{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T20:40:11Z","timestamp":1793652011336,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490832000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","award":["T32AR048522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AR048522"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE 12354-15A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE 12354-15A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rheumatol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0641-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]],"date-time":"2017-03-30T06:07:30Z","timestamp":1490854050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Pathogenesis: A Commentary"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Gapud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Antiochos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"641_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","volume":"65","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, Basu N, Cid MC, Ferrario F, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):1\u201311. doi: 10.1002\/art.37715 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"641_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-6-488","volume":"116","author":"GS Hoffman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, et al. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(6):488\u201398.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"641_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11075","volume":"48","author":"JH Stone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stone JH, Wegener\u2019s Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial Research G. Limited versus severe Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: baseline data on patients in the Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis etanercept trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(8):2299\u2013309. doi: 10.1002\/art.11075 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:3<421::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-6","volume":"42","author":"L Guillevin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Guillevin L, Durand-Gasselin B, Cevallos R, Gayraud M, Lhote F, Callard P, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty-five patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(3):421\u201330. doi: 10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:3<421::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-6 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"641_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.79.s3.01","volume":"79","author":"C Langford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Langford C. Clinical features and diagnosis of small-vessel vasculitis. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012;79 Suppl 3:S3\u20137. doi: 10.3949\/ccjm.79.s3.01 .","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"641_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2079-4","volume":"32","author":"JK Ahn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ahn JK, Hwang JW, Lee J, Jeon CH, Cha HS, Koh EM. Clinical features and outcome of microscopic polyangiitis under a new consensus algorithm of ANCA-associated vasculitides in Korea. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(10):2979\u201386. doi: 10.1007\/s00296-011-2079-4 .","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"641_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00359-0","volume":"115","author":"KA Keogh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Keogh KA, Specks U. Churg-Strauss syndrome: clinical presentation, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Am J Med. 2003;115(4):284\u201390.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"641_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37721","volume":"65","author":"C Comarmond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Comarmond C, Pagnoux C, Khellaf M, Cordier JF, Hamidou M, Viallard JF, et al. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss): clinical characteristics and long-term followup of the 383 patients enrolled in the French Vasculitis Study Group cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(1):270\u201381. doi: 10.1002\/art.37721 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6342","key":"641_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6342.606","volume":"285","author":"DJ Davies","year":"1982","unstructured":"Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB. Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285(6342):606.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1984.tb03769.x","volume":"14","author":"JB Hall","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hall JB, Wadham BM, Wood CJ, Ashton V, Adam WR. Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis: a subgroup with an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Aust N Z J Med. 1984;14(3):277\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Med"},{"issue":"8426","key":"641_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91147-X","volume":"1","author":"FJ van der Woude","year":"1985","unstructured":"van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S, Wiik A, Permin H, van Es LA, et al. Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. Lancet. 1985;1(8426):425\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"641_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199809)41:9<1521::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-A","volume":"41","author":"GS Hoffman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hoffman GS, Specks U. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(9):1521\u201337. doi: 10.1002\/1529-0131(199809)41:9<1521::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-A .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"641_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/ar96","volume":"2","author":"A Wiik","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wiik A. What you should know about PR3-ANCA. An introduction. Arthritis Res. 2000;2(4):252\u20134. doi: 10.1186\/ar96 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"641_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215918","volume":"110","author":"H Xiao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, Liu Z, Zhao M, Aratani Y, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(7):955\u201363. doi: 10.1172\/JCI15918 .","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"641_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.01.001","volume":"45","author":"DJ Schlieben","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlieben DJ, Korbet SM, Kimura RE, Schwartz MM, Lewis EJ. Pulmonary-renal syndrome in a newborn with placental transmission of ANCAs. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(4):758\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"641_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4115","volume":"87","author":"RJ Falk","year":"1990","unstructured":"Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(11):4115\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.3.1271","volume":"153","author":"AJ Porges","year":"1994","unstructured":"Porges AJ, Redecha PB, Kimberly WT, Csernok E, Gross WL, Kimberly RP. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies engage and activate human neutrophils via Fc gamma RIIa. J Immunol. 1994;153(3):1271\u201380.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"641_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3940","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.8.3940","volume":"159","author":"M Kocher","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kocher M, Siegel ME, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP. Cross-linking of Fc gamma receptor IIa and Fc gamma receptor IIIb induces different proadhesive phenotypes on human neutrophils. J Immunol. 1997;159(8):3940\u20138.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000050223.34749.F4","volume":"14","author":"JM Williams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Williams JM, Ben-Smith A, Hewins P, Dove SK, Hughes P, McEwan R, et al. Activation of the G(i) heterotrimeric G protein by ANCA IgG F(ab\u2019)2 fragments is necessary but not sufficient to stimulate the recruitment of those downstream mediators used by intact ANCA IgG. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(3):661\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909905","volume":"363","author":"JH Stone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, Seo P, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):221\u201332. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa0909905 .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909169","volume":"363","author":"RB Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, Luqmani R, Morgan MD, Peh CA, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA-associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):211\u201320. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa0909169 .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"641_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1213277","volume":"369","author":"U Specks","year":"2013","unstructured":"Specks U, Merkel PA, Seo P, Spiera R, Langford CA, Hoffman GS, et al. Efficacy of remission-induction regimens for ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(5):417\u201327. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa1213277 .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"641_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404231","volume":"371","author":"L Guillevin","year":"2014","unstructured":"\u2022 Guillevin L, Pagnoux C, Karras A, Khouatra C, Aumaitre O, Cohen P, et al. Rituximab versus azathioprine for maintenance in ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(19):1771\u201380. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa1404231 . This trial demonstrated the efficacy of B cell depletion with Rituximab in maintenance treatment of AAV.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"641_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328346c332","volume":"23","author":"H Tadema","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tadema H, Heeringa P, Kallenberg CG. Bacterial infections in Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis: mechanisms potentially involved in autoimmune pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(4):366\u201371. doi: 10.1097\/BOR.0b013e328346c332 .","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"641_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.103","volume":"10","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ. Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-mediated disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(8):463\u201373. doi: 10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.103 .","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3283456731","volume":"20","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Gasim AH. Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody vasculitis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20(3):263\u201370. doi: 10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3283456731 .","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"641_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nm968","volume":"10","author":"WF Pendergraft 3rd","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pendergraft 3rd WF, Preston GA, Shah RR, Tropsha A, Carter Jr CW, Jennette JC, et al. Autoimmunity is triggered by cPR-3(105-201), a protein complementary to human autoantigen proteinase-3. Nat Med. 2004;10(1):72\u20139. doi: 10.1038\/nm968 .","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"641_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.309","volume":"74","author":"J Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang J, Bautz DJ, Lionaki S, Hogan SL, Chin H, Tisch RM, et al. ANCA patients have T cells responsive to complementary PR-3 antigen. Kidney Int. 2008;74(9):1159\u201369. doi: 10.1038\/ki.2008.309 .","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"641_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-1-199401010-00003","volume":"120","author":"CA Stegeman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, Sluiter WJ, Manson WL, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG. Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(1):12\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"641_CR30","first-page":"825","volume":"59","author":"K Zycinska","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zycinska K, Wardyn KA, Zielonka TM, Demkow U, Traburzynski MS. Chronic crusting, nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and relapse rate in pulmonary Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59 Suppl 6:825\u201331.","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 57","key":"641_CR31","first-page":"51","volume":"28","author":"M Laudien","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laudien M, Gadola SD, Podschun R, Hedderich J, Paulsen J, Reinhold-Keller E, et al. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and endonasal activity in Wegener s granulomatosis as compared to rheumatoid arthritis and chronic Rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28(1 Suppl 57):51\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"641_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607043350103","volume":"335","author":"CA Stegeman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(1):16\u201320. doi: 10.1056\/NEJM199607043350103 .","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"641_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1874","volume":"14","author":"R Kain","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kain R, Exner M, Brandes R, Ziebermayr R, Cunningham D, Alderson CA, et al. Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Nat Med. 2008;14(10):1088\u201396. doi: 10.1038\/nm.1874 .","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011030273","volume":"23","author":"AJ Roth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Roth AJ, Brown MC, Smith RN, Badhwar AK, Parente O, Chung H, et al. Anti-LAMP-2 antibodies are not prevalent in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(3):545\u201355. doi: 10.1681\/ASN.2011030273 .","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"641_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101092","volume":"26","author":"EA McInnis","year":"2015","unstructured":"McInnis EA, Badhwar AK, Muthigi A, Lardinois OM, Allred SC, Yang J, et al. Dysregulation of autoantigen genes in ANCA-associated vasculitis involves alternative transcripts and new protein synthesis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(2):390\u20139. doi: 10.1681\/ASN.2013101092 .","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5663","key":"641_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303(5663):1532\u20135. doi: 10.1126\/science.1092385 .","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"641_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-416156","volume":"120","author":"S Sangaletti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sangaletti S, Tripodo C, Chiodoni C, Guarnotta C, Cappetti B, Casalini P, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity. Blood. 2012;120(15):3007\u201318. doi: 10.1182\/blood-2012-03-416156 .","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"11","key":"641_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20607","volume":"50","author":"S Weidner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weidner S, Carl M, Riess R, Rupprecht HD. Histologic analysis of renal leukocyte infiltration in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: importance of monocyte and neutrophil infiltration in tissue damage. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(11):3651\u20137. doi: 10.1002\/art.20607 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"641_CR39","first-page":"457","volume":"18","author":"U Schonermarck","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schonermarck U, Csernok E, Trabandt A, Hansen H, Gross WL. Circulating cytokines and soluble CD23, CD26 and CD30 in ANCA-associated vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18(4):457\u201363.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"641_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00049-1","volume":"102","author":"G Wang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wang G, Hansen H, Tatsis E, Csernok E, Lemke H, Gross WL. High plasma levels of the soluble form of CD30 activation molecule reflect disease activity in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. Am J Med. 1997;102(6):517\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"641_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22692","volume":"56","author":"WH Abdulahad","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abdulahad WH, Stegeman CA, van der Geld YM, Doornbos-van der Meer B, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG. Functional defect of circulating regulatory CD4+ T cells in patients with Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis in remission. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):2080\u201391. doi: 10.1002\/art.22692 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"641_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18734","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018734","volume":"6","author":"M Rimbert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rimbert M, Hamidou M, Braudeau C, Puechal X, Teixeira L, Caillon H, et al. Decreased numbers of blood dendritic cells and defective function of regulatory T cells in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e18734. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0018734 .","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"641_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37959","volume":"65","author":"ME Free","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u2022 Free ME, Bunch DO, McGregor JA, Jones BE, Berg EA, Hogan SL, et al. Patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis have defective Treg cell function exacerbated by the presence of a suppression-resistant effector cell population. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(7):1922\u201333. doi: 10.1002\/art.37959 . Analysis of peripheral blood samples from AAV patients demonstrated the presence of impaired suppressor function in T reg cells, as well as the presence of a proinflammatory CD4+ T cell population.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"39","key":"641_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210147109","volume":"109","author":"JD Ooi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ooi JD, Chang J, Hickey MJ, Borza DB, Fugger L, Holdsworth SR, et al. The immunodominant myeloperoxidase T-cell epitope induces local cell-mediated injury in antimyeloperoxidase glomerulonephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(39):E2615\u201324. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.1210147109 .","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"641_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108735","volume":"367","author":"PA Lyons","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Lyons PA, Rayner TF, Trivedi S, Holle JU, Watts RA, Jayne DR, et al. Genetically distinct subsets within ANCA-associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(3):214\u201323. doi: 10.1056\/NEJMoa1108735 . This GWAS study performed in European AAV patients demonstrated distinct MHC associations in GPA versus MPA. Mutations in the gene encoding PR3 (PRTN3) were also linked to the presence of anti-PR3 antibodies.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"641_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38036","volume":"65","author":"G Xie","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xie G, Roshandel D, Sherva R, Monach PA, Lu EY, Kung T, et al. Association of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener\u2019s) with HLA-DPB1*04 and SEMA6A gene variants: evidence from genome-wide analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(9):2457\u201368. doi: 10.1002\/art.38036 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"641_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40034","author":"PA Merkel","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Merkel PA, Xie G, Monach PA, Ji X, Ciavatta DJ, Byun J, et al. Identification of functional and expression polymorphisms associated with risk for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016. doi: 10.1002\/art.40034 . This most recent genome-wide association study confirmed the reports of prior studies that specific MHC class II alleles are associated with increased risk for developing both granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"641_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055420","volume":"34","author":"ER Unanue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Unanue ER, Turk V, Neefjes J. Variations in MHC class II antigen processing and presentation in health and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2016;34:265\u201397. doi: 10.1146\/annurev-immunol-041015-055420 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"641_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3600","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4600","volume":"5","author":"DP Granados","year":"2014","unstructured":"Granados DP, Sriranganadane D, Daouda T, Zieger A, Laumont CM, Caron-Lizotte O, et al. Impact of genomic polymorphisms on the repertoire of human MHC class I-associated peptides. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3600. doi: 10.1038\/ncomms4600 .","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"641_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132453","volume":"8","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Hu P, Xiao H. Pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2013;8:139\u201360. doi: 10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011811-132453 .","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"641_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27398","volume":"62","author":"C Cheadle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheadle C, Berger AE, Andrade F, James R, Johnson K, Watkins T, et al. Transcription of proteinase 3 and related myelopoiesis genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with active Wegener\u2019s granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(6):1744\u201354. doi: 10.1002\/art.27398 .","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"641_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11888","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11888","volume":"5","author":"EC O\u2019Brien","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 O\u2019Brien EC, Abdulahad WH, Rutgers A, Huitema MG, O\u2019Reilly VP, Coughlan AM, et al. Intermediate monocytes in ANCA vasculitis: increased surface expression of ANCA autoantigens and IL-1beta secretion in response to anti-MPO antibodies. Sci Rep. 2015;5:11888. doi: 10.1038\/srep11888 . This study identified a subset of circulating monocytes which are increased in AAV patients and express high levels of MPO and PR3. Anti-MPO antibodies stimulated the production of inflammatory cytokines in these monocytes.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"641_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119662","volume":"100","author":"DR Ralston","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ralston DR, Marsh CB, Lowe MP, Wewers MD. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies induce monocyte IL-8 release. Role of surface proteinase-3, alpha1-antitrypsin, and Fcgamma receptors. J Clin Invest. 1997;100(6):1416\u201324. doi: 10.1172\/JCI119662 .","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Current Rheumatology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-017-0641-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11926-017-0641-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-017-0641-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T09:58:12Z","timestamp":1719136692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11926-017-0641-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-017-0641-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3774","1534-6307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3774","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2017","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"15"}}