{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T23:21:54Z","timestamp":1791069714658,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]],"date-time":"2000-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":957139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,5,1]],"date-time":"2000-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":957139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rheumatol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T16:52:28Z","timestamp":1180975948000},"page":"262-270","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Morphology of vascular, renal, and heart lesions in the antiphospholipid syndrome: Relationship to pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Mary-Carmen","family":"Amigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romeo","family":"Garc\u00eda-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"89_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)01072-3","volume":"16","author":"CA Bowles","year":"1990","unstructured":"Bowles CA: Vasculopathy associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990, 16:471\u2013480.","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"89_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70159-0","volume":"19","author":"VA Alegre","year":"1988","unstructured":"Alegre VA, Winkelmann RK: Histopathologic and immunofluorescence study of skin lesions associated with circulating lupus anticoagulant. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988, 19:117\u2013124.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"89_CR3","first-page":"762","volume":"16","author":"D Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia","year":"1989","unstructured":"Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia D, Cardiel MH, Reyes E: Antiphospholipid arterial vasculopathy. J Rheumatol 1989, 16:762\u2013767.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(95)90218-X","volume":"26","author":"MD Hughson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hughson MD, McCarty GA, Brumback RA: Spectrum of vascular pathology affecting patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Human Pathol 1995, 26:716\u2013724.","journal-title":"Human Pathol"},{"key":"89_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339800700226","volume":"7","author":"RAS Roubey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Roubey RAS: Mechanisms of autoantibody-mediated thrombosis. Lupus 1998, 7:114\u2013119. Excellent review with focus on the role that autoantibodies may play in the pathophysiology of thrombosis associated with APS. APL interference with hemostatic reactions and cell-mediated events are clearly commented.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"89_CR6","first-page":"299","volume":"62","author":"PC Comp","year":"1983","unstructured":"Comp PC, De Bault LE, Esmon NL, et al.: Human thrombomodulin is inhibited by IgG from two patients with non-specific anticoagulants [Abstract]. Blood 1983, 62(Suppl 1):299.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"89_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.10.2618.2618","volume":"81","author":"JD Oosting","year":"1993","unstructured":"Oosting JD, Derksen RH, Bobbink IW, et al.: Antiphospholipid antibodies directed against a combination of phospholipid with prothrombin, protein C, or protein S: an explanation for their pathogenic mechanism? Blood 1993, 81:2618\u20132625.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"89_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830490116","volume":"49","author":"J Matsuda","year":"1995","unstructured":"Matsuda J, Gohchi K, Kawasugi K, et al.: Inhibitory activity of anti-b2-glycoprotein 1 antibody on factor Va degradation by activated-protein C and its cofactor protein S. Am J Hematol 1995, 49:89\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"89_CR9","first-page":"82","volume":"18","author":"AJ Stankiewickz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stankiewickz AJ, Steiner M, Lally EV, et al.: Abnormally high level of C4b binding protein and deficiency of free fraction of protein S in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and recurrent thromboses. J Rheumatol 1991, 18:82\u201387.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR10","first-page":"552","volume":"18","author":"G Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles G, Ruiz-Arg\u00fcelles A, Alarc\u00f3n-Segovia D, et al.: Natural anticoagulants in systemic lupus erythematosus. Deficiency of protein S bound to C4bp associates with recent history of venous thromboses, antiphospholipid antibodies, and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1991, 18:552\u2013558.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.9.2532.2532","volume":"83","author":"S Shibata","year":"1994","unstructured":"Shibata S, Harpel PC, Gharavi A, et al.: Autoantibodies to heparin from patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome inhibit formation of antithrombin III-thrombin complexes. Blood 1994, 83:2532\u20132540.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"89_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6732.1099","volume":"300","author":"F Violi","year":"1990","unstructured":"Violi F, Ferro D, Valesini G, et al.: Tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombosis. Br Med J 1990, 300:1099\u20131102.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"89_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1653871","volume":"73","author":"I Schousboe","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schousboe I, Rasmussen MS: Synchronized inhibition of the phospholipid-mediated autoactivation of factor Xll in plasma by b2 glycoprotein l and anti \u03b22-glicoprotein l. Thromb Haemost 1995, 73:798\u2013804.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"89_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339800700211","volume":"7","author":"PL Meroni","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meroni PL, Del Papa N, Raschi E, et al.: b2-Glycoprotein as a \u201cCofactor\u201d for anti-phospholipid reactivity with endothelial cells. Lupus 1998, 7:S44-S47. In this review, the authors demonstrate that \u03b22GP1 can adhere to endothelial cells offering suitable epitopes for circulating aPL, especially anti-\u03b22GP1 antibodies, that once bound, can induce cell activation.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"89_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.3.1328","volume":"153","author":"A Kornberg","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kornberg A, Blank M, Kaufman S, et al.: Induction of tissue factor-like activity in monocytes by anticardiolipin antibodies. J Immunol 1994, 153:1328\u20131332.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"89_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780400509","volume":"40","author":"MJ Cuadrado","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cuadrado MJ, L\u00f3pez-Pedrera C, Khamashta MA, et al.: Thrombosis in primary antiphospholipid syndrome: a pivotal role for monocyte tissue factor expression. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:834\u2013841. In this ex-vivo study, the authors showed that monocytes from patients with PAPS and thrombosis have increased expression of tissue factor(TF), TF-related procoagulant activity, and cellular and soluble TFAg. Even though not yet demonstrated in vivo, these results suggest another mechanism to explain the hypercoagulable state in PAPS.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"89_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649646","volume":"70","author":"ME Martinuzzo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Martinuzzo ME, Maclouf J, Carreras LO, et al.: Antiphospholipid antibodies enhance thrombin-induced platelet activation and thromboxane formation. Thromb Haemost 1993, 70:667\u2013671.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"89_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649576","volume":"70","author":"J Arvieux","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arvieux J, Roussel B, Pouzol P, et al.: Platelet activating properties of murine monoclonal antibodies to \u03b22-glycoprotein 1. Thromb Haemost 1993, 70:336\u2013341.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"89_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-3278(93)90035-U","volume":"49","author":"LO Carreras","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carreras LO: The lupus anticoagulant and eicosanoids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993, 49:483\u2013488.","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"89_CR20","first-page":"1291","volume":"243","author":"EW Raines","year":"1984","unstructured":"Raines EW, Dower SK, Ross R: Interleukin-1 mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells is due to PDGF-AA. Science 1984, 243:1291\u20131296.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"89_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339800700228","volume":"7","author":"EM Bevers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bevers EM, Comfurius P, Dekkers DWC, et al.: Regulatory mechanisms of transmembrane phospholipid distributions and pathophysiological implications of transbilayer lipid scrambling. Lupus 1998, 7:S126-S131. In this review, the mechanisms of regulation of transbilayer lipid distribution as well as the physiologic implications of collapse of transmembrane lipid asymmetry are presented. That phosphatidylserine exposure may lead to thrombosis and even explain the formation of aPL is also hypothesized.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"89_CR22","first-page":"92","volume":"34","author":"GM Szpak","year":"1996","unstructured":"Szpak GM, Kuczynska-Zardzewialy A, Popow J: Brain vascular changes in the case of primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Folia Neuropathol 1996, 34:92\u201396.","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"89_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.3.184","volume":"49","author":"PA Ostuni","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ostuni PA, Lazzarin P, Pengo V, et al.: Renal artery thrombosis and hypertension in a 13 year-old girl with antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1990, 49:184\u2013187.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"89_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000188858","volume":"72","author":"D Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez D, Dom\u00ednguez ML, D\u00ecaz F, et al.: Renal infarction in a severely hypertensive patient with lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies. Nephron 1996, 72:298\u2013301.","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"89_CR25","first-page":"1802","volume":"19","author":"PRJ Ames","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ames PRJ, Cianciaruso B, Vellizzi V, et al.: Bilateral renal artery occlusion in a patient with primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: thrombosis, vasculitis or both? J Rheumatol 1992, 19:1802\u20131806.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.51.10.1180-b","volume":"51","author":"E Rossi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rossi E, Sani C, Zini M, et al.: Anticardiolipin antibodies and renovascular hypertension. Ann Rheum Dis 1992, 51:1180\u20131181.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"89_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70264-0","volume":"20","author":"M Mandreoli","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mandreoli M, Zuccala A, Zucchelli P: Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries associated with antiphospholipid autoantibodies: two case reports. Am J Kidney Dis 1992, 20:500\u2013503.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"89_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000166532","volume":"1","author":"DB Bhathena","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bhathena DB, Sobel BJ, Migdal SD: Noninflammatory renal microangiopathy of systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus vasculitis). Am J Nephrol 1981, 1:144\u2013159.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"key":"89_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90345-X","volume":"62","author":"DS Baldwin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Baldwin DS, Gluck MC, Lowenstein J, et al.: Lupus nephritis: clinical course as related to morphological forms and their transitions. Am J Med 1977, 62:12\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"89_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/4.10.854","volume":"4","author":"D Kleinknecht","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kleinknecht D, Bobrie G, Meyer O, et al.: Recurrent thrombosis and renal vascular disease in patients with a lupus anticoagulant. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1989, 4:854\u2013858.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"89_CR31","first-page":"795","volume":"69","author":"P Kincaid-Smith","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kincaid-Smith P, Fairley KF, Kloss M: Lupus anticoagulant associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy and pregnancy-related renal failure. Quart J Med 1988, 69:795\u2013815. A very well-researched series describing the renal vascular lesions in pregnancy-related renal failure.","journal-title":"Quart J Med"},{"key":"89_CR32","first-page":"1181","volume":"19","author":"MC Amigo","year":"1992","unstructured":"Amigo MC, Garc\u00eda-Torres R, Robles M, et al.: Renal involvement in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:1181\u20131185. This was the first series demonstrating renal thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with PAPS.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR33","first-page":"479","volume":"11","author":"P Cacoub","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cacoub P, Wechler B, Piette JC, et al.: Malignant hypertension in antiphospholipid syndrome without overt lupus nephritis. Clin Exper Rheumatol 1993, 11:479\u2013485.","journal-title":"Clin Exper Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V103507","volume":"10","author":"D Nochy","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nochy D, Daugas E, Droz D, et al.: The intrarenal vascular lesions associated with Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10:507\u2013518. This multicenter study comprises 16 patients with PAPS, all with renal biopsy, followed for at least 5 years. In all cases, a vascular nephropathy was found. A detailed histopathologic study of the vascular lesions with its clinical correlation is the central point of this paper.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"89_CR35","first-page":"1289","volume":"19","author":"RE P\u00e8rez","year":"1992","unstructured":"P\u00e8rez RE, Mc Clendon JR, Lie JT: Primary antiphospholipid syndrome with multiorgan arterial and venous thromboses. J Rheumatol 1992, 19:1289\u20131292.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR36","first-page":"47","volume":"2","author":"RA Asherson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Asherson RA, Lanham JG, Hull RG, et al.: Renal vein thrombosis in systemic lupus associated with the lupus anticoagulant. Clin Exp Rheumatol, 1984, 2:47\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb07137.x","volume":"74","author":"RJ Morgan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morgan RJ, Feneley CL: Renal vein thrombosis caused by primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Urol 1994, 74:807\u2013808.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"89_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a091729","volume":"3","author":"F Liano","year":"1988","unstructured":"Liano F, Mampaso F, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn F: Allograft membranous glomerulonephritis and renal vein thrombosis in a patient with a lupus anticoagulant factor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1988, 3:684\u2013689.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"89_CR39","first-page":"874","volume":"20","author":"RA Asherson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Asherson RA, Buchanan N, Baguley E: Postpartum bilateral renal vein thrombosis in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1993, 20:874\u2013876.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)80986-3","volume":"23","author":"J Radhakrishnan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan J, Williams GS, Appel GB, et al.: Renal transplantation in anticardiolipin antibody-positive lupus erythematosus patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 23:286\u2013289.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"89_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1994.tb00952.x","volume":"8","author":"G Mondrag\u00f3n-Ram\u00edrez","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Ram\u00edrez G, Bochicchio T, Garc\u00eda-Torres R, et al.: Recurrent renal thrombotic angiopathy after kidney transplantation in two patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS). Clin Transplant 1994, 8:93\u201396. This was the first observation of an increased risk of recurrent thrombosis in the graft in PAPS.","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"89_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0012.1998.tb00995.x","volume":"12","author":"S Vaidya","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vaidya S, Wang CC, Gugliuzza C, et al.: Relative risk of posttransplant renal thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Clin Transplant 1998, 12:439\u2013444. On the basis of previous observations that thrombotic events and microangiopathy may recur in the graft, the authors evaluated the impact of APS on the renal transplant outcome of 174 patients. Their results clearly demonstrated that patients with APS are at high risk for development of post-transplant renal thrombosis.","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"key":"89_CR43","first-page":"486","volume":"13","author":"GRV Hughes","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hughes GRV, Harris NN, Gharavi AE: The anticardiolipin syndrome. J Rheumatol 1986, 13:486\u2013489.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-12-974","volume":"116","author":"N Kattwinkel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kattwinkel N, Villanueva AG, Labib SB, et al.: Myocardial infarction caused by cardiac microvasculopathy in a patient with the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1992, 116:974\u2013976.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"89_CR45","first-page":"597","volume":"15","author":"PM Ford","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ford PM, Ford SE, Lillicrap DP: Association of lupus anticoagulant with severe valvular heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1988, 15:597\u2013600.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780311122","volume":"31","author":"WF Lubbe","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lubbe WF, Asherson RA: Intracardiac thrombus in systemic lupus erythematosus associated with lupus anticoagulant. Arthritis Rheum 1988, 31:1453\u20131454.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"89_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91373-I","volume":"335","author":"MA Khamashta","year":"1990","unstructured":"Khamashta MA, Cervera R, Asherson RA, et al.: Association of antibodies against phospholipids with heart valve disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1990, 335:1541\u20131544.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"89_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339100100108","volume":"1","author":"R Cervera","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cervera R, Khamashta MA, Font J, et al. High prevalence of significant heart valve lesions in patients with the \u201cprimary\u201d antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1991, 1:43\u201347. A multicenter prospective echocardiographic study of 55 patients with PAPS.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"89_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500111","volume":"5","author":"R Garc\u00eda-Torres","year":"1996","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Torres R, Amigo MC, De la Rosa A, et al.: Valvular heart disease in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS): clinical and morphological findings. Lupus 1996, 5:56\u201361. Systematic study of valvular heart disease based on autopsy cases and operative specimens in PAPS.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"89_CR50","first-page":"1499","volume":"17","author":"SE Ford","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ford SE, Charrette EJP, Knight J, et al.: A possible role for antiphospholipid antibodies in acquired cardiac valve deformity. J Rheumatol 1990, 17:1499\u20131503.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"89_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500306","volume":"5","author":"L Ziporen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ziporen L, Goldberg I, Arad M, et al.: Libman-Sacks endocarditis in the antiphospholipid syndrome: immunopathologic findings in deformed heart valves. Lupus 1996, 5:196\u2013205.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"89_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08087.x","volume":"79","author":"KR McGrae","year":"1991","unstructured":"McGrae KR, De Michelle A, Samuels P, et al.: Detection of endothelial cell reactive immunoglobulin in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Br J Haematol 1991, 79:595\u2013605.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"89_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1191\/096120399678840873","volume":"8","author":"A Afek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Afek A, Manor R, Goldberg I, et al.: Increased endothelial cell expression of a3b1 integrin in Libman-Sacks endocarditis in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Lupus 1999, 8:502\u2013507.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"89_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(97)70050-6","volume":"10","author":"MA Agirbasli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Agirbasli MA, Hansen DE, Byrd BF: Resolution of vegetations with anticoagulation after myocardial infarction in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997, 10:877\u2013880.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"89_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(97)80034-0","volume":"27","author":"G Nesher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nesher G, Ilany J, Rosenmann D, et al.: Valvular dysfunction in antiphospholipid syndrome: prevalence, clinical features, and treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1997, 27:27\u201335. The authors describe four patients with severe APS-associated valvular dysfunction. An interesting observation is the dramatic clinical and hemodynamic response to treatment with prednisone. In addition, the pathogenensis, prevalence, clinical presentations, associated conditions, and treatment options in APS-related valvular dysfunction are reviewed.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"89_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.8.1579","volume":"93","author":"M Hojnik","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hojnik M, George J, Ziporen L, et al.: Heart valve involvement (Libman-Sacks endocarditis) in the antiphospholipid syndrome. Circulation 1996, 93:1579\u20131587.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"89_CR57","first-page":"3","volume":"136","author":"MC,Soto ME Amigo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Amigo MC,Soto ME, Esp\u00ednola N, et al.: La valvulopatia del sindrome antifosfolipido primario (SATP): estudio ecocardiografico prospectivo [Spanish]. Gac Med Mex 2000, 136:3\u20138.","journal-title":"Gac Med Mex"},{"key":"89_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8191.1995.tb01231.x","volume":"10","author":"DM Shahian","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shahian DM, Labib SB, Schneebaum AB: Etiology and management of chronic valve disease in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Card Surg 1995, 10:133\u2013139.","journal-title":"J Card Surg"},{"key":"89_CR59","first-page":"951","volume":"14","author":"A Niaz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Niaz A, Butany J: Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with involvement of a bioprosthetic heart valve. Can J Cardiol 1998, 14:951\u2013954.","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"89_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1924.00110300044002","volume":"33","author":"E Libman","year":"1924","unstructured":"Libman E, Sacks B: A hitherto undescribed form of valvular and mural endocarditis. Arch Int Med 1924, 33:701\u2013737.","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"}],"container-title":["Current Rheumatology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T22:27:33Z","timestamp":1737066453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]}},"alternative-id":["89"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-000-0089-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3774","1534-6307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3774","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,5]]}}}