{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T02:24:43Z","timestamp":1787279083709,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004505","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Psychiatry Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review evaluates evidence linking both GLP-1 and GIP\/GLP-1RAs\u2019 exposure to a range of neuropsychiatric outcomes using the Bradford Hill criteria for causal inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists (RAs) are incretin-based medications widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, with demonstrated cardiometabolic benefit and rapidly expanding population exposure. In parallel, post-marketing surveillance and emerging translational research have raised questions regarding potential central nervous system effects, including neuropsychiatric adverse events and psychopharmacological properties. Integrating data from receptor pharmacology, preclinical neuroscience, randomized controlled trials, and observational and pharmacovigilance studies, the strength, consistency, biological plausibility, and experimental support for reported associations with depression, anxiety, suicidality, reward-related behaviour, cognitive effects and retinal\/ocular related disturbances were here assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implications for clinical risk\u2013benefit assessment were discussed as well. Current evidence supports potential biological plausibility of a relationship between GLP-1 RAs and a range of psychopathological disorders but remains insufficient to establish causality for most neuropsychiatric outcomes, suggesting the need for prospective, mechanism-informed clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-026-01709-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T01:02:11Z","timestamp":1787274131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists\u2019 psychopharmacology and putative neuropsychiatric associated effects: a Bradford Hill\u2013informed, systematic, evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"F","family":"Schifano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M A","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Bonaccorso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Arillotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Floresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Martinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GD","family":"Papanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Corkery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Guirguis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"1709_CR1","first-page":"63","volume":"100","author":"S Abtahi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abtahi S, Howell E, Currie PJ, Karatayev O. Ghrelin signaling and obesity: interactions with other appetite-regulating systems. Peptides. 2018;100:63\u201370.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1443","volume":"153","author":"AL Alhadeff","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alhadeff AL, Rupprecht LE, Hayes MR. GLP-1 neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract project directly to the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens to control food intake. Endocrinology. 2012;153(2):647\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2011-1443.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70187","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70187","volume":"9","author":"A Abulehia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abulehia A, Ayesh H, Ayesh O, Jaber D, Asad T, Itbaisha A, Abugharbieh H, Gharbia R, Abu-Hilal LH, Leon BGC. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon Receptor Agonists on Metabolic Outcomes: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2026;9(2):e70187.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"1709_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73619","DOI":"10.2196\/73619","volume":"5","author":"AS Alibilli","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alibilli AS, Jain V, Mane H, Yue X, Ratzki-Leewing A, Merchant JS, Criss S, Nguyen QC, McCoy RG, Nguyen TT. Harnessing Facebook to Investigate Real-World Mentions of Adverse Events of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist (GLP-1 RA) Medications: Observational Study of Facebook Posts From 2022 to 2024. JMIR Infodemiology. 2025;5:e73619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/73619.","journal-title":"JMIR Infodemiology"},{"key":"1709_CR5","unstructured":"Anderberg RH, Hansson C, Fenander M, Richard JE, Dickson SL, Nissbrandt H. The GLP-1 receptor is expressed in the ventral tegmental area and regulates DA release. Volume 329. Neuroscience; 2016:pp. 163\u201372."},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR6","first-page":"e13216","volume":"28","author":"C Aran\u00e4s","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aran\u00e4s C, Jerlhag E, Thorsell A. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists reduce alcohol-mediated behaviours and mesolimbic DA release in rodents. Addict Biol. 2023;28(3):e13216.","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1709_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13111503","volume":"13","author":"D Arillotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arillotta D, Floresta G, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Catalani V, Martinotti G, Sensi SL, Schifano F. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Related Mental Health Issues; Insights from a Range of Social Media Platforms Using a Mixed-Methods Approach. Brain Sci. 2023;13(11):1503.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1709_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000059","volume":"71","author":"KC Berridge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Am Psychol. 2016;71(8):670\u20139.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1709_CR10","first-page":"638","volume":"31","author":"SM Boekholdt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boekholdt SM, Peters RJG. Rimonabant: safety concerns and regulatory withdrawal due to psychiatric adverse effects. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(6):638\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4088\/pcc.v03n0104","volume":"3","author":"ES Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown ES, Chandler PA. Mood and cognitive changes during systemic corticosteroid therapy. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;3(1):17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/pcc.v03n0104.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1709_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e086886","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-086886","volume":"392","author":"M Cai","year":"2026","unstructured":"Cai M, Choi T, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of substance use disorders among US veterans with type 2 diabetes: cohort study. BMJ. 2026;392:e086886.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR14","first-page":"1212","volume":"25","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang T, Li S. Comparative efficacy and safety of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and subgroup analysis of individual agents. Diabetes Obes Metabolism. 2023;25(5):1212\u201323.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabolism"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR15","first-page":"3320","volume":"12","author":"S Chiappini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chiappini S, Mosca A, Miuli A, Santovito MC, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Schifano F. The use of semaglutide for weight loss: emerging psychological considerations and misuse potential. J Clin Med. 2023;12(10):3320.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2015.07.008","volume":"4","author":"SC Cork","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cork SC, Richards JE, Holt MK, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Trapp S. Distribution and characterisation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor expressing cells in the mouse brain. Mol Metabolism. 2015;4(10):718\u201331.","journal-title":"Mol Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"1709_CR17","first-page":"137","volume":"116","author":"CE Crerand","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crerand CE, Franklin ME, Sarwer DB. Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(7):137\u201345.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"1709_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0033","volume":"41","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies MJ, D\u2019Alessio DA, Fradkin J, Kernan WN, Mathieu C, Mingrone G, Rossing P, Tsapas A, Wexler DJ, Buse JB. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2018;41(12):2669\u2013701.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1709_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09283.x","volume":"877","author":"G Di Chiara","year":"1999","unstructured":"Di Chiara G, Tanda G, Bassareo V, Pontieri F, Acquas E, Fenu S, Cadoni C, Carboni E. Drug addiction as a disorder of associative learning. Role of nucleus accumbens shell\/extended amygdala DA. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;877:461\u201385.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-024-10142-w","volume":"19","author":"IHR de Paiva","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Paiva IHR, da Silva RS, Mendon\u00e7a IP, de Souza JRB, Peixoto CA. Semaglutide Attenuates Anxious and Depressive-Like Behaviors and Reverses the Cognitive Impairment in a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mouse Model Via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2024;19(1):36.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001","volume":"27","author":"DJ Drucker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metabol. 2018;27(4):740\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.001.","journal-title":"Cell Metabol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/nm919","volume":"9","author":"MJ During","year":"2003","unstructured":"During MJ, Cao L, Zuzga DS, Francis JS, Fitzsimons HL, Jiao X, Bland RJ, Klugmann M, Banks WA, Drucker DJ, Haile CN. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is involved in learning and neuroprotection. Nat Med. 2003;9(9):1173\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1709_CR23","unstructured":"EMA Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC). Meeting highlights: Ongoing review of GLP-1 receptor agonists and suicidal ideation. European Medicines Agency; 2023."},{"issue":"8795","key":"1709_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90609-7","volume":"339","author":"H Engelberg","year":"1992","unstructured":"Engelberg H. Low serum cholesterol and suicide. Lancet. 1992;339(8795):727\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2004.01.006","volume":"22","author":"AN Fabricatore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fabricatore AN, Wadden TA. Psychological aspects of obesity. Clin Dermatology. 2003;22(4):332\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"1709_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2011.2","volume":"35","author":"AN Fabricatore","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fabricatore AN, Wadden TA, Higginbotham AJ, et al. Intentional weight loss and changes in symptoms of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2011;35(11):1363\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2011.2.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2025.4308","volume":"83","author":"M Farokhnia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Farokhnia M, Leggio L. Prospects of GLP-1 Therapies for Addiction and Mental Health Comorbidities-Quo Vadis? A Review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2026;83(3):306\u201314.","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"1709_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.07.003","volume":"57","author":"OM Farr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farr OM, Tsoukas MA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin and the brain: influences on mood and cognition. Metabolism. 2008;57(12):168\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.07.003.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.619","volume":"17","author":"LF Faulconbridge","year":"2009","unstructured":"Faulconbridge LF, Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, et al. Changes in symptoms of depression with weight loss: results of a randomized trial. Obesity. 2009;17(5):1009\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2008.619.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1709_CR30","unstructured":"FDA. FDA statement on ongoing evaluation of reports of suicidal ideation with GLP-1 receptor agonists. U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2024."},{"issue":"8","key":"1709_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2023.102896","volume":"54","author":"A Ferreira-Hermosillo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferreira-Hermosillo A, de Miguel Iba\u00f1ez R, P\u00e9rez-Dionisio EK, Villalobos-Mata KA. Obesity as a Neuroendocrine Disorder. Arch Med Res. 2023;54(8):102896.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"209","key":"1709_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209ra151","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007218","volume":"5","author":"B Finan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finan B, Ma T, Ottaway N, et al. Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(209):209ra151.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1709_CR33","first-page":"17","volume":"92","author":"G Floresta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Floresta G, Arillotta D, Catalani V, Papanti Pelletier GD, Corkery JM, Guirguis A, Schifano F. Semaglutide as a Possible Calmodulin Binder: Ligand-Based Computational Analyses and Relevance to Its Associated Reward and Appetitive Behaviour Actions. Scientia Pharm (Sci Pharm). 2024;92:17.","journal-title":"Scientia Pharm (Sci Pharm)"},{"key":"1709_CR34","first-page":"151","volume":"117","author":"SM Fortin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fortin SM, Roitman JD. Central GLP-1 receptor activation modulates cocaine-evoked phasic DA signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology. 2017;117:151\u201360.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"10193","key":"1709_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3","volume":"394","author":"HC Gerstein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND). Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31149-3.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"23","key":"1709_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.23.2751","volume":"299","author":"SH Golden","year":"2008","unstructured":"Golden SH, Lazo M, Carnethon M, et al. Examining a bidirectional association between depressive symptoms and diabetes. JAMA. 2008;299(23):2751\u20139.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1709_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753662","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2026.1753662","volume":"17","author":"Y Goto","year":"2026","unstructured":"Goto Y, Krieger J, Won M, Lee YA. Addiction spectrum disorder: a conceptual framework for comprehensive understanding of addictive disorders. Front Psychol. 2026;17:1753662.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1709_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.02.003","volume":"82","author":"A Guirguis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guirguis A, Chiappini S, Papanti PGD, Vickers-Smith R, Harris D, Corkery JM, Arillotta D, Floresta G, Martinotti G, Schifano F. Exploring the association between suicidal thoughts, self-injury, and GLP-1 receptor agonists in weight loss treatments: Insights from pharmacovigilance measures and unmasking analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2024;82:82\u201391.","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR39","first-page":"20","volume":"93","author":"MA Herman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Herman MA, Mietlicki-Baase EG, Hayes MR. Neural and behavioral effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling in reward and addiction. Biol Psychiatry. 2023;93(1):20\u201331.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1709_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0010-3","volume":"43","author":"NS Hernandez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernandez NS, Ige KY, Mietlicki-Baase EG, et al. GLP-1 receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens reduces motivated behavior for food reward. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:471\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR41","first-page":"295","volume":"58","author":"AB Hill","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hill AB. The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58(5):295\u2013300.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"1709_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.01.040","volume":"136","author":"C H\u00f6lscher","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00f6lscher C. Novel dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists show neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease models. Neuropharmacology. 2018;136:251\u20139.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR43","first-page":"910","volume":"40","author":"TM Hsu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsu TM, Hahn JD, Konanur VR, Lam A, Kanoski SE, Hayes MR. GLP-1 receptor signaling in the lateral septum reduces food reward and modulates stress responses. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(4):910\u201321.","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9618","key":"1709_CR44","first-page":"436","volume":"371","author":"B Hughes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hughes B. Rimonabant: a cannabinoid receptor antagonist for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2008;371(9618):436\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1709_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.03.012","volume":"95","author":"K Hunter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hunter K, H\u00f6lscher C, Breier M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and neuroinflammation: emerging neuroprotective mechanisms. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;95:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.03.012.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.04.011","volume":"210","author":"F Iftene","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iftene F, Bowie C, Milev R, Hawken E, Talikowska-Szymczak E, Potopsingh D, Hanna S, Mulroy J, Groll D, Millson R. Identification of primary polydipsia in a severe and persistent mental illness outpatient population: a prospective observational study. Psychiatry Res. 2013;210(3):679\u201383.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038","volume":"387","author":"AM Jastreboff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2206038.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1709_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.12701\/jyms.2025.42.61","volume":"42","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim J. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and mental health: a narrative review of emerging benefits and risks. J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2025;42:61.","journal-title":"J Yeungnam Med Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15677","volume":"179","author":"MK Klausen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klausen MK, Thomsen M, Wortwein G, Fink-Jensen A. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179(4):625\u201341.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1709_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115951","volume":"337","author":"LJ Kolling","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kolling LJ, Khan K, Wang R, Pierson SR, Hartman BD, Balasubramanian N, Guo DF, Rahmouni K, Marcinkiewcz CA. Interaction of serotonin\/GLP-1 circuitry in a dual preclinical model for psychiatric disorders and metabolic dysfunction. Psychiatry Res. 2024;337:115951.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.83","volume":"17","author":"RL Kolotkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kolotkin RL, Fujioka K, Wolden ML, et al. Improvements in health-related quality of life with weight loss. Obesity. 2009;17(5):1030\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2009.83.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30416-X","volume":"7","author":"GF Koob","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(1):64\u201376.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1709_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204512532513963","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253251396304","volume":"15","author":"S Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee S, Yin L, Teopiz KM, Wong S, Han Le G, Xiao N, Stahl S, Valentino K, Ho R, Zhang MC, Greg Rhee T, McIntyre RS. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2025;15:20451253251396304.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"24","key":"1709_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563","volume":"389","author":"AM Lincoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT). N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2307563.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.07.052","volume":"170","author":"W Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu W, Jalewa J, Sharma M, Li G, H\u00f6lscher C. Neuroprotective effects of lixisenatide and liraglutide in Alzheimer\u2019s disease models. Neuroscience. 2010;170(2):549\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.07.052.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"1709_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2007.10.010","volume":"7","author":"XY Lu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lu XY. The leptin hypothesis of depression: a potential link between mood disorders and obesity. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007;7(6):648\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coph.2007.10.010.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R665","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00076.2018","volume":"315","author":"JW Maniscalco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maniscalco JW, Rinaman L. Interoceptive modulation of neuroendocrine, emotional, and reward systems by GLP-1. American Journal of Physiology \u2013 Regulatory. Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315(4):R665\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpregu.00076.2018.","journal-title":"Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"1709_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016a;375(19):1834\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1607141.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603827","volume":"375","author":"SP Marso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (LEADER). N Engl J Med. 2016b;375(4):311\u201322.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24575","volume":"59","author":"S Maynard","year":"2026","unstructured":"Maynard S, Hay P, Chimoriya R, Acosta Reyes P, Grudzinskas K, Kormas N, Piya MK. Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy on Eating Disorder Risk and Psychological Distress in Adults With Class 3 Obesity. Int J Eat Disord. 2026;59(2):276\u201386.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1709_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.005","volume":"76","author":"PL McClean","year":"2014","unstructured":"McClean PL, H\u00f6lscher C. Liraglutide can reverse memory impairment, synaptic loss and reduce plaque load in aged APP\/PS1 mice. Neuropharmacology. 2014;76:57\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.08.005.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00708-8","volume":"34","author":"RS McIntyre","year":"2020","unstructured":"McIntyre RS, Mancini DA, Basile VS, Srinivasan J. Modulating the incretin system in mood disorders: a review of GLP-1 receptor agonists. CNS Drugs. 2020;34(4):333\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-020-00708-8.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"11","key":"1709_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1367","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00413.2013","volume":"305","author":"EG Mietlicki-Baase","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mietlicki-Baase EG, Ortinski PI, Rupprecht LE, Olivos DR, Alhadeff AL, Pierce RC, Hayes MR. The food intake-suppressive effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor signaling in the ventral tegmental area are mediated by AMPA\/kainate receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;305(11):E1367\u201374.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0017-5","volume":"24","author":"Y Milaneschi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milaneschi Y, Simmons WK, van Rossum EFC, Penninx BWJH. Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(1):18\u201333.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1709_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.12.015","volume":"283","author":"M Murray","year":"2026","unstructured":"Murray M, Schifano F, Chiappini S, Corkery JM, Guirguis A. Potential Eye Disorders in People With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Exposed to GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: An Examination of the FAERS (FDA Adverse Event Reporting System) Database. Am J Ophthalmol. 2026;283:279\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1709_CR67","first-page":"262","volume":"7","author":"SR Ouakinin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ouakinin SR, Barreira DP, Gois C. Pharmacological treatment of obesity and psychiatric considerations: a clinical overview. Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7(3):262\u201370.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1709_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2026.121452","volume":"403","author":"C Ouyang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ouyang C, Zhang X, Zhang M, Miao Y, Zhu Z, Zeng Y, Ban H, Wu Y, Peng N, Ling J, Li C, Zhang D, Yu P, Zhang J, Liu X, Huang T. Causal association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and mental disorders: insight from genetic and real-world evidence. J Affect Disord. 2026;403:121452.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","volume":"31","author":"CM Pariante","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pariante CM, Lightman SL. The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments. Trends Neurosci. 2008;31(9):464\u20138.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1709_CR70","first-page":"642","volume":"44","author":"E Probst","year":"2023","unstructured":"Probst E, Labou\u00e8be G, Schultz W. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists: modulation of mesolimbic DA signaling and implications for substance use disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2023;44(9):642\u201355.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2005.11.006","volume":"27","author":"CL Raison","year":"2006","unstructured":"Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol. 2006;27(1):24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2005.11.006","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1709_CR72","first-page":"430","volume":"10","author":"MD Robertson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robertson MD, Allison DB. Rimonabant and the risk of depression and suicidality: safety concerns and regulatory action. Obes Rev. 2009;10(4):430\u20135.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1709_CR73","first-page":"389","volume":"26","author":"S Ruggiero","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ruggiero S, De Crescenzo F, Cipriani A. Suicidal events associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a pharmacovigilance analysis of semaglutide and liraglutide. Diabetes Obes Metabolism. 2024;26(2):389\u201398.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabolism"},{"key":"1709_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2026.01.042","volume":"195","author":"B Sa","year":"2026","unstructured":"Sa B, Maristany A, Subramaniam A, Kumbkarni N, Lange R, Oldak S, Buciuc AG, Padilla V. Retrospective chart review on psychiatric manifestations of GLP-1 agonist usage. J Psychiatr Res. 2026;195:92\u20136.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"1709_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90088-4","volume":"36","author":"F Schifano","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schifano F, Magni G. MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: psychopathological features and craving for chocolate: a case series. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;36(11):763\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15101125","volume":"15","author":"F Schifano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schifano F, Martinotti G, Scherbaum N. Focus on \u2018Psychiatry and Addiction: A Multi-Faceted Issue\u2019. Brain Sci. 2025;15(10):1125.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"1709_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75276","volume":"124","author":"A Secher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Secher A, Jelsing J, Baquero AF, Hecksher-S\u00f8rensen J, Cowley MA, Dalb\u00f8ge LS, Hansen G, Grove KL, Pyke C, Raun K, Schaffer L, Tang-Christensen M, Verma S, Knudsen B, L. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(10):4473\u201388.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"1709_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/011570159X349579241231080602","volume":"23","author":"A Sharafshah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharafshah A, Lewandrowski KU, Gold MS, Fuehrlein B, Ashford JW, Thanos PK, Wang GJ, Hanna C, Cadet JL, Gardner EL, Khalsa JH, Braverman ER, Baron D, Elman I, Dennen CA, Bowirrat A, Pinhasov A, Modestino EJ, Carney PR, Cortese R, Fiorelli RKA, Schmidt S, Pollack AR, Badgaiyan RD, Blum K. Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) Agonists and the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) Related Pathways: Implications for Suicidal Ideation and Substance Use Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2025;23(8):974\u201395. Silico Pharmacogenomic Assessment of.","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1709_CR79","first-page":"594","volume":"37","author":"M Shettar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shettar M, Parthasarathi G, Reddy YCJ. Naltrexone\/bupropion combination therapy for obesity: efficacy, safety, and psychiatric considerations. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;37(5):594\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1709_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00181","volume":"7","author":"KP Skibicka","year":"2013","unstructured":"Skibicka KP. The central GLP-1: implications for food and drug reward. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:181.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"1709_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113234","volume":"291","author":"K Tomson-Johanson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomson-Johanson K, Forsell Y, Lichtenstein P. Serum cholesterol and impulsivity: evidence from population-based and clinical studies. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113234.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1709_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Anderer S. FDA Requests Removal of Suicidal Ideation Warning From GLP-1 RA Medications. JAMA. 2026;335(8):659. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2025.26370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.26370"},{"key":"1709_CR83","first-page":"107575","volume":"213","author":"D Vall\u00f6f","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vall\u00f6f D, Hedlund E, Shirazi RH. GLP-1 receptor signalling and its role in reward, metabolism, and individual variability in treatment response. Pharmacol Ther. 2020;213:107575.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"1709_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0849","volume":"63","author":"L van Bloemendaal","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Bloemendaal L, Jzerman RG, ten Kulve JS, Barkhof F, Konrad RJ, Drent ML, Veltman DJ, Diamant M. GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63(12):4186\u201396.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"1709_CR85","first-page":"873","volume":"39","author":"D Veale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Veale D, Riley S. Mirror gazing, self-focused attention and body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(8):873\u201383.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1709_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702448","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1702448","volume":"16","author":"KM V\u00f6lker","year":"2026","unstructured":"V\u00f6lker KM, Prechtl BLH, Bormann NL, Choi DS. The potential role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in substance use disorders - a systematic review. Front Pharmacol. 2026;16:1702448.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1709_CR87","first-page":"123","volume":"47","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Bao W, Liu J, Cheng X. Bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(1):123\u201334.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"1709_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","volume":"384","author":"JPH Wilding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989\u20131002.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"1709_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151800","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI151800","volume":"131","author":"B Winzeler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Winzeler B, Sailer CO, Coynel D, Zanchi D, Vogt DR, Urwyler SA, Refardt J, Christ-Crain M. A randomized controlled trial of the GLP-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide in primary polydipsia. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(20):e151800.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1709_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.018","volume":"113","author":"H Yapici-Eser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yapici-Eser H, Korucuoglu E, Ulker M, Koc E, Turgut G. The role of GLP-1 signaling in stress-related disorders and HPA axis regulation. Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;113:183\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.03.018.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"1709_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626103","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1626103","volume":"16","author":"W-S Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu W-S, Huang J-Y, Lo S-C, Huang C-N, Yang Y-S, Kornelius E. Association of tirzepatide and the risk of suicide in a real-world cohort. Front Psychiatry. 2025;16:1626103.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6741","key":"1709_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadt0773","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adt0773","volume":"387","author":"Z Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu Z, Gong R, Rodriguez V, Quach KT, Chen X, Sternson SM. Hedonic eating is controlled by DA neurons that oppose GLP-1R satiety. Science. 2025;387(6741):eadt0773.","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Current Psychiatry Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01709-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01709-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01709-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T02:02:31Z","timestamp":1787277751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01709-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-026-01709-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"65"}}