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Case definitions for chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS\/ME): a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2014;4(2):e003973.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"628_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689108400123","volume":"84","author":"M Sharpe","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sharpe M, Archard L, Banatvala J, Borysiewicz L, Clare A, David A. A report-chronic fatigue syndrome: guidelines for research. J R Soc Med. 1991;84:118\u201321.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"628_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x","volume":"270","author":"B Carruthers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carruthers B, van de Sande M, De Meirleir K, Klimas N, Broderick G, Mitchell T, et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis: international consensus criteria. 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The neuro-immune pathophysiology of central and peripheral fatigue in systemic immune-inflammatory and neuro-immune diseases. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;53(2):1195\u2013219. This paper reviews pathways and abnormalities underpinning the incapacitating fatigue suffered by many people suffering from a range of systemic and neuro-inflammatory disorders including ME\/CFS.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9090-9"},{"key":"628_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan ZY, Kwiatek R, Burnet R, Del Fante P, Staines DR, Marshall-Gradisnik SM, et al. Progressive brain changes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: a longitudinal MRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016.","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25283"},{"issue":"3","key":"628_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3261","volume":"28","author":"LR Barnden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barnden LR, Crouch B, Kwiatek R, Burnet R, Del Fante P. Evidence in chronic fatigue syndrome for severity-dependent upregulation of prefrontal myelination that is independent of anxiety and depression. NMR Biomed. 2015;28(3):404\u201313.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"628_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornig M, Montoya JG, Klimas NG, Levine S, Felsenstein D, Bateman L et al. Distinct plasma immune signatures in ME\/CFS are present early in the course of illness. Sci Adv. 2015;1(1).","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400121"},{"key":"628_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Russell L, Broderick G, Taylor R, Fernandes H, Harvey J, Barnes Z, et al. Illness progression in chronic fatigue syndrome: a shifting immune baseline. BMC Immunol. 2016;17(1):1\u201311. This study involved patients diagnosed with ME\/CFS according to very narrow criteria and the authors reported longitudinal changes in their immune profile with elevated levels of IL-8 in the recently afflicted but the opposite held in patients ill for more than 2\u00a0years. Similarly, early ME\/CFS patients displayed low levels of IL-6 but the reverse was true in patients suffering from incapacitating fatigue for over 2\u00a0years.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-016-0142-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"628_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-008-0079-5","volume":"10","author":"JR Kerr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kerr JR. Gene profiling of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis. 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J Clin Pathol. 2010;63(2):156\u201364.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"628_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00098","volume":"5","author":"V Maletic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maletic V, Raison C. Integrated neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatr. 2014;5:98.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatr"},{"key":"628_CR17","unstructured":"\u2022 Maes M. A new case definition of neuro-inflammatory and oxidative fatigue (NIOF), a neuroprogressive disorder, formerly known as chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis: results of multivariate pattern recognition methods and external validation by neuro-immune biomarkers. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2015;36(4):320\u20139. This paper provides evidence demonstrating that ME\/CFS is not a single illness with a unitary pathogenesis and pathophysiology. This paper outlines a new diagnostic schema offering a pathway to selecting a \u201csubgroup \u201d of CFS patients which could form the basis of testing many of the explanations proposed to underpin the well-documented muscle pathology seen in many patients who have been afforded a CFS diagnosis."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"628_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.03.031","volume":"200","author":"M Maes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maes M, Twisk FN, Johnson C. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), and chronic fatigue (CF) are distinguished accurately: results of supervised learning techniques applied on clinical and inflammatory data. Psychiatry Res. 2012;200(2-3):754\u201360.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"628_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Giloteaux L, Goodrich JK, Walters WA, Levine SM, Ley RE, Hanson MR. Reduced diversity and altered composition of the gut microbiome in individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome. Microbiomed. 2016;4(1):1\u201312. This is an important study as it builds on earlier work demonstrating the existence of intestinal dysbiosis in many CFS patients. This is significant as it potentially explains the presence of commensal antigens in the periheral blood of ME\/CFS patients repeatedly reported by researchers. The chronic activation of pattern recognition receptors such as TLR-4 by bacterial antigens translocated from the gut could go some way to explaining the presence of activated inflammatory pathways and chronic O&NS in ME\/CFS patients diagnosed according to international consensus guidelines.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0171-4"},{"key":"628_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Shukla SK, Cook D, Meyer J, Vernon SD, Le T, Clevidence D, et al. Changes in gut and plasma microbiome following exercise challenge in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS). PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0145453. This study provided an avenue whereby patients with disuse muscle deconditioning could be differentiated from patients with ME\/CFS as these changes in the commensal population and plasma LPS levels with exercise have not been reported in the former group of people. This increase in systemic markers of inflammation can also go some way to explaining the phenomenon of a worsening of global symptoms during and in the immediate aftermath of very slight increases in physical activity.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145453"},{"issue":"3","key":"628_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.09.010","volume":"136","author":"M Maes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maes M, Twisk FN, Kubera M, Ringel K, Leunis JC, Geffard M. Increased IgA responses to the LPS of commensal bacteria is associated with inflammation and activation of cell-mediated immunity in chronic fatigue syndrome. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):909\u201317.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"628_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.08.021","volume":"99","author":"M Maes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maes M, Mihaylova I, Leunis J-C. Increased serum IgA and IgM against LPS of enterobacteria in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): indication for the involvement of gram-negative enterobacteria in the etiology of CFS and for the presence of an increased gut\u2013intestinal permeability. J Affect Disord. 2007;99(1-3):237\u201340.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"628_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Morris G, Berk M, Klein H, Walder K, Galecki P, Maes M. 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