{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:27:05Z","timestamp":1793237225657,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This critical review examines literature published between January 2020 and January 2025, focusing on overlapping pain-related factors during and after childbirth (e.g., pain experiences and management). These factors may increase vulnerability to postpartum depression, especially among racial and ethnic minorities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings from the 23 studies reviewed indicate that several factors contribute to peripartum pain experienced by individuals giving birth. Factors influencing the birthing person\u2019s pain experiences include their mental health during pregnancy (such as depression and anxiety), delivery method (especially cesarean), pain management practices, discrimination toward racial and ethnic minorities, and overall neglect of pain. Additionally, healthcare providers\u2019 beliefs about pain management play a role in postpartum pain experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with a history of depression or anxiety often experience more severe postpartum pain. Mode of delivery is an important factor, as cesarean deliveries are associated with more severe pain than vaginal deliveries. However, intrapartum experiences and pain management significantly influence pain ratings. Analgesics during and after labor may buffer postpartum pain, but not always. Additionally, pain relief medications for patients with opioid use disorders can impact postpartum pain management. While healthcare providers rely on clinical assessments and patient-centered approaches to inform postpartum pain management, data from racial and ethnic minorities revealed that healthcare professionals often fail to recognize these patients' pain. This underscores the disparities in perspectives and experiences among patients. Post-childbirth pain experiences and their management strategies may increase the risk of postpartum depression, highlighting the necessity for researchers and practitioners to consider them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-025-01655-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T04:36:56Z","timestamp":1766378216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Critical Review of Post-Childbirth Pain Experiences and Management in Relation to Postpartum Depression Risk for Racial and Ethnic Minorities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sandraluz","family":"Lara-Cinisomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhamshi","family":"Beeram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melany E.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87a.19054","volume":"87","author":"MS Van Niel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Niel MS, Payne JL. Perinatal depression: A review. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020;87(5):273\u20137.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2446486","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.46486","volume":"7","author":"N Khadka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khadka N, et al. Trends in postpartum depression by race, ethnicity, and prepregnancy body mass index. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(11):e2446486-2446486.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR3","first-page":"22","volume":"114","author":"A Swift","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swift A. Understanding pain and the human body\u2019s response to it. Nurs Times. 2018;114(3):22\u20136.","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E375","DOI":"10.17269\/cjph.104.4029","volume":"104","author":"C Gaudet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaudet C, Wen SW, Walker MC. Chronic perinatal pain as a risk factor for postpartum depression symptoms in Canadian women. Can J Public Health. 2013;104(5):E375.","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.07.011","volume":"140","author":"JC Eisenach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eisenach JC, et al. Severity of acute pain after childbirth, but not type of delivery, predicts persistent pain and postpartum depression. Pain. 2008;140(1):87\u201394.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"8","key":"1655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.10.032","volume":"40","author":"CA Weis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weis CA, et al. Prevalence of low back pain, pelvic girdle pain, and combination pain in a pregnant Ontario population. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018;40(8):1038\u201343.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-016-0270-6","volume":"16","author":"J Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for chronic pain following Cesarean section: a prospective study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2016;16(1):99.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0426","volume":"31","author":"F Weeks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weeks F, et al. Are experiences of Racial discrimination associated with postpartum depressive symptoms? A multistate analysis of pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system data. J Women\u2019s Health. 2022;31(2):158\u201366.","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003561","volume":"134","author":"N Badreldin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Badreldin N, Grobman WA, Yee LM. Racial disparities in postpartum pain management. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(6):1147\u201353.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003505","volume":"134","author":"JD Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson JD, et al. Racial and ethnic inequities in postpartum pain evaluation and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(6):1155\u201362.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2020.07.006","volume":"44","author":"J Mehdiratta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehdiratta J, et al. Patient and procedural risk factors for increased postoperative pain after Cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia: a retrospective study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2020;44:60\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100576","volume":"4","author":"JR Poehlmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poehlmann JR, et al. The impact of preexisting maternal anxiety on pain and opioid use following Cesarean delivery: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2022;4(3):100576.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"1655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudhof LS, Gompers A, Hacker MR. Antepartum depressive symptoms are associated with significant postpartum opioid use. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM, 2023. 5(8).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.101009"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-02943-7","volume":"20","author":"G Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim G, et al. Obstetric pain correlates with postpartum depression symptoms: a pilot prospective observational study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1\u201314.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"1655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans CJ, Trudeau E, Mertzanis P, Marquis P, Pena BM, Wong J, et al. Development and validation of the pain treatment satisfaction scale (PTSS): a patient satisfaction questionnaire for use in patients with chronic or acute pain. Pain. 2004;112:254\u201366.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03532-0","volume":"27","author":"W Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu W, Sampson M. Prenatal and childbirth risk factors of postpartum pain and depression: a machine learning approach. Matern Child Health J. 2023;27(2):286\u201396.","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"7","key":"1655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253990","volume":"16","author":"HB Ende","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ende HB, et al. Labor prior to Cesarean delivery associated with higher post-discharge opioid consumption. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253990.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.12.001","volume":"222","author":"J Dinis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dinis J, et al. Nonopioid versus opioid analgesia after hospital discharge following Cesarean delivery: a randomized equivalence trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(5):488. e1-488. e8.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006429","volume":"136","author":"C Fowler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fowler C, et al. Outpatient treatment with Gabapentin in women with severe acute pain after Cesarean delivery is ineffective: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analgesia. 2023;136(6):1122\u201332.","journal-title":"Anesth Analgesia"},{"key":"1655_CR20","unstructured":"Katz D, et al. Impact of neuraxial preservative-free morphine in vaginal delivery on opiate consumption and recovery: a randomized control trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2022:101213."},{"key":"1655_CR21","first-page":"117822182211079","volume":"16","author":"AB O\u2019Connor","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor AB, et al. Peripartum and postpartum analgesia and pain in women prescribed buprenorphine for opioid use disorder who deliver by Cesarean section. Subst Abuse: Res Treat. 2022;16:11782218221107936.","journal-title":"Subst Abuse: Res Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2021.0104","volume":"3","author":"BR Loomis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loomis BR, et al. Nurses\u2019 perspectives on postpartum pain management. Women\u2019s Health Rep. 2022;3(1):318\u201325.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"1655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004232","volume":"137","author":"DS Downs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Downs DS, et al. Obstetric physicians\u2019 beliefs and knowledge on guidelines and screening tools to reduce opioid use after childbirth. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137(2):325\u201333.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2021-0101","volume":"12","author":"AD Mackeen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mackeen AD, et al. Obstetricians\u2019 prescribing practices for pain management after delivery. Pain Manage. 2022;12(5):645\u201352.","journal-title":"Pain Manage"},{"key":"1655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroll C, et al. Cultivating the ideal obstetrical patient: how physicians-in-training describe pain associated with childbirth. Volume 312. Social Science & Medicine. 2022:115365.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115365"},{"issue":"6","key":"1655_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16134","volume":"118","author":"E Nowakowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nowakowski E, et al. Obstetric pain management for pregnant women with opioid use disorder: a qualitative and quantitative comparison of patient and provider perspectives (QUEST study). Addiction. 2023;118(6):1093\u2013104.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114938","volume":"301","author":"P Fielding-Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fielding-Singh P, Dmowska A. Obstetric gaslighting and the denial of mothers\u2019 realities. Soc Sci Med. 2022;301:114938.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.06.015","volume":"84","author":"T-MH Hoang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoang T-MH, et al. Experiences of Racial trauma among perinatal women of color in seeking healthcare services. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2023;84:60\u20136.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"1655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong S, Yu Z, Lor M. Experiences of Hmong women in the perinatal period. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing. 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2025.03.001"},{"key":"1655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2022.11.012","volume":"107","author":"AM Pauley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pauley AM, et al. Women\u2019s beliefs of pain after childbirth: critical insight for promoting behavioral strategies to regulate pain and reduce risks for maternal mortality. Patient Educ Couns. 2023;107:107570.","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13540","volume":"69","author":"N Badreldin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badreldin N, et al. Understanding the postpartum Cesarean pain experience among individuals with publicly funded insurance: A qualitative investigation. J Midwifery Women\u2019s Health. 2024;69(1):136\u201343.","journal-title":"J Midwifery Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06805-4","volume":"24","author":"CM Stump","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stump CM, et al. Association of inpatient postpartum recovery with patient-reported outcome measures following hospital discharge: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):618.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"1655_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2015.07.001","volume":"62","author":"N Poquet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poquet N, Lin C. The brief pain inventory (BPI). J Physiother. 2016;62(1):52.","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"1655_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham A et al. Prospective evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of \u03b2-Endorphin as a predictor of opioid use after scheduled cesarean delivery. Research Square. 2023: p. rs. 3. rs-3125641.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3125641\/v1"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1655_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.02.007","volume":"144","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dworkin RH, et al. Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the Short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2). Pain\u00ae. 2009;144(1\u20132):35\u201342.","journal-title":"Pain\u00ae"},{"key":"1655_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.109697","volume":"62","author":"R Babazade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Babazade R, et al. Acute postcesarean pain is associated with in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding, length of stay and post-partum depression. J Clin Anesth. 2020;62:109697.","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"1655_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"1655_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.123","volume":"334","author":"AC Sujan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sujan AC, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in perinatal depression and anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2023;334:297\u2013301.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"1655_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250743","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.0743","volume":"8","author":"K Kelly-Taylor","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kelly-Taylor K, et al. Prenatal depression and symptom severity by maternal race and ethnicity. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(3):e250743\u2013250743.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"07","key":"1655_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1785-8843","volume":"41","author":"A Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams A, et al. Mode of delivery and unplanned cesarean: differences in rates and indication by race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Am J Perinatol. 2024;41(07):834\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1655_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01057-w","volume":"9","author":"IC Okwandu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okwandu IC, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in Cesarean delivery and indications among Nulliparous, Term, Singleton, vertex women. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2022;9(4):1161\u201371.","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01655-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01655-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01655-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T04:36:58Z","timestamp":1766378218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01655-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-025-01655-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study did not involve human subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Research"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}