{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:20:24Z","timestamp":1791001224922,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schema therapy is an evidence-based treatment for personality disorders (PDs), with \u2018schema modes\u2019 being a core theoretical and clinical concept. Despite their centrality, empirical research into the mechanisms of schema mode activation remains limited. This paper reviews the available research on schema mode activation and provides methodological guidelines and a research agenda to stimulate experimental research on schema modes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified five published studies that experimentally induced schema modes using a variety of procedures (e.g., stress interviews, film clips, and art\/drama therapy), showing diverse but generally significant effects on mode activation. Their findings underscore the need for validated and replicable experimental paradigms, as effects were highly dependent on sample characteristics, procedure-specific variability, and discrepancies between therapist- and patient ratings of schema mode activation. Building on insights from emotion induction research, we propose two procedures for experimental schema mode induction: guided autobiographical recall\/scripted imagery and stimulus-based experimental triggers. We outline best practices, challenges, and recommendations for designing and validating such procedures. A future research agenda is presented, focusing on identifying conditions that activate schema modes and examining their effects on information processing and behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By developing validated experimental tools and adopting open science practices, we aim to stimulate further experimental research to empirically test schema therapy\u2019s theoretical premises and clarify the role of schema modes in PDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-026-01663-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:34:14Z","timestamp":1770622454000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Experimental Research on Schema Modes: Guidelines and Research Agenda"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9205-3115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Krans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Hilgefort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Lobbestael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"2","key":"1663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.166","volume":"216","author":"C Winsper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winsper C, Bilgin A, Thompson A, Marwaha S, Chanen AM, Singh SP, Wang A, Furtado V. The prevalence of personality disorders in the community: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2019;216(2):69\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2019.166.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23504","volume":"79","author":"CA Sveen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sveen CA, Pedersen G, Ulvestad DA, Zahl KE, Wilberg T, Kvarstein EH. Societal costs of personality disorders: a cross-sectional multicenter study of treatment\u2010seeking patients in mental health services in Norway. J Clin Psychol. 2023;79(8):1752\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.23504.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1663_CR4","unstructured":"Young JE, Klosko JS, Weishaar ME. Schema therapy. Guilford Press; 2003."},{"issue":"7","key":"1663_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2023.2228304","volume":"77","author":"K Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang K, Hu X, Ma L, Xie Q, Wang Z, Fan C, Li X. The efficacy of schema therapy for personality disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nord J Psychiatry. 2023;77(7):641\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2023.2228304.","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1663_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2024.2361451","author":"M Tracy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tracy M, Penney E, Norton AR. Group schema therapy for personality disorders: systematic review, research agenda and treatment implications. Psychother Res. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10503307.2024.2361451.","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04483-0","volume":"23","author":"P Katakis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katakis P, Schlief M, Barnett P, Rains LS, Rowe S, Pilling S, et al. Effectiveness of outpatient and community treatments for people with a diagnosis of \u2018personality disorder\u2019: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-04483-0.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"1663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.6.649","volume":"63","author":"J Giesen-Bloo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giesen-Bloo J, Van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, Van Tilburg W, Dirksen C, Van Asselt T, et al. Outpatient psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: randomized trial of schema-focused therapy vs transference-focused psychotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(6):649\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpsyc.63.6.649.","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000685","volume":"53","author":"K Setkowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Setkowski K, Palantza C, van Ballegooijen W, Gilissen R, Oud M, Cristea IA, et al. Which psychotherapy is most effective and acceptable in the treatment of adults with a (sub)clinical borderline personality disorder? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2023;53(8):3261\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291723000685.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1663_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-021-10209-5","author":"A Arntz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arntz A, Rijkeboer M, Chan E, Fassbinder E, Karaosmanoglu A, Lee CW, et al. Towards a reformulated theory underlying schema therapy: position paper of an international workgroup. Cogn Ther Res. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-021-10209-5.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1663_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.05.005","volume":"36","author":"A Arntz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arntz A, Klokman J, Sieswerda S. An experimental test of the schema mode model of borderline personality disorder. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2005;36(3):226\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2005.05.005.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"1663_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.03.006","volume":"46","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Van Vreeswijk MF, Arntz A. An empirical test of schema mode conceptualizations in personality disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2008;46(7):854\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2008.03.006.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"1663_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12465","volume":"96","author":"A B\u00e4r","year":"2023","unstructured":"B\u00e4r A, B\u00e4r HE, Rijkeboer MM, Lobbestael J. Early maladaptive schemas and schema modes in clinical disorders: a systematic review. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. 2023;96(3):716\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12465.","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"1663_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2800","volume":"30","author":"PD Pilkington","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pilkington PD, Younan R, Karantzas GC. Identifying the research priorities for schema therapy: a Delphi consensus study. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2023;30(2):344\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpp.2800.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"1663_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grazka A, Krolewiak K, Sojta K, Strzelecki D. The reliability and validity of the Polish version of the schema mode inventory (SMI). J Clin Med. 2023;12(19). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12196400.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12196400"},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-023-04552-x","volume":"43","author":"D Macik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Macik D. Are the schema modes suitable for explaining borderline and narcissistic behaviours? Curr Psychol. 2024;43(4):3070\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-023-04552-x.","journal-title":"Curr Psychol"},{"key":"1663_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01031-x","author":"C Marney","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marney C, Reid M, Wright B. A mixed methods study of schema modes amongst people living with eating disorders. J Eat Disord. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-024-01031-x.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1663_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1158067","author":"M Boog","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boog M, Tibboel H. Automaticity: schema modes in addiction. Front Psychiatry. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1158067.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"1663_CR19","first-page":"84","volume":"63","author":"M Abeltina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abeltina M, Rascevska M. A network analysis of burnout subtypes, early maladaptive schemas and schema modes. Act Nerv Super Rediviva. 2021;63(2):84\u201394.","journal-title":"Act Nerv Super Rediviva"},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12806","volume":"24","author":"RM Pietersen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pietersen RM, Timmerman K, Westerhof GJ. Inpatient psychotherapy for complex personality pathology: the long-term development of symptoms, well-being and schema modes. Couns Psychother Res. 2024;24(4):1588\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/capr.12806.","journal-title":"Couns Psychother Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1663_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2020.1852482","volume":"31","author":"D Koppers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koppers D, Van H, Peen J, Dekker JJM. Psychological symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and schema modes: predictors of the outcome of group schema therapy in patients with personality disorders. Psychother Res. 2021;31(7):831\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10503307.2020.1852482.","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"1663_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yakin D, Grasman R, Arntz A. Schema modes as a common mechanism of change in personality pathology and functioning: results from a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther. 2020;126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103553.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103553"},{"key":"1663_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111674","author":"N Esmaeilian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Esmaeilian N, Hoorelbeke K, Naderzadeh S, Koster EHW. Associations between borderline personality disorder features, early maladaptive schemas, and schema modes: a network analysis in a nonclinical sample. Pers Individ Differ. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2022.111674.","journal-title":"Pers Individ Differ"},{"key":"1663_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grazka A, Kr\u00f3lewiak K, S\u00f3jta K, Strzelecki D. Suicidality in the light of schema therapy Constructs, i.e., early maladaptive schema and schema modes: A longitudinal study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(21). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12216755.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12216755"},{"key":"1663_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104445","author":"Y Mertens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mertens Y, Yilmaz M, Lobbestael J. Schema modes mediate the effect of emotional abuse in childhood on the differential expression of personality disorders. Child Abuse Negl. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104445., 104.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"3","key":"1663_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465819000602","volume":"48","author":"K Phillips","year":"2020","unstructured":"Phillips K, Brockman R, Bailey PE, Kneebone II. Schema in older adults: does the schema mode model apply? Behav Cogn Psychother. 2020;48(3):341\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465819000602.","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198801000-00008","volume":"50","author":"JE Dimsdale","year":"1988","unstructured":"Dimsdale JE, Stern MJ, Dillon E. The stress interview as a tool for examining physiological reactivity. Psychosom Med. 1988;50(1):64\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-198801000-00008.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708005102","volume":"39","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Arntz A, Cima M, Chakhssi F. Effects of induced anger in patients with antisocial personality disorder. Psychol Med. 2009;39(4):557\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291708005102.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1663_CR29","volume-title":"The schema mode inventory","author":"JE Young","year":"2007","unstructured":"Young JE, Arntz A, Atkinson T, Lobbestael J, Weishaar ME, van Vreeswijk MF, Klokman J. The schema mode inventory. New York: Schema Therapy Institute; 2007. http:\/\/www.schematherapy.com\/id49.htm."},{"issue":"2","key":"1663_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.09.015","volume":"48","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Arntz A. Emotional, cognitive and physiological correlates of abuse-related stress in borderline and antisocial personality disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(2):116\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2009.09.015.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1663_CR31","volume-title":"No child of mine","author":"G Hibbert","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hibbert G, Kosminsky P. No child of mine. United Kingdom: Stonehenge Films\/United Productions; 1997."},{"key":"1663_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2017.01.003","volume":"53","author":"M Keulen-de Vos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keulen-de Vos M, van den Broek EP, Bernstein DP, Vallentin R, Arntz A. Evoking emotional States in personality disordered offenders: an experimental pilot study of experiential drama therapy techniques. Arts Psychother. 2017;53:80\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aip.2017.01.003.","journal-title":"Arts Psychother"},{"key":"1663_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van den Broek, E. P., Strijbos, N., Vromen, J., van Duursen, S., Cousijn, J., Bosschaert,L., \u2026 & Keulen-de Vos, M. (2021). A pilot study of arts therapy techniques to evoke emotional states in forensic patients. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 74, 101798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aip.2021.101798.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2021.101798."},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465810000226","volume":"38","author":"J Lobbestael","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Van Vreeswijk M, Spinhoven P, Schouten E, Arntz A. Reliability and validity of the short schema mode inventory (SMI). Behav Cogn Psychother. 2010;38(4):437\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1352465810000226.","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"1663_CR35","volume-title":"Manual for the profile of mood States","author":"DM McNair","year":"1992","unstructured":"McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Manual for the profile of mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Services; 1992."},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073917749016","volume":"11","author":"E Siedlecka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Siedlecka E, Denson TF. Experimental methods for inducing basic emotions: a qualitative review. Emot Rev. 2019;11(1):87\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1754073917749016.","journal-title":"Emot Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"1663_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225040","volume":"14","author":"L Fern\u00e1ndez-Aguilar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Aguilar L, Navarro-Bravo B, Ricarte J, Ros L, Latorre JM. How effective are films in inducing positive and negative emotional states? A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0225040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225040.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000224","volume":"146","author":"DL Joseph","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joseph DL, Chan MY, Heintzelman SJ, Tay L, Diener E, Scotney VS. The manipulation of affect: a meta-analysis of affect induction procedures. Psychol Bull. 2020;146(4):355\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000224.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s41347-020-00152-9","volume":"6","author":"P Diniz Bernardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diniz Bernardo P, Bains A, Westwood S, Mograbi DC. Mood induction using virtual reality: a systematic review of recent findings. J Technol Behav Sci. 2021;6(1):3\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41347-020-00152-9.","journal-title":"J Technol Behav Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.180","volume":"6","author":"KT Ack Baraly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ack Baraly KT, Muyingo L, Beaudoin C, Karami S, Langevin M, Davidson PS. Database of emotional videos from Ottawa (DEVO). Collabra: Psychology. 2020;6(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/collabra.180.","journal-title":"Collabra: Psychology"},{"key":"1663_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0842-x","volume":"49","author":"TL Gilman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gilman TL, Shaheen R, Nylocks KM, Halachoff D, Chapman J, Flynn JJ, et al. A film set for the elicitation of emotion in research: a comprehensive catalog derived from four decades of investigation. Behav Res Methods. 2017;49:2061\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-016-0842-x.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2396531","volume":"6","author":"Y Baveye","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baveye Y, Dellandrea E, Chamaret C, Chen L. LIRIS-ACCEDE: a video database for affective content analysis. IEEE Trans Affect Comput. 2015;6(1):43\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2396531.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Affect Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"1663_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1017\/BrImp.2012.18","volume":"13","author":"LM Jenkins","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG. A new set of standardised verbal and nonverbal contemporary film stimuli for the elicitation of emotions. Brain Impair. 2012;13(2):212\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/BrImp.2012.18.","journal-title":"Brain Impair"},{"key":"1663_CR44","first-page":"A-6","volume-title":"International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual","author":"PJ Lang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lang PJ, Bradley MM, Cuthbert BN. International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Gainesville, FL: NIMH, Center for the Study of Emotion & Attention; 2005. p. A-6."},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2011.04.006","volume":"18","author":"A Arntz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arntz A. Imagery rescripting for personality disorders. Cogn Behav Pract. 2011;18(4):466\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpra.2011.04.006.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"1663_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.03.001","volume":"40","author":"F Raes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raes F, Williams JMG, Hermans D. Reducing cognitive vulnerability to depression: a preliminary investigation of memory specificity training (MEST) in inpatients with depressive symptomatology. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2009;40(1):24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.03.001.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1663_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.003","volume":"19","author":"J Pearson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pearson J, Naselaris T, Holmes EA, Kosslyn SM. Mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(10):590\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.003.","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"1663_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"NP9908","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519860088","volume":"36","author":"D Lewis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis D, Dunne AL, Meyer D, Daffern M. Assessing schema modes using self-and observer-rated instruments: associations with aggression. J Interpers Violence. 2019;36(17\u201318):NP9908\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519860088.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"1663_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.7895","volume":"5","author":"J Fink-Lamotte","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fink-Lamotte J, Hoyer J, Platter P, Stierle C, Exner C. Shame on me? Love me tender! Inducing and reducing shame and fear in social anxiety in an analogous sample. Clin Psychol Europe. 2023;5(3):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32872\/cpe.7895.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Europe"},{"issue":"5","key":"1663_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702621991797","volume":"9","author":"N Jamil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jamil N, Llera SJ. A transdiagnostic application of the contrast-avoidance model: the effects of worry and rumination in a personal-failure paradigm. Clin Psychol Sci. 2021;9(5):836\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167702621991797.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-024-10478-w","volume":"48","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Vrijsen JN, Sanchez-Lopez A, Koster EH, Becker ES. Attention and interpretation bias modification transfers to memory bias: testing the combined cognitive bias hypothesis. Cogn Ther Res. 2024;48(4):648\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-024-10478-w.","journal-title":"Cogn Ther Res"},{"key":"1663_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobbestael J, Arntz A. (2012). 16 Cognitive Contributions to Personality Disorders. The Oxford handbook of personality disorders, 325.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199735013.013.0016"},{"issue":"12","key":"1663_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.08.010","volume":"45","author":"K Heuer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heuer K, Rinck M, Becker ES. Avoidance of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety: the approach\u2013avoidance task. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(12):2990\u20133001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2007.08.010.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1663_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","volume":"28","author":"C Kirschbaum","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kirschbaum C, Pirke KM, Hellhammer DH. The \u2018Trier social stress Test\u2019\u2013a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology. 1993;28(1\u20132):76\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000119004.","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"1663_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.005","volume":"118","author":"A Sanchez-Lopez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sanchez-Lopez A, de Raedt R, van Put J, Koster EHW. A novel process-based approach to improve resilience: effects of computerized mouse-based (gaze)contingent attention training (MCAT) on reappraisal and rumination. Behav Res Ther. 2019;118:110\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2019.04.005.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1663_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.90.4.286","volume":"90","author":"PA Derry","year":"1981","unstructured":"Derry PA, Kuiper NA. Schematic processing and self-reference in clinical depression. J Abnorm Psychol. 1981;90(4):286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-843X.90.4.286.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01663-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01663-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01663-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T07:34:17Z","timestamp":1770622457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01663-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01663-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"13"}}