{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:59:14Z","timestamp":1793865554546,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH114020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH114020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH114982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH114982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH114982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH114982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50MH115846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50MH115846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24MH104449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24MH104449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH095809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH095809"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG066670"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG066670"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01457-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T09:38:17Z","timestamp":1696844297000},"page":"659-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies of Brain Energy Metabolism in Schizophrenia: Progression from Prodrome to Chronic Psychosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Abigail","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyanwen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dost","family":"\u00d6ng\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1457_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Keefe RSE, McGuire PK. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Mol Psychiatry. 2023.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01949-9"},{"key":"1457_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S225643","volume":"16","author":"CU Correll","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correll CU, Schooler NR. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a review and clinical guide for recognition, assessment, and treatment. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020;16:519\u201334.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20020111","volume":"177","author":"DC Goff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goff DC, Li C, Thorpe L. Does early intervention improve the long-term course of schizophrenia? Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(4):288\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.117.201475","volume":"211","author":"J Lally","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lally J, et al. Remission and recovery from first-episode psychosis in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcome studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;211(6):350\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2012.747804","volume":"20","author":"B AlAqeel","year":"2013","unstructured":"AlAqeel B, Margolese HC. Remission in schizophrenia: critical and systematic review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2013;20(6):281\u201397.","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01374-w","volume":"27","author":"M Cuenod","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cuenod M, et al. Caught in vicious circles: a perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(4):1886\u201397.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.021","volume":"176","author":"P Steullet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steullet P, et al. Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: a \u201ccentral hub\u201d in schizophrenia pathophysiology? Schizophr Res. 2016;176(1):41\u201351.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1457_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717000435","volume":"47","author":"A Demjaha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Demjaha A, et al. Antipsychotic treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: prevalence, subtypes and predictors. Psychol Med. 2017;47(11):1981\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1457_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.107704","volume":"172","author":"SJ Kaar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaar SJ, et al. Antipsychotics: mechanisms underlying clinical response and side-effects and novel treatment approaches based on pathophysiology. Neuropharmacology. 2020;172:107704.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1457_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","volume":"77","author":"RA McCutcheon","year":"2020","unstructured":"McCutcheon RA, Marques TR, Howes OD. Schizophrenia\u2014an overview. JAMA Psychiat. 2020;77(2):201\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1457_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Perkins DO, Jeffries CD, Do KQ. Potential roles of redox dysregulation in the development of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2020. This paper provides a summary of the evidence supporting redox dysregulation as a pathological mechanism driving the development of psychosis.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.03.016"},{"issue":"2","key":"1457_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.19","volume":"17","author":"GE Hardingham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hardingham GE, Do KQ. Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(2):125\u201334.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1457_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01494-x","volume":"27","author":"ND Henkel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Henkel ND, et al. Schizophrenia: a disorder of broken brain bioenergetics. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(5):2393\u2013404.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"32","key":"1457_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2107022118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107022118","volume":"118","author":"V Balasubramanian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balasubramanian V. Brain power. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(32):e2107022118.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"1457_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2020.11.009","volume":"56","author":"RC Roberts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberts RC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: with a focus on postmortem studies. Mitochondrion. 2021;56:91\u2013101.","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"1457_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107426","volume":"205","author":"K Nakazawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakazawa K, Sapkota K. The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;205:107426.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1457_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.207","volume":"33","author":"F Hyder","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyder F, et al. Glutamatergic function in the resting awake human brain is supported by uniformly high oxidative energy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33(3):339\u201347.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1457_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk P, et al. Mitochondrial oxidative stress-a causative factor and therapeutic target in many diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413384"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.03.018","volume":"74","author":"J Flatow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flatow J, Buckley P, Miller BJ. Meta-analysis of oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiat. 2013;74(6):400\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000441252","volume":"1","author":"BE Hjelm","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hjelm BE, et al. Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction within the complex genetic etiology of schizophrenia. Complex Psychiatry. 2015;1(4):201\u201319.","journal-title":"Complex Psychiatry"},{"key":"1457_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuccoli GS, et al. Mitochondrial, cell cycle control and neuritogenesis alterations in an iPSC-based neurodevelopmental model for schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2023:1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01605-x"},{"issue":"7","key":"1457_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.3727\/096368911X600957","volume":"21","author":"B da Silveira Paulsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"da Silveira Paulsen B, et al. Altered oxygen metabolism associated to neurogenesis of induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a schizophrenic patient. Cell Transplant. 2012;21(7):1547\u201359.","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s44192-023-00031-8","volume":"3","author":"A Kathuria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kathuria A, et al. Disease-specific differences in gene expression, mitochondrial function and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions in iPSC-derived cerebral organoids and cortical neurons in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Discover Mental Health. 2023;3(1):8.","journal-title":"Discover Mental Health"},{"key":"1457_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Townsend L, et al. Brain glucose metabolism in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18FDG-PET studies in schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 2022:1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172200174X"},{"issue":"10","key":"1457_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0045-1","volume":"24","author":"VA Chouinard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chouinard VA, et al. Impaired insulin signaling in unaffected siblings and patients with first-episode psychosis. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(10):1513\u201322.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1457_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.06.014","volume":"68","author":"C Yuksel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuksel C, et al. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;68:157\u201366.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2287","volume":"71","author":"F Du","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022 Du F, et al. In vivo evidence for cerebral bioenergetic abnormalities in schizophrenia measured using 31P magnetization transfer spectroscopy. JAMA Psychiat. 2014;71(1):19\u201327. This paper uses a novel 31P-MT-MRS approach to examine creatine kinase reaction rate and intracellular pH in vivo in chronic schizophrenia pateints. Creatine kinase rate and intracellular pH were significnatly reduced in schizophrenia pateints compared to controls, indicating bionenergetic abnormalities.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"11","key":"1457_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e949","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.226","volume":"6","author":"B Dean","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dean B, et al. Evidence for impaired glucose metabolism in the striatum, obtained postmortem, from some subjects with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(11):e949\u2013e949.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1457_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001511","volume":"9","author":"S Prabakaran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prabakaran S, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol Psychiatry. 2004;9(7):684\u201397.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1457_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.09.003","volume":"223","author":"BS Pruett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pruett BS, Meador-Woodruff JH. Evidence for altered energy metabolism, increased lactate, and decreased pH in schizophrenia brain: a focused review and meta-analysis of human postmortem and magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Schizophr Res. 2020;223:29\u201342.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1457_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e967","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.239","volume":"6","author":"LM Rowland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rowland LM, et al. Elevated brain lactate in schizophrenia: a 7 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6(11):e967.","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"1457_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656459","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.656459","volume":"12","author":"SA Wijtenburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wijtenburg SA, et al. Metabolite alterations in adults with schizophrenia, first degree relatives, and healthy controls: a multi-region 7T MRS study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:656459.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1457_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3637","volume":"76","author":"AM Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang AM, et al. Assessing brain metabolism with 7-T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with first-episode psychosis. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76(3):314\u201323.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1457_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang M, et al. Longitudinal changes in brain metabolites in healthy controls and patients with first episode psychosis: a 7-Tesla MRS study. Mol Psychiatry. 2023.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01969-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx094","volume":"21","author":"T Da Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Da Silva T, et al. Glutathione, the major redox regulator, in the prefrontal cortex of individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2018;21(4):311\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"16","key":"1457_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8358","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168358","volume":"22","author":"H-J Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park H-J, Choi I, Leem K-H. Decreased brain pH and pathophysiology in schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(16):8358.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1457_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0041-9","volume":"43","author":"AE Dogan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dogan AE, et al. Brain lactate and pH in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review of findings from magnetic resonance studies. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(8):1681\u201390.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"1457_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.03.006","volume":"125","author":"B Romeo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Romeo B, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in subjects with high risk for psychosis: A meta-analysis and review. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;125:52\u201365.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21107","volume":"57","author":"F Du","year":"2007","unstructured":"Du F, et al. Efficient in vivo 31P magnetization transfer approach for noninvasively determining multiple kinetic parameters and metabolic fluxes of ATP metabolism in the human brain. Magn Reson Med. 2007;57(1):103\u201314.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"1457_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710766105","volume":"105","author":"F Du","year":"2008","unstructured":"Du F, et al. Tightly coupled brain activity and cerebral ATP metabolic rate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(17):6409\u201314.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"1457_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.104","volume":"34","author":"O Kann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kann O, Papageorgiou IE, Draguhn A. Highly energized inhibitory interneurons are a central element for information processing in cortical networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34(8):1270\u201382.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35350-x","volume":"13","author":"K Kole","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kole K, et al. Parvalbumin basket cell myelination accumulates axonal mitochondria to internodes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):7598.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2797","volume":"11","author":"KA Nave","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nave KA. Myelination and the trophic support of long axons. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(4):275\u201383.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1457_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.02.024","volume":"187","author":"V-A Chouinard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chouinard V-A, et al. Brain bioenergetics and redox state measured by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in unaffected siblings of patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res. 2017;187:11\u20136.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1457_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Yuksel C, et al. Abnormal brain bioenergetics in first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Bull Open. 2021;2(1). This study used 31P-MT-MRS to reveal a decrease in creatine kinase reaction rates in first-episode schizophrenia, building upon previous research that identified the same abnormality in chronic schizophrenia patients.","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgaa073"},{"issue":"11","key":"1457_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.03.025","volume":"84","author":"F Du","year":"2018","unstructured":"Du F, et al. Abnormalities in high-energy phosphate metabolism in first-episode bipolar disorder measured using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biol Psychiat. 2018;84(11):797\u2013802.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25744","volume":"47","author":"SY Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SY, et al. Rapid and simultaneous measurement of phosphorus metabolite pool size ratio and reaction kinetics of enzymes in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;47(1):210\u201321.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910380408","volume":"38","author":"W Chen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen W, et al. Increase of creatine kinase activity in the visual cortex of human brain during visual stimulation: a 31P NMR magnetization transfer study. Magn Reson Med. 1997;38(4):551\u20137.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(00)00405-6","volume":"53","author":"S Ka\u0161parov\u00e1","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ka\u0161parov\u00e1 S, et al. A study of creatine kinase reaction in rat brain under chronic pathological conditions\u2014chronic ischemia and ethanol intoxication. Brain Res Bull. 2000;53(4):431\u20135.","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"1457_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02591333","volume":"7","author":"V Mlyn\u00e1rik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mlyn\u00e1rik V, et al. Creatine kinase reaction rates in rat brain during chronic ischemia. Magn Reson Mater Phys, Biol Med. 1998;7:162\u20135.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Mater Phys, Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22146","volume":"62","author":"F Du","year":"2009","unstructured":"Du F, et al. In vivo proton MRS to quantify anesthetic effects of pentobarbital on cerebral metabolism and brain activity in rat. Magn Reson Med. 2009;62(6):1385\u201393.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1457_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806516106","volume":"106","author":"MM Chaumeil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chaumeil MM, et al. Multimodal neuroimaging provides a highly consistent picture of energy metabolism, validating 31P MRS for measuring brain ATP synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(10):3988\u201393.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00993-z","volume":"26","author":"X Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song X, et al. Bioenergetics and abnormal functional connectivity in psychotic disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(6):2483\u201392.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR54","first-page":"3","volume":"44","author":"RZ Zhao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhao RZ, et al. Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2019;44(1):3\u201315.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1457_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyad012","volume":"26","author":"D Dwir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dwir D, et al. Redox and immune signaling in schizophrenia: new therapeutic potential. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2023;26(5):309\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1457_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01313-9","volume":"27","author":"I Khadimallah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khadimallah I, et al. Mitochondrial, exosomal miR137-COX6A2 and gamma synchrony as biomarkers of parvalbumin interneurons, psychopathology, and neurocognition in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(2):1192\u2013204.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00060-X","volume":"62","author":"R Dringen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain. Prog Neurobiol. 2000;62(6):649\u201371.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"1457_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.08.006","volume":"91","author":"TK Das","year":"2019","unstructured":"Das TK, et al. Antioxidant defense in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of MRS studies of anterior cingulate glutathione. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;91:94\u2013102.","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1457_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.06.028","volume":"226","author":"VJ Sydnor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sydnor VJ, Roalf DR. A meta-analysis of ultra-high field glutamate, glutamine, GABA and glutathione 1HMRS in psychosis: implications for studies of psychosis risk. Schizophr Res. 2020;226:61\u20139.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac012","volume":"48","author":"M MacKinley","year":"2022","unstructured":"MacKinley M, et al. Central oxidative stress and early vocational outcomes in first episode psychosis: a 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy study of glutathione. Schizophr Bull. 2022;48(4):921\u201330.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"1457_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00901-5","volume":"26","author":"JM Coughlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coughlin JM, et al. A multimodal approach to studying the relationship between peripheral glutathione, brain glutamate, and cognition in health and in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(7):3502\u201311.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-022-00293-1","volume":"8","author":"P Ravanfar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ravanfar P, et al. In vivo 7-Tesla MRI investigation of brain iron and its metabolic correlates in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia. 2022;8(1):86.","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sgab006","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgab006","volume":"2","author":"Y Iwata","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iwata Y, et al. Glutathione levels and glutathione-glutamate correlation in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull Open. 2021;2(1):sgab006.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"1457_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070941","volume":"11","author":"P Jeon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeon P, et al. Glutathione as a molecular marker of functional impairment in patients with at-risk mental state: 7-Tesla 1H-MRS Study. Brain Sci. 2021;11(7):941.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24355-6","volume":"8","author":"T Da Silva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Da Silva T, et al. Mitochondrial function in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6216.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1457_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-012-9305-8","volume":"8","author":"M Bonora","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bonora M, et al. ATP synthesis and storage. Purinergic Signal. 2012;8(3):343\u201357.","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw129","volume":"43","author":"S-Y Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Kim S-Y, et al. Redox dysregulation in schizophrenia revealed by in vivo NAD+\/NADH measurement. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(1):197\u2013204. This study uses MRS to reveal significant redox dysregulation (reduced NAD+\/NADH) in both first-episode and chronic schizophrenia pateints.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"18","key":"1457_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2019.7803","volume":"32","author":"W Xiao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xiao W, Loscalzo J. Metabolic responses to reductive stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2020;32(18):1330\u201347.","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"1457_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15623","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72492-8","volume":"10","author":"R Skupienski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skupienski R, Do KQ, Xin L. In vivo (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of mouse cerebral NAD content and redox state during neurodevelopment. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):15623.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1457_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skupienski R, et al. Developmental changes in cerebral NAD and neuroenergetics of an antioxidant compromised mouse model of schizophrenia. bioRxiv. 2022.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.03.04.482878"},{"key":"1457_CR71","first-page":"956","volume":"20","author":"VI Lushchak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lushchak VI, Storey KB. Oxidative stress concept updated: Definitions, classifications, and regulatory pathways implicated. Excli J. 2021;20:956\u201367.","journal-title":"Excli J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1457_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.08.007","volume":"29","author":"HB Clay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clay HB, Sillivan S, Konradi C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pathology in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(3):311\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"1457_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoyama K.\u00a0Glutathione in the brain. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095010"},{"issue":"7","key":"1457_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00456-z","volume":"23","author":"H Sies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sies H, et al. Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23(7):499\u2013515.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1457_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.001","volume":"163","author":"GS Shadel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shadel GS, Horvath TL. Mitochondrial ROS signaling in organismal homeostasis. Cell. 2015;163(3):560\u20139.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.08.022","volume":"83","author":"SY Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim SY, et al. In vivo brain glycine and glutamate concentrations in patients with first-episode psychosis measured by echo time-averaged proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4T. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;83(6):484\u201391.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1457_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mladenov M, et al. Oxidative stress, reductive stress and antioxidants in vascular pathogenesis and aging. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023;12(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051126"},{"issue":"6","key":"1457_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0380","volume":"78","author":"K Merritt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merritt K, et al. Association of age, antipsychotic medication, and symptom severity in schizophrenia with proton magnetic esonance spectroscopy brain glutamate level: a mega-analysis of individual participant-level data. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78(6):667\u201381.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1457_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustillo JR, et al. (1)H-MRS at 4 Tesla in minimally treated early schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2009.","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.121"},{"issue":"11","key":"1457_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.11.1944","volume":"159","author":"J Theberge","year":"2002","unstructured":"Theberge J, et al. Glutamate and glutamine measured with 4.0 T proton MRS in never-treated patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(11):1944\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1457_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0442","volume":"73","author":"K Merritt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Merritt K, et al. Nature of glutamate alterations in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. JAMA Psychiat. 2016;73(7):665\u201374.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"1457_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00066","volume":"8","author":"A Egerton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Egerton A, et al. Effects of antipsychotic administration on brain glutamate in schizophrenia: a systematic review of longitudinal (1)H-MRS studies. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:66.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"1457_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.02.017","volume":"172","author":"AS Brandt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brandt AS, et al. Age-related changes in anterior cingulate cortex glutamate in schizophrenia: a (1)H MRS study at 7 Tesla. Schizophr Res. 2016;172(1\u20133):101\u20135.","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1457_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.06.008","volume":"90","author":"J Smucny","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smucny J, Carter CS, Maddock RJ. Medial prefrontal cortex glutamate is reduced in schizophrenia and moderated by measurement quality: a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2021;90(9):643\u201351.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"38","key":"1457_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23240","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.672360","volume":"290","author":"E Napoli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Napoli E, et al. Mitochondrial citrate transporter-dependent metabolic signature in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(38):23240\u201353.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"1457_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0654-3","volume":"26","author":"I Cleynen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cleynen I, et al. Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(8):4496\u2013510.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1457_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00313-x","volume":"22","author":"AJ Covarrubias","year":"2021","unstructured":"Covarrubias AJ, et al. NAD(+) metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119\u201341.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1457_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx069","volume":"44","author":"TT Nguyen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen TT, Eyler LT, Jeste DV. Systemic biomarkers of accelerated aging in schizophrenia: a critical review and future directions. Schizophr Bull. 2017;44(2):398\u2013408.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1457_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2014.0500256","volume":"5","author":"OO Okusaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okusaga OO. Accelerated aging in schizophrenia patients: the potential role of oxidative stress. Aging Dis. 2014;5(4):256\u201362.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"1457_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15456","volume":"178","author":"I Smaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smaga I, Frankowska M, Filip M. N-acetylcysteine as a new prominent approach for treating psychiatric disorders. Br J Pharmacol. 2021;178(13):2569\u201394.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1457_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx093","volume":"44","author":"P Conus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conus P, et al. N-acetylcysteine in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial: toward biomarker-guided treatment in early psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44(2):317\u201327.","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"1457_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2021.111567","volume":"199","author":"OK Reiten","year":"2021","unstructured":"Reiten OK, et al. Preclinical and clinical evidence of NAD+ precursors in health, disease, and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev. 2021;199:111567.","journal-title":"Mech Ageing Dev"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01457-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01457-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01457-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T08:14:37Z","timestamp":1700122477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01457-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["1457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-023-01457-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 September 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Over the past 3\u00a0years, Dr. Dost Ongur has received honoraria from Neumora Inc. and Guggenheim LLC for scientific presentations. No funding from these entities was used to support the current work, and all views expressed are solely those of the authors. None of the other authors have conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}]}}