{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1790766570271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rheumatol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0640-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T01:29:03Z","timestamp":1488331743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["An Update on the Genetic Polymorphism of HLA-B*27 With 213 Alleles Encompassing 160 Subtypes (and Still Counting)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Database issue","key":"640_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D423","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1161","volume":"43","author":"J Robinson","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022 Robinson J, Halliwell JA, Hayhurst JD, et al. The IPD and IMGT\/HLA database: allele variant databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(Database issue):D423\u201331. doi: 10.1093\/nar\/gku1161 . This publication explains the Immuno Polymorphism Database (IPD) that was developed in 2003 to provide a centralized system for the study of polymorphism in genes of the immune system. The IPD project was established by the HLA Informatics Group.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"640_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-013-0362-y","volume":"15","author":"MA Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Khan MA. Polymorphism of HLA-B27: 105 subtypes currently known. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15:362. doi: 10.1007\/s11926-013-0362-y . The author\u2019s previous review of the subject that is worth reading for the current update and expansion of this subject.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"640_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200307000-00001","volume":"15","author":"DA Brewerton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brewerton DA. Discovery: HLA and disease. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15(4):369\u201373.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"640_CR4","unstructured":"\u2022 Khan MA. Ankylosing spondylitis - axial spondyloarthritis. Professional Communications Inc. (PCI). West Islip, NY. 2016, pp.1\u2013333. ISBN: 978-1-943236-08-4. The most current book on AS\/AxSpA published in September, 2016 that provides additional current information on HLA-B27 and its clinical utility as an aid to disease recognition."},{"key":"640_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/11170_16","volume-title":"The HLA complex in biology and medicine. A Resource Book","author":"MA Khan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Khan MA. HLA and spondyloarthropathies. Chapter 16. In: Mehra NK, editor. The HLA complex in biology and medicine. A Resource Book. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd; 2010. p. 259\u201375."},{"key":"640_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112110","volume":"33","author":"P Bowness","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Bowness P. HLA-B27. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:29\u201348. An excellent and comprehensive review covering the role of HLA-B27 in etiopathogenesis of AS\/AxSpA.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"640_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3528","volume":"48","author":"D Ellinghaus","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Ellinghaus D, Jostin L, Spain SL, et al. Analysis of five chronic inflammatory diseases identifies 27 new associations and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci. Nat Genet. 2016;48(5):510\u20138. The authors report combined assessments of Immunochip genotyping datasets from 52,262 patients with five closely associated diseases (AS, Crohn\u2019s disease, psoriasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis; all seronegative inflammatory diseases) and 34,213 healthy controls. They were able to delineate the genetic overlap between these conditions, identify 27 new associations, and highlights disease-specific patterns at shared loci.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"640_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1995.tb02436.x","volume":"45","author":"C Lopez-Larrea","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lopez-Larrea C, Sujirachato K, Mehra NK, et al. HLA-B27 subtypes in Asian patients with ankylosing spondylitis: evidence for new associations. Tissue Antigens. 1995;45(3):169\u201376.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"640_CR9","first-page":"1111","volume":"24","author":"AR Nasution","year":"1997","unstructured":"Nasution AR, Mardjuadi A, Kunmartini S, et al. HLA-B27 subtypes positively and negatively associated with spondyloarthropathy. 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HLA-B27-mediated protection in HIV and hepatitis C virus infection and pathogenesis in spondyloarthritis: two sides of the same coin? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25(4):426\u201333. The author reviews the multiple virological and immunological mechanisms that have been suggested to contribute to HLA-B27-mediated protection in HIV and HCV infection. It is suggested that some of these mechanisms may also be involved in HLA-B27-associated pathogenesis in AS and associated forms of spondyloarthritis.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"640_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24541","volume":"54","author":"C Neumann-Haefelin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Neumann-Haefelin C, Oniangue-Ndza C, Kuntzen T, et al. HLA-B27 selects for rare escape mutations that significantly impair Hepatitis C virus replication and require compensatory mutations. 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This study shows that the vaccines based upon the envelope glycoprotein of HIV are unlikely to be effective in eliciting an immune response in vivo in HLA-B*27+ individuals because the predominant 9-mers IRIGPGQAF of gp120 are significantly less immunogenic toward HLA-B*27 than to HLA-A*02.","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"issue":"1","key":"640_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.08.009","volume":"60","author":"K Nitschke","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Nitschke K, Barriga A, Schmidt J, et al. HLA-B*27 subtype specificity determines targeting and viral evolution of a hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cell epitope. J Hepatol. 2014;60(1):22\u20139. This important study shows that a hepatitis C virus-specific CD8+ T cell epitope NS5B2820 is immunodominant in the context of HLA-B*27:02 (that is frequent in the Mediterranean populations), but is not restricted by HLA-B*27:05 (the most common subtype worldwide). These findings may have important implications for the selection of epitopes for global vaccines.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"640_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2013.863381","volume":"43","author":"SS Johnsen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnsen SS, Bakland G, Nossent JC. The distribution of HLA-B27 subtype in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in Northern Norway. Scand J Rheumatol. 2014;43(4):296\u2013300.","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"640_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02785.x","volume":"49","author":"J Baech","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baech J, Schmidt-Olsen S, Steffensen R, et al. Frequency of HLA-B27 subtypes in a Danish patient population and in Danish patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Tissue Antigens. 1997;49(5):499\u2013502.","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"issue":"5","key":"640_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.01.003","volume":"8","author":"A Mathieu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mathieu A, Paladini F, Vacca A, et al. The interplay between the geographic distribution of HLA-B27 alleles and their role in infectious and autoimmune diseases: a unifying hypothesis. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8(5):420\u20135.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"640_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rana MK, Luthra-Guptasarma M. Differences in conformational stability of the two alpha domains of the disease associated and non-disease-associated subtypes of HLA-B27. 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