{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:23:23Z","timestamp":1792625003851,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-025-01589-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T21:24:43Z","timestamp":1740086683000},"page":"187-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Relationship between OCD and Depression in Adults: A Review of Recent Findings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Pastre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Raffard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Lopez-Castroman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19r13085","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.19r13085","volume":"81","author":"EJ Fawcett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fawcett EJ, Power H, Fawcett JM. Women are at Greater Risk of OCD Than men: a Meta-Analytic Review of OCD Prevalence Worldwide. J Clin Psychiatry. 2020;81(4):19r13085.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1589_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharma E, Sharma LP, Balachander S, Lin B, Manohar H, Khanna P et al. Comorbidities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Nov 17];12. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.703701","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.703701"},{"key":"1589_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quarantini LC, Torres AR, Sampaio AS, Fossaluza V, Mathis MA de, do Ros\u00e1rio MC, et al. Comorbid major depression in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Compr Psychiatr. 2011;52(4):386\u201393.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2010.09.006"},{"issue":"6","key":"1589_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.10.008","volume":"53","author":"B Viswanath","year":"2012","unstructured":"Viswanath B, Narayanaswamy JC, Rajkumar RP, Cherian AV, Kandavel T, Math SB, et al. Impact of depressive and anxiety disorder comorbidity on the clinical expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatr. 2012;53(6):775\u201382.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"key":"1589_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.04.002","volume":"76","author":"V Brakoulias","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Belloch A, Brown C, Ferrao YA, Fontenelle LF, et al. Comorbidity, age of onset and suicidality in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (OCD): an international collaboration. Compr Psychiatr. 2017;76:79\u201386.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.12.007","volume":"102","author":"L Besiroglu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Besiroglu L, Uguz F, Saglam M, Agargun MY, Cilli AS. Factors associated with major depressive disorder occurring after the onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2007;102(1):73\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1589_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellberg SN, Abramowitz JS, Ojalehto HJ, Butcher MW, Buchholz JL, Riemann BC. Co-occurring depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a dimensional network approach. J Affect Disord. 2022;317:417\u201326. A recent network study highlighting the link between negative affectivity and obsessions (particularly the repugnant dimension) as bridge symptom between OCD and MDD.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.101"},{"key":"1589_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.009","volume":"203","author":"J Rickelt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rickelt J, Viechtbauer W, Lieverse R, Overbeek T, Van Balkom AJ, Van Oppen P, et al. The relation between depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in obsessive-compulsive disorder: results from a large, naturalistic follow-up study. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:241\u20137.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20009","volume":"19","author":"VH LaSalle","year":"2004","unstructured":"LaSalle VH, Cromer KR, Nelson KN, Kazuba D, Justement L, Murphy DL. Diagnostic interview assessed neuropsychiatric disorder comorbidity in 334 individuals with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(3):163\u201373.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"1589_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"**Belli GM, Law C, Mancebo M, Eisen J, Rasmussen S, Boisseau CL. Directionality of change in obsessive compulsive disorder and depression over six years of prospective follow-up. J Psychiatr Res. 2023;157:162\u20137. A recent six years prospective study showing that the worsening of OCS predicted the subsequent worsening of depressive symptoms, the opposite relationship being non-significant.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.11.034"},{"key":"1589_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lochner C, Fineberg NA, Zohar J, van Ameringen M, Juven-Wetzler A, Altamura AC et al. Comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). Compr Psychiatr. 2014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.05.020"},{"key":"1589_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100556","volume":"27","author":"KP Klein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klein KP, Harris EK, Bj\u00f6rgvinsson T, Kertz SJ. A network analysis of symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and depression in a clinical sample. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2020;27:100556.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"key":"1589_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.10.033","volume":"227","author":"M Dold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dold M, Bartova L, Souery D, Mendlewicz J, Porcelli S, Serretti A, et al. Low comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with major depressive disorder\u2013 findings from a European multicenter study. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:254\u20139.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1589_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(03)00056-9","volume":"80","author":"D Denys","year":"2004","unstructured":"Denys D, Tenney N, van Megen HJGM, de Geus F, Westenberg HGM. Axis I and II comorbidity in a large sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2004;80(2\u20133):155\u201362.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1589_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"**H\u00fchne V, Chacur C, de Oliveira MVS, Fortes PP, Bezerra de Menezes GM, Fontenelle LF. Considerations for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients who have comorbid major depression. Expert Rev Neurother. 2023;23(11):955\u201367. A recent review on current available strategies for the management of OCD-MDD, proposing a staged multimodal intervention plan.","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2265066"},{"issue":"8","key":"1589_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22013","volume":"30","author":"E Jakubovski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jakubovski E, Diniz JB, Valerio C, Fossaluza V, Belotto-Silva C, Gorenstein C, et al. Clinical predictors of long-term outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(8):763\u201372.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"6","key":"1589_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.01.001","volume":"52","author":"BA Marcks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marcks BA, Weisberg RB, Dyck I, Keller MB. Longitudinal course of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with anxiety disorders: a 15-year prospective follow-up study. Compr Psychiatr. 2011;52(6):670\u20137.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.5152\/npa.2015.7657","volume":"52","author":"N Ta\u015fkintuna","year":"2015","unstructured":"ALTINTA\u015e E, Ta\u015fkintuna N. Factors Associated with Depression in Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a cross-sectional study. Noro Psikiyatr Ars. 2015;52(4):346\u201353.","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatr Ars"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2003.12.005","volume":"19","author":"VR Kishore","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kishore VR, Samar R, Reddy YCJ, Chandrasekhar CR, Thennarasu K. Clinical characteristics and treatment response in poor and good insight obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2004;19(4):202\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-0632-z","volume":"256","author":"R T\u00fckel","year":"2006","unstructured":"T\u00fckel R, Meteris H, Koyuncu A, Tecer A, Yaz\u0131c\u0131 O. The clinical impact of mood disorder comorbidity on obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Eur Archives Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;256(4):240\u20135.","journal-title":"Eur Archives Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.05.004","volume":"25","author":"IM Aderka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aderka IM, Anholt GE, van Balkom AJLM, Smit JH, Hermesh H, Hofmann SG, et al. Differences between early and late drop-outs from treatment for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(7):918\u201323.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_73_19","volume":"29","author":"A Mondal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mondal A, Kumar M. Role of comorbid depressive symptoms on the cognitive deficits in obsessive compulsive disorder. Industrial Psychiatry J. 2020;29(2):302.","journal-title":"Industrial Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.10.006","volume":"206","author":"BB Kugler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kugler BB, Lewin AB, Phares V, Geffken GR, Murphy TK, Storch EA. Quality of life in obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of mediating variables. Psychiatry Res. 2013;206(1):43\u20139.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1589_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2014.03.011","volume":"55","author":"RJ Jacoby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacoby RJ, Leonard RC, Riemann BC, Abramowitz JS. Predictors of quality of life and functional impairment in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatr. 2014;55(5):1195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.04.005","volume":"179","author":"IS Fontenelle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fontenelle IS, Fontenelle LF, Borges MC, Prazeres AM, Rang\u00e9 BP, Mendlowicz MV, et al. Quality of life and symptom dimensions of patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2010;179(2):198\u2013203.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1589_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore KA, Howell J, Yes. The Symptoms of OCD and Depression Are Discrete and Not Exclusively Negative Affectivity. Frontiers in Psychology [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Jun 11];8. Available from: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00753","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00753"},{"key":"1589_CR27","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5\u00ae). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013. p. 1505."},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001591","volume":"44","author":"K Bolhuis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolhuis K, McAdams TA, Monzani B, Gregory AM, Mataix-Cols D, Stringaris A, et al. Aetiological overlap between obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal twin study in adolescents and adults. Psychol Med. 2014;44(7):1439\u201349.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1589_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramowitz JS. OCD and Comorbid Depression: Assessment, Conceptualization, and cognitive behavioral treatment. J Cogn Psychother. 2022;36(3):191\u2013206. A recent review on CBT protocols for OCD with comorbid MDD, highlighting the beneficial effect of adding CT elements targeting depressive symptoms to the classical ERP treatment for OCD.","DOI":"10.1891\/JCP-2022-0003"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8","volume":"4","author":"C Baethge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baethge C, Goldbeck-Wood S, Mertens S. SANRA\u2014a scale for the quality assessment of narrative review articles. Res Integr Peer Rev. 2019;4(1):5.","journal-title":"Res Integr Peer Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000400014","volume":"33","author":"MA de Mathis","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Mathis MA, de Alvarenga P, Funaro G, Torresan RC, Moraes I, Torres AR, et al. Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review. Braz J Psychiatry. 2011;33(4):390\u20139.","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20024","volume":"20","author":"JP Hong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hong JP, Samuels J, Bienvenu OJ III, Cannistraro P, Grados M, Riddle MA, et al. Clinical correlates of recurrent major depression in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2004;20(2):86\u201391.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.03.003","volume":"135","author":"G Hasler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hasler G, LaSalle-Ricci VH, Ronquillo JG, Crawley SA, Cochran LW, Kazuba D, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder symptom dimensions show specific relationships to psychiatric comorbidity. Psychiatry Res. 2005;135(2):121\u201332.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2003.11.003","volume":"125","author":"S Moritz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moritz S, Meier B, Hand I, Schick M, Jahn H. Dimensional structure of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale in patients with obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2004;125(2):171\u201380.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(97)00075-X","volume":"46","author":"G Perugi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Pfanner C, Presta S, Gemignani A, Milanfranchi A, et al. The clinical impact of bipolar and unipolar affective comorbidity on obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 1997;46(1):15\u201323.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1589_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.10.051","volume":"190","author":"AR Torres","year":"2016","unstructured":"Torres AR, Fontenelle LF, Shavitt RG, Ferr\u00e3o YA, do Ros\u00e1rio MC, Storch EA, et al. Comorbidity variation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder according to symptom dimensions: results from a large multicentre clinical sample. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:508\u201316.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020274","volume":"10","author":"AP Vellozo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vellozo AP, Fontenelle LF, Torresan RC, Shavitt RG, Ferr\u00e3o YA, Ros\u00e1rio MC, et al. Symmetry dimension in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: prevalence, severity and clinical correlates. J Clin Med. 2021;10(2):274.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1589_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.03.052","volume":"279","author":"JL Buchholz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buchholz JL, Blakey SM, Abramowitz JS, Leonard RC, Riemann BC. Predictors of concurrent depressive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2019;279:267\u201371.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1589_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.04.004","volume":"87","author":"NA Fineberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fineberg NA, Fourie H, Gale TM, Sivakumaran T. Comorbid depression in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): symptomatic differences to major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2005;87(2\u20133):327\u201330.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1589_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01677-3","volume":"53","author":"G Nestadt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nestadt G, Addington A, Samuels J, Liang KY, Bienvenu OJ, Riddle M, et al. The identification of OCD-related subgroups based on comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(10):914\u201320.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.07.018","volume":"135","author":"GE Anholt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anholt GE, Aderka IM, van Balkom AJLM, Smit JH, Hermesh H, de Haan E, et al. The impact of depression on the treatment of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: results from a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1):201\u20137.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1589_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.03.005","volume":"68","author":"LJ Zandberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zandberg LJ, Zang Y, McLean CP, Yeh R, Simpson HB, Foa EB. Change in obsessive-compulsive symptoms mediates subsequent change in depressive symptoms during exposure and response prevention. Behav Res Ther. 2015;68:76\u201381.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.002","volume":"139","author":"C Valerio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Valerio C, Diniz JB, Fossaluza V, de Mathis MA, Belotto-Silva C, Joaquim MA, et al. Does anti-obsessional pharmacotherapy treat so-called comorbid depressive and anxiety states? J Affect Disord. 2012;139(2):187\u201392.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1589_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.03.009","volume":"44","author":"L Tibi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tibi L, van Oppen P, van Balkom AJLM, Eikelenboom M, Rickelt J, Schruers KRJ, et al. The long-term association of OCD and depression and its moderators: a four-year follow up study in a large clinical sample. Eur Psychiatry. 2017;44:76\u201382.","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"key":"1589_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2022.101748","volume":"76","author":"V Simkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Simkin V, Hodsoll J, Veale D. The relationship between symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder and depression during therapy: a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2022;76:101748. A recent study showing that the reduction of depressive symptoms under CBT predicted the improvement in OCS at 1 week of follow-up, the inverse relationship being true as well.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1589_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.03.002","volume":"26","author":"K Yap","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yap K, Mogan C, Kyrios M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and comorbid depression: the role of OCD-related and non-specific factors. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(5):565\u201373.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"1589_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.04.003","volume":"45","author":"JS Abramowitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abramowitz JS, Storch EA, Keeley M, Cordell E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder with comorbid major depression: what is the role of cognitive factors? Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(10):2257\u201367.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"1589_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.11.003","volume":"43","author":"K Rowa","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rowa K, Purdon C, Summerfeldt LJ, Antony MM. Why are some obsessions more upsetting than others? Behav Res Ther. 2005;43(11):1453\u201365.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.11.006","volume":"3","author":"R Moulding","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moulding R, Aardema F, O\u2019Connor KP. Repugnant obsessions: a review of the phenomenology, theoretical models, and treatment of sexual and aggressive obsessional themes in OCD. J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders. 2014;3(2):161\u20138.","journal-title":"J Obsessive-Compulsive Relat Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20063","volume":"21","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kwon SM, Kwon JS, Telch MJ. Testing the autogenous\u2013reactive model of obsessions. Depress Anxiety. 2005;21(3):118\u201329.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.02.005","volume":"54","author":"V Brakoulias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brakoulias V, Starcevic V, Berle D, Milicevic D, Moses K, Hannan A, et al. The characteristics of unacceptable\/taboo thoughts in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatr. 2013;54(7):750\u20137.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00101-2","volume":"41","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lee HJ, Kwon SM. Two different types of obsession: autogenous obsessions and reactive obsessions. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41(1):11\u201329.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370304800202","volume":"48","author":"M Masellis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Masellis M, Rector NA, Richter MA. Quality of life in OCD: differential impact of obsessions, compulsions, and depression comorbidity. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(2):72\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1589_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.10.001","volume":"21","author":"R Moulding","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moulding R, Kyrios M, Doron G, Nedeljkovic M. Autogenous and reactive obsessions: further evidence for a two-factor model of obsessions. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(5):677\u201390.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"1589_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09670","volume":"76","author":"L Baer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baer L, Trivedi MH, Huz I, Rush AJ, Wisniewski SR, Fava M. Prevalence and impact of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in depression: a STAR*D report. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(12):1668\u201374.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1589_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717711170","volume":"63","author":"MK Hofmeijer-Sevink","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hofmeijer-Sevink MK, Batelaan NM, van Megen HJGM, van den Hout MA, Penninx BW, van Balkom AJLM, et al. Presence and Predictive Value of Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in anxiety and depressive disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2018;63(2):85\u201393.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000396","volume":"37","author":"P Olgiati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olgiati P, Fanelli G, Serretti A. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in major depressive disorder correlate with clinical severity and mixed features. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2022;37(4):166\u201372.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","volume":"23","author":"M Hamilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Hamilton M. A rating scale for Depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960;23(1):56\u201362.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291796003893","volume":"27","author":"KS Kendler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kendler KS, Walters EE, Kessler RC. The prediction of length of major depressive episodes: results from an epidemiological sample of female twins. Psychol Med. 1997;27(1):107\u201317.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"1589_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87a.19054","volume":"87","author":"MS Van Niel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Niel MS, Payne JL. Perinatal depression: a review. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020;87(5):273\u20137.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/ggoodwin","volume":"17","author":"GM Goodwin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goodwin GM. The overlap between anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015;17(3):249\u201360.","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3524","volume":"14","author":"DW Grupe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grupe DW, Nitschke JB. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(7):488\u2013501.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01641","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1641","volume":"10","author":"LJB van Oudheusden","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Oudheusden LJB, van de Schoot R, Hoogendoorn A, van Oppen P, Kaarsemaker M, Meynen G, et al. Classification of comorbidity in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: a latent class analysis. Brain Behav. 2020;10(7):e01641.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"1589_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8414","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-021-02599-2","volume":"42","author":"S Ka\u00e7ar-Ba\u015faran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ka\u00e7ar-Ba\u015faran S, Arkar H. Common vulnerability factors in obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders: a transdiagnostic hierarchical model. Curr Psychol. 2023;42(10):8414\u201324.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003287","volume":"47","author":"RJ McNally","year":"2017","unstructured":"McNally RJ, Mair P, Mugno BL, Riemann BC. Co-morbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: a bayesian network approach. Psychol Med. 2017;47(7):1204\u201314.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003579","volume":"31","author":"G Nestadt","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle MA, Liang KY, Bienvenu OJ, Hoehn-Saric R, et al. The relationship between obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study. Psychol Med. 2001;31(3):481\u20137.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"1589_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004753","volume":"39","author":"G Nestadt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nestadt G, Di CZ, Riddle MA, Grados MA, Greenberg BD, Fyer AJ, et al. Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: subclassification based on co-morbidity. Psychol Med. 2009;39(9):1491\u2013501.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1589_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"*Ma Z, Ren L, Guo L, Li F, Jin Y, Liang W et al. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depressive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A network analysis. Indian J Psychiatry. 2023;65(5):534\u201340. A recent network study highlighting the link between distress caused by obsessions and low spirit as bridge symptom between OCD and MDD.","DOI":"10.4103\/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_377_21"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002637","volume":"42","author":"FS Goes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Goes FS, McCusker MG, Bienvenu OJ, Mackinnon DF, Mondimore FM, Schweizer B, et al. Co-morbid anxiety disorders in bipolar disorder and major depression: familial aggregation and clinical characteristics of co-morbid panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychol Med. 2012;42(7):1449\u201359.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1589_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.11.020","volume":"179","author":"Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Electronic address: plee0@mgh.harvard.edu, Cross-disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Genomic relationships, novel loci, and pleiotropic mechanisms across eight Psychiatric disorders. Cell. 2019;179(7):1469\u2013e148211.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"1589_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-01002-z","volume":"26","author":"NV Radonji\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radonji\u0107 NV, Hess JL, Rovira P, Andreassen O, Buitelaar JK, Ching CRK, et al. Structural brain imaging studies offer clues about the effects of the shared genetic etiology among neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(6):2101\u201310.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810030049007","volume":"46","author":"LR Baxter","year":"1989","unstructured":"Baxter LR, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC, Guze BH, Selin CE, et al. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(3):243\u201350.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01123-4","volume":"50","author":"S Saxena","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saxena S, Brody AL, Ho ML, Alborzian S, Ho MK, Maidment KM, et al. Cerebral metabolism in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring separately and concurrently. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;50(3):159\u201370.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.039","volume":"38","author":"N Cardoner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cardoner N, Soriano-Mas C, Pujol J, Alonso P, Harrison BJ, Deus J, et al. Brain structural correlates of depressive comorbidity in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. NeuroImage. 2007;38(3):413\u201321.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"1589_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.04.008","volume":"93","author":"J Labad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Labad J, Soria V, Salvat-Pujol N, Segal\u00e0s C, Real E, Urretavizcaya M, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in the comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;93:20\u20138.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)02961-7","volume":"69","author":"L Bellodi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bellodi L, Erzegovesi S, Bianchi L, Lucini V, Conca R, Lucca A. Plasma tryptophan levels and tryptophan\/neutral amino acid ratios in obsessive-compulsive patients with and without depression. Psychiatry Res. 1997;69(1):9\u201315.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1589_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bandelow B, Allgulander C, Baldwin DS, Costa DL da, Denys C, Dilbaz D. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and posttraumatic stress disorders - Version 3. Part II: OCD and PTSD. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2023;24(2):118\u201334.","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2022.2086296"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.020","volume":"47","author":"BO Olatunji","year":"2013","unstructured":"Olatunji BO, Davis ML, Powers MB, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(1):33\u201341.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1589_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.146","volume":"295","author":"J Klein Breteler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klein Breteler J, Ikani N, Becker ES, Spijker J, Hendriks G. Comorbid depression and treatment of anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD: diagnosis versus severity. J Affect Disord. 2021;295:1005\u201311.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80028-3","volume":"31","author":"JS Abramowitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abramowitz JS, Franklin ME, Street GP, Kozak MJ, Foa EB. Effects of comorbid depression on response to treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Ther. 2000;31(3):517\u201328.","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"1589_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2020.101615","volume":"70","author":"NC Berman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berman NC, Hezel DM, Wilhelm S. Is my patient too sad to approach their fear? Depression severity and imaginal exposure outcomes for patients with OCD. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2021;70:101615.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.33.3.228","volume":"33","author":"MG Wheaton","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wheaton MG, Gallina ER. Using cognitive-behavioral therapy to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder with Co-occurring Depression. J Cogn Psychother. 2019;33(3):228\u201341.","journal-title":"J Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1589_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200206000-00012","volume":"22","author":"DL Ackerman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ackerman DL, Greenland S. Multivariate meta-analysis of controlled drug studies for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(3):309\u201317.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1589_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199408000-00004","volume":"14","author":"DL Ackerman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ackerman DL, Greenland S, Bystritsky A, Morgenstern H, Katz RJ. Predictors of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder: multivariate analyses from a multicenter trial of clomipramine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;14(4):247\u201354.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1351991","volume":"22","author":"SJ Motivala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Motivala SJ, Arellano M, Greco RL, Aitken D, Hutcheson N, Tadayonnejad R, et al. Relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and functioning before and after exposure and response prevention therapy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2018;22(1):40\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"1589_CR86","first-page":"S36","volume":"69","author":"C Valerio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Valerio C, Fossaluza V, Diniz JB, Joaquim M, Borcato SR, Morais I, et al. Impact of conventional treatments for OCD on Comorbid Psychiatric disorders after 1 year follow-up. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69(9):S36\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1589_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113753","volume":"298","author":"D Sookman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sookman D, Phillips KA, Mataix-Cols D, Veale D. Introduction to knowledge and competency standards for specialized treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder throughout the lifespan: phase two series by the International Accreditation Task Force of the Canadian Institute for Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (CIOCD. Psychiatry Res. 2021;298:113753.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1589_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.04.003","volume":"28","author":"ML Keeley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keeley ML, Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Geffken GR. Clinical predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(1):118\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1589_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20078","volume":"60","author":"JS Abramowitz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abramowitz JS. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients who have comorbid major depression. J Clin Psychol. 2004;60(11):1133\u201341.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1589_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905401208","volume":"54","author":"NA Rector","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rector NA, Cassin SE, Richter MA. Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder in patients with Major Depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Can J Psychiatry. 2009;54(12):846\u201351.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"1589_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2164","volume":"74","author":"DH Barlow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barlow DH, Farchione TJ, Bullis JR, Gallagher MW, Murray-Latin H, Sauer-Zavala S, et al. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional disorders compared with diagnosis-specific protocols for anxiety disorders: a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(9):875\u201384.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"1589_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101999","volume":"87","author":"L Carlucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carlucci L, Saggino A, Balsamo M. On the efficacy of the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021;87:101999.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"41","key":"1589_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5632","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170712114445","volume":"25","author":"U Albert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albert U, Di Salvo G, Solia F, Rosso G, Maina G. Combining drug and psychological treatments for obsessive- compulsive disorder: what is the evidence, when and for whom. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(41):5632\u201346.","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01589-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01589-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01589-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T03:16:38Z","timestamp":1742354198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01589-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01589-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3812","1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3812","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 February 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participates"}},{"value":"Martin Pastre, St\u00e9phane Raffard, Luc Mallet and Jorge Lopez-Castroman declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}