positive schema questionnaire, and shows that positive schemas provide incremental validity over early maladaptive schemas in predicting measures of psychopathology, well-being, and functioning.","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000567"},{"key":"1439_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2022.36.5.537","volume":"36","author":"AL Vizgaitis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vizgaitis AL, Lenzenweger MF. Identity and personality pathology: a convergence across the DSM-5 personality disorder model and the alternative model for personality disorders. J Pers Disord. 2022;36:537\u201358.","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"1439_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.03.006","volume":"46","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, van Vreeswijk MF, Arntz A. An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:854\u201360.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1439_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Yak\u0131n D, Grasman R, Arntz A. Schema modes as a common mechanism of change in personality pathology and functioning: results from a randomized controlled trial.\u00a0Behav Res Ther. 2020;126:103553. This randomized controlled trial demonstrates the important role of schema modes in the change process of personality pathology and functioning.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103553"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01439-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01439-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01439-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T09:37:22Z","timestamp":1699263442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01439-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01439-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 July 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 October 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Panagiotopoulos Angelos, Despoti Akyllina, Varveri Christina, Wiegand Marie C. A., and Lobbestael Jill declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights"}}]}}