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A significant portion of patients do not achieve sufficient benefit from psychotherapy and medication, so other therapies are being investigated. Neuromodulation, which involves targeted stimulation of neural circuitry, is FDA cleared for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and depression and is an option for some patients whose anxiety have not responded to standard therapy. Over the past several years, neuromodulation protocol and technology advancements have continued to evolve the psychiatric treatment paradigm. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are two of the most extensively studied neuromodulation techniques in psychiatry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-026-01702-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:37:45Z","timestamp":1784180265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Next-Generation Neuromodulation for Anxiety: Circuit-Based and Personalized Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7289-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline M.","family":"O\u2019Rourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Selheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey H.","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desmond J.","family":"Oathes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1702_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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