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This large randomized controlled trial demonstrated that rituximab is as effective as oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in patients with severe ANCA-associated vasculitis and could even be more effective than oral cyclophosphamide in relapsing patients. Given the long-term toxicity of oral cyclophosphamide, the results of this study may change current practice in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"138_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909169","volume":"363","author":"RB Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022Jones RB, Cohen Tervaert JW, Hauser T, et al.: Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010, 363:211\u2013220. This study showed that rituximab is as effective as pulse intravenous cyclophosphamide in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis with severe renal involvement. It confirms and extends the data from the study by Stone et al. [8\u2022] and suggests that rituximab could be first choice for induction treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"138_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61400-7","volume":"93","author":"PJ Bansal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bansal PJ, Tobin MC: Neonatal microscopic polyangiitis secondary to transfer of maternal myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody resulting in neonatal pulmonary hemorrhage and renal involvement. 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Inhibitors of this enzyme, which have been developed, could be used in clinical practice.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"138_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008050497","volume":"20","author":"A Schreiber","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u2022Schreiber A, Xiao H, Jennette JC, et al.: C5a receptor mediates neutrophil activation and ANCA-induced glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:289\u2013298. Blocking the interaction between complement C5a and its receptor could abrogate lesion development in an animal model of MPO-ANCA glomerulonephritis. As monoclonal antibodies to C5a are clinically available, interfering in this process could be a novel treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"138_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-008-9268-2","volume":"29","author":"GQ Xing","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xing GQ, Chen M, Liu G, et al.: Complement activation is involved in renal damage in human antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody associated pauci-immune vasculitis. J Clin Immunol 2009, 29:282\u2013291.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"138_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.52","volume":"41","author":"BH Ewert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ewert BH, Jennette JC, Falk RJ: Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cells. 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These NETs containing PR3 and MPO may not only trigger vasculitis in the kidneys but may also promote the autoimmune response to PR3 and MPO.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"138_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215918","volume":"110","author":"H Xiao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, et al.: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:955\u2013963.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"138_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62952-5","volume":"167","author":"D Huugen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Huugen D, Xiao H, van Esch A, et al.: Aggravation of anti-myeloperoxidase antibody-induced glomerulonephritis by bacterial lipopolysaccharide: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. 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The authors showed that modulation of IgG glycosylation with the bacterial enzyme Endo S can prevent induction and mitigate disease expression in an animal model of MPO-ANCA\u2013associated glomerulonephritis. This could be a potential new approach in the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"138_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-0921","volume":"106","author":"MA Little","year":"2005","unstructured":"Little MA, Smyth CL, Yadav R, et al.: Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies directed against myeloperoxidase augment leukocyte-microvascular interactions in vivo. 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Most interestingly, they showed that immunization with an adhesion from gram-negative bacteria, by molecular mimicry, induces antibodies to hLAMP-2 that were pathogenic in in vitro and in vivo experiments.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"138_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.2.585","volume":"181","author":"R Kain","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kain R, Matsui K, Exner M, et al.: A novel class of autoantigens of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis: the lysosomal membrane glycoprotein h-LAMP-2 in neutrophil granulocytes and a related membrane protein in glomerular endothelial cells. J Exp Med 1995, 181:585\u2013597.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"138_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1008-1018","volume":"14","author":"CG Kallenberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kallenberg CG, Stegeman CA, Heeringa P: Autoantibodies vex the vasculature. Nat Med 2008, 14:1018\u20131019.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"138_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holle JU, Gross WL, Holl-Ulrich K, et al.: Prospective long-term follow-up of patients with localised Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: does it occur as persistent disease stage? Ann Rheum Dis 2010 May 28 (Epub ahead of print).","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.130203"},{"key":"138_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001670","volume":"70","author":"WH Abdulahad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abdulahad WH, van der Geld YM, Stegeman CA, Kallenberg CG: Persistent expansion of CD4+ effector memory T cells in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. 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This study shows that CD4\n                              \n                      +\n                    \n                              effector memory cells are present in the urine of patients with active renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. This may enable a diagnosis of active renal disease in this condition without doing a renal biopsy.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"138_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23557","volume":"58","author":"WH Abdulahad","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdulahad WH, Stegeman CA, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG: Skewed distribution of Th17 lymphocytes in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis in remission. 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Here, the authors showed that IL-17A is instrumental in the pathophysiology of experimental MPO-ANCA glomerulonephritis. Targeting IL-17 may be a promising approach.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"138_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2130","volume":"16","author":"EF McKinney","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u2022McKinney EF, Lyons PA, Carr EJ, et al.: A CD8+ T cell transcription signature predicts prognosis in autoimmune disease. Nat Med 2010, 16:586\u2013591. This study shows that the transcription signature of CD8\n                              \n                      +\n                    \n                              T cells can predict prognosis in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and SLE. This may allow a more individualized therapeutic approach in patients with these diseases.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"138_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22692","volume":"56","author":"WH Abdulahad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abdulahad WH, Stegeman CA, van der Geld YM, et al.: Functional defect of circulating regulatory CD4+ T cells in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis in remission. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56:2080\u20132091.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"138_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03213.x","volume":"130","author":"MD Morgan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Morgan MD, Day CJ, Piper KP, et al.: Patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis demonstrate a relative deficiency and functional impairment of T-regulatory cells. 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