{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:23:30Z","timestamp":1792639410808,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rheumatol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00893-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T19:03:21Z","timestamp":1589310201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["An Update on the Pathogenesis of Skin Damage in Lupus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Qianwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianjin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.12.014","volume":"8","author":"M Baltaci","year":"2009","unstructured":"Baltaci M, Fritsch P. Histologic features of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;8(6):467\u201373.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(81)80261-7","volume":"4","author":"JN Gilliam","year":"1981","unstructured":"Gilliam JN, Sontheimer RD. Distinctive cutaneous subsets in the spectrum of lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;4(4):471\u20135.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR3","first-page":"33","volume":"154","author":"C Frances","year":"2003","unstructured":"Frances C, et al. Classification of dermatologic manifestations in lupus erythematosus. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 2003;154(1):33\u201344.","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne (Paris)"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1610-0387.2007.06554.x","volume":"5","author":"A Kuhn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Sticherling M, Bonsmann G. Clinical manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2007;5(12):1124\u201337.","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR5","first-page":"200","volume":"65","author":"VP Werth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Werth VP. Cutaneous lupus: insights into pathogenesis and disease classification. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2007;65(3):200\u20134.","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.9026","volume":"150","author":"IT Wieczorek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wieczorek IT, et al. Systemic symptoms in the progression of cutaneous to systemic lupus erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(3):291\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR7","first-page":"205","volume":"52","author":"E Ortona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ortona E, et al. Sex-based differences in autoimmune diseases. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2016;52(2):205\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2017.69984","volume":"35","author":"K Skonieczna","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skonieczna K, Wo\u017aniacka A, Czajkowski R, Styczy\u0144ski J, Krenska A, Robak E, et al. X-linked TLR7 gene polymorphisms are associated with diverse immunological conditions but not with discoid lupus erythematosus in Polish patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2018;35(1):26\u201332.","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2017.67479","volume":"34","author":"K Skonieczna","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Skonieczna K, et al. Genetic similarities and differences between discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus patients within the Polish population. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2017;34(3):228\u201332. In this study, researchers have compared the frequencies of SNPs located inSTAT4,ITGAM, andTNXBgenes among DLE, SLE, and healthy controls, suggesting certain differences in the molecular background between DLE and SLE.","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol Alergol"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03764.x","volume":"35","author":"MA Vera-Recabarren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vera-Recabarren MA, Garc\u00eda-Carrasco M, Ramos-Casals M, Herrero C. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: clinical and immunological study of 308 patients stratified by gender. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2010;35(7):729\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318777103","volume":"27","author":"MP Petersen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petersen MP, M\u00f6ller S, Bygum A, Voss A, Bliddal M. Epidemiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and the associated risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Lupus. 2018;27(9):1424\u201330.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.03.003","volume":"149","author":"SK Tedeschi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tedeschi SK, Bermas B, Costenbader KH. Sexual disparities in the incidence and course of SLE and RA. Clin Immunol. 2013;149(2):211\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22510","volume":"56","author":"KH Costenbader","year":"2007","unstructured":"Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Karlson EW. Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(4):1251\u201362.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10248","volume":"47","author":"A Doria","year":"2002","unstructured":"Doria A, Cutolo M, Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Vescovi F, Sulli A, et al. Steroid hormones and disease activity during pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47(2):202\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33400","volume":"64","author":"T Colasanti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Colasanti T, et al. Autoantibodies to estrogen receptor alpha interfere with T lymphocyte homeostasis and are associated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(3):778\u201387.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"893_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","volume":"16","author":"SL Klein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(10):626\u201338.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.08367.x","volume":"158","author":"M Trancart","year":"2008","unstructured":"Trancart M, Cavailhes A, Balme B, Skowron F. Anastrozole-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(3):628\u20139.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03305.x","volume":"129","author":"JA Yell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yell JA, Burge SM. The effect of hormonal changes on cutaneous disease in lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129(1):18\u201322.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23701","volume":"58","author":"RH Scofield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scofield RH, Bruner GR, Namjou B, Kimberly RP, Ramsey-Goldman R, Petri M, et al. Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome (47,XXY) in male systemic lupus erythematosus patients: support for the notion of a gene-dose effect from the X chromosome. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2511\u20137.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.37","volume":"10","author":"CM Cooney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooney CM, Bruner GR, Aberle T, Namjou-Khales B, Myers LK, Feo L, et al. 46,X,del(X)(q13) Turner\u2019s syndrome women with systemic lupus erythematosus in a pedigree multiplex for SLE. Genes Immun. 2009;10(5):478\u201381.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203315622823","volume":"25","author":"YH Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. Association between toll-like receptor polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis update. Lupus. 2016;25(6):593\u2013601.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"11","key":"893_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303400","volume":"193","author":"S Laffont","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laffont S, et al. X-chromosome complement and estrogen receptor signaling independently contribute to the enhanced TLR7-mediated IFN-alpha production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from women. J Immunol. 2014;193(11):5444\u201352.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2016-0379","volume":"11","author":"J Zeng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zeng J, et al. Novel biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus. Biomark Med. 2017;11(8):677\u201386.","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01935.x","volume":"98","author":"LG Millard","year":"1978","unstructured":"Millard LG, Rowell NR. Chilblain lupus erythematosus (Hutchinson). A clinical and laboratory study of 17 patients. Br J Dermatol. 1978;98(5):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1977.tb12535.x","volume":"96","author":"LG Millard","year":"1977","unstructured":"Millard LG, Rowell NR, Rajah SM. Histocompatibility antigens in discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 1977;96(2):139\u201344.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2014.6","volume":"15","author":"DL Morris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris DL, et al. MHC associations with clinical and autoantibody manifestations in European SLE. Genes Immun. 2014;15(4):210\u20137.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR27","first-page":"77","volume":"45","author":"A Osmola","year":"2004","unstructured":"Osmola A, Namys\u0142 J, Jagodzi\u0144ski PP, Prokop J. Genetic background of cutaneous forms of lupus erythematosus: update on current evidence. J Appl Genet. 2004;45(1):77\u201386.","journal-title":"J Appl Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2009.00982.x","volume":"19","author":"TM Jarvinen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jarvinen TM, et al. Tyrosine kinase 2 and interferon regulatory factor 5 polymorphisms are associated with discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol. 2010;19(2):123\u201331.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200463","volume":"71","author":"TB Niewold","year":"2012","unstructured":"Niewold TB, Kelly JA, Kariuki SN, Franek BS, Kumar AA, Kaufman KM, et al. IRF5 haplotypes demonstrate diverse serological associations which predict serum interferon alpha activity and explain the majority of the genetic association with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(3):463\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"893_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0706-2","volume":"17","author":"JC Achtman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Achtman JC, Werth VP. Pathophysiology of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:182.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00118.x","volume":"115","author":"VP Werth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Werth VP, et al. Association of a promoter polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-alpha with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and distinct photoregulation of transcription. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115(4):726\u201330.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2004.10.003","volume":"4","author":"RD Sontheimer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sontheimer RD. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: 25-year evolution of a prototypic subset (subphenotype) of lupus erythematosus defined by characteristic cutaneous, pathological, immunological, and genetic findings. Autoimmun Rev. 2005;4(5):253\u201363.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2217\/ijr.11.32","volume":"6","author":"MA Jeffries","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. Epigenetics in systemic lupus erythematosus: leading the way for specific therapeutic agents. Int J Clin Rheumatol. 2011;6(4):423\u201339.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"893_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.12.006","volume":"41","author":"A Hewagama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hewagama A, Gorelik G, Patel D, Liyanarachchi P, McCune W, Somers E, et al. Overexpression of X-linked genes in T cells from women with lupus. J Autoimmun. 2013;41:60\u201371.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"893_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.07.002","volume":"54","author":"M Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao M, et al. DNA methylation and mRNA and microRNA expression of SLE CD4+ T cells correlate with disease phenotype. J Autoimmun. 2014;54:127\u201336.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"893_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.04.003","volume":"43","author":"P Coit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coit P, Jeffries M, Altorok N, Dozmorov MG, Koelsch KA, Wren JD, et al. Genome-wide DNA methylation study suggests epigenetic accessibility and transcriptional poising of interferon-regulated genes in naive CD4+ T cells from lupus patients. J Autoimmun. 2013;43:78\u201384.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"893_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.03.001","volume":"69","author":"M Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao M, et al. Increased 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CD4(+) T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2016;69:64\u201373.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"11","key":"893_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208410","volume":"75","author":"M Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao M, et al. IFI44L promoter methylation as a blood biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(11):1998\u20132006.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/lupus-2015-000101","volume":"2","author":"P Renauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renauer P, Coit P, Jeffries MA, Merrill JT, McCune W, Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, et al. DNA methylation patterns in naive CD4+ T cells identify epigenetic susceptibility loci for malar rash and discoid rash in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2(1):e000101.","journal-title":"Lupus Sci Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"893_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203311413412","volume":"20","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Qiu X, Luo Y, Yuan J, Li Y, Zhong Q, et al. Histone modifications and methyl-CpG-binding domain protein levels at the TNFSF7 (CD70) promoter in SLE CD4+ T cells. Lupus. 2011;20(13):1365\u201371.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2009.66","volume":"11","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Song L, Maurer K, Petri MA, Sullivan KE. Global H4 acetylation analysis by ChIP-chip in systemic lupus erythematosus monocytes. Genes Immun. 2010;11(2):124\u201333.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02890-0","volume":"9","author":"M Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao M, Tan Y, Peng Q, Huang C, Guo Y, Liang G, et al. IL-6\/STAT3 pathway induced deficiency of RFX1 contributes to Th17-dependent autoimmune diseases via epigenetic regulation. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):583.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew508","volume":"56","author":"H Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao H, Wang L, Luo H, Li QZ, Zuo X. TNFAIP3 downregulation mediated by histone modification contributes to T-cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(5):835\u201343.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"893_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00100","volume":"5","author":"A Ghorai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghorai A, Ghosh U. miRNA gene counts in chromosomes vary widely in a species and biogenesis of miRNA largely depends on transcription or post-transcriptional processing of coding genes. Front Genet. 2014;5:100.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.01.004","volume":"294","author":"D Khan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khan D, Dai R, Ansar Ahmed S. Sex differences and estrogen regulation of miRNAs in lupus, a prototypical autoimmune disease. Cell Immunol. 2015;294(2):70\u20139.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.07.026","volume":"139","author":"C Sole","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Sole C, et al. MicroRNA expression profiling identifies miR-31 and miR-485-3p as regulators in the pathogenesis of discoid cutaneous lupus. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139(1):51\u201361. This report has shown a specific microRNA expression profile in DLE-affected skin as compared with SCLE.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"24","key":"893_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7551","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02676-14","volume":"80","author":"H Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liao X, Sparks JB, Luo XM. Dynamics of gut microbiota in autoimmune lupus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80(24):7551\u201360.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"893_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102391","volume":"108","author":"Cancan Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang C, et al. Disordered cutaneous microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2019:102391.","journal-title":"Journal of Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR49","first-page":"1339","volume":"36","author":"J Reichrath","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reichrath J, et al. Biologic effects of light: an enlighting prospective. Anticancer Res. 2016;36(3):1339\u201343.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203317707064","volume":"26","author":"H McGrath Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGrath H Jr. Ultraviolet-A1 irradiation therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2017;26(12):1239\u201351.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.114589","volume":"45","author":"A Kuhn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Sonntag M, Richter-Hintz D, Oslislo C, Megahed M, Ruzicka T, et al. Phototesting in lupus erythematosus: a 15-year experience. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(1):86\u201395.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.101","volume":"131","author":"A Kuhn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Wozniacka A, Szepietowski JC, Gl\u00e4ser R, Lehmann P, Haust M, et al. Photoprovocation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a multicenter study evaluating a standardized protocol. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(8):1622\u201330.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04995.x","volume":"147","author":"N Tsukazaki","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tsukazaki N, et al. Photoprovocation test and immunohistochemical analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in patients with Sjogren\u2019s syndrome associated with photosensitivity. Br J Dermatol. 2002;147(6):1102\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203310370344","volume":"19","author":"A Kuhn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Ruland V, Bonsmann G. Photosensitivity, phototesting, and photoprotection in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2010;19(9):1036\u201346.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12018","volume":"29","author":"A Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim A, Chong BF. Photosensitivity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2013;29(1):4\u201311.","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00253.x","volume":"111","author":"A Kuhn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Fehsel K, Lehmann P, Krutmann J, Ruzicka T, Kolb-Bachofen V. Aberrant timing in epidermal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase after UV irradiation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;111(1):149\u201353.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8120569","volume":"8","author":"Pei-Wen Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang PW, et al. Comparison of the biological impact of UVA and UVB upon the skin with functional proteomics and immunohistochemistry. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019:8(12).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb01905.x","volume":"65","author":"DA Norris","year":"1997","unstructured":"Norris DA, Whang K, David-Bajar K, Bennion SD. The influence of ultraviolet light on immunological cytotoxicity in the skin. Photochem Photobiol. 1997;65(4):636\u201346.","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.04182.x","volume":"144","author":"B Baima","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baima B, Sticherling M. Apoptosis in different cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144(5):958\u201366.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5429","key":"893_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5429.898","volume":"285","author":"LL Hill","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hill LL, Ouhtit A, Loughlin SM, Kripke ML, Ananthaswamy HN, Owen-Schaub LB. Fas ligand: a sensor for DNA damage critical in skin cancer etiology. Science. 1999;285(5429):898\u2013900.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.6.2645","volume":"183","author":"MB Baker","year":"1996","unstructured":"Baker MB, Altman NH, Podack ER, Levy RB. The role of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute GVHD after MHC-matched allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice. J Exp Med. 1996;183(6):2645\u201356.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6567","key":"893_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/379682a0","volume":"379","author":"H Yagita","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yagita H, et al. CD95 ligand in graft rejection. Nature. 1996;379(6567):682.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"893_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez116","volume":"58","author":"SLM Blokland","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blokland SLM, et al. Increased expression of Fas on group 2 and 3 innate lymphoid cells is associated with an interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(10):1740\u20135.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21658","volume":"54","author":"A Kuhn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kuhn A, Herrmann M, Kleber S, Beckmann-Welle M, Fehsel K, Martin-Villalba A, et al. Accumulation of apoptotic cells in the epidermis of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus after ultraviolet irradiation. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(3):939\u201350.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR65","first-page":"1955","volume":"54","author":"N Suzuki","year":"1996","unstructured":"Suzuki N, Sakane T. Abnormal Fas and Fas ligand expression of lymphocytes in patients with SLE. Nihon Rinsho. 1996;54(7):1955\u20139.","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3615-8","volume":"36","author":"BL Liphaus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liphaus BL, Kiss MHB, Carrasco S, Palmeira P, Goldenstein-Schainberg C, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Increased serum sFas, sTRAIL, and reduced sFasL in juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(12):2847\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1317","volume":"179","author":"LA Casciola-Rosen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Casciola-Rosen LA, Anhalt G, Rosen A. Autoantigens targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus are clustered in two populations of surface structures on apoptotic keratinocytes. J Exp Med. 1994;179(4):1317\u201330.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.453","volume":"129","author":"V Oke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oke V, Vassilaki I, Espinosa A, Strandberg L, Kuchroo VK, Nyberg F, et al. High Ro52 expression in spontaneous and UV-induced cutaneous inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(8):2000\u201310.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10479.x","volume":"165","author":"S Zahn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zahn S, Rehk\u00e4mper C, Ferring-Schmitt S, Bieber T, T\u00fcting T, Wenzel J. Interferon-alpha stimulates TRAIL expression in human keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells: implications for the pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(5):1118\u201323.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/08916934.2013.866105","volume":"47","author":"Q Yin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yin Q, et al. Ultraviolet B irradiation induces skin accumulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells: a possible role for chemerin. Autoimmunity. 2014;47(3):185\u201392.","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200201)46:1<191::AID-ART10027>3.0.CO;2-K","volume":"46","author":"I Baumann","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baumann I, Kolowos W, Voll RE, Manger B, Gaipl U, Neuhuber WL, et al. Impaired uptake of apoptotic cells into tingible body macrophages in germinal centers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(1):191\u2013201.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.7.3685","volume":"152","author":"W Emlen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emlen W, Niebur J, Kadera R. Accelerated in vitro apoptosis of lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 1994;152(7):3685\u201392.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"893_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14040","volume":"28","author":"R Safi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Safi R, al-Hage J, Abbas O, Kibbi AG, Nassar D. Investigating the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps in cutaneous lesions of different subtypes of lupus erythematosus. Exp Dermatol. 2019;28(11):1348\u201352.","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"13","key":"893_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101048","volume":"207","author":"C Guiducci","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guiducci C, Tripodo C, Gong M, Sangaletti S, Colombo MP, Coffman RL, et al. Autoimmune skin inflammation is dependent on plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by nucleic acids via TLR7 and TLR9. J Exp Med. 2010;207(13):2931\u201342.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100450","volume":"187","author":"E Villanueva","year":"2011","unstructured":"Villanueva E, et al. Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2011;187(1):538\u201352.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3190","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39296","volume":"67","author":"H Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang H, et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap mitochondrial DNA and its autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and a proof-of-concept trial of metformin. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(12):3190\u2013200.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"893_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.06.013","volume":"214","author":"W Vermi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vermi W, Lonardi S, Morassi M, Rossini C, Tardanico R, Venturini M, et al. Cutaneous distribution of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in lupus erythematosus. Selective tropism at the site of epithelial apoptotic damage. Immunobiology. 2009;214(9\u201310):877\u201386.","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301678416042","volume":"10","author":"S Blomberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blomberg S, et al. Presence of cutaneous interferon-alpha producing cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2001;10(7):484\u201390.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2007.04.029","volume":"45","author":"N Fiore","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fiore N, Castellano G, Blasi A, Capobianco C, Loverre A, Montinaro V, et al. Immature myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells infiltrate renal tubulointerstitium in patients with lupus nephritis. Mol Immunol. 2008;45(1):259\u201365.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1721","volume":"205","author":"J Wenzel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wenzel J, et al. Enhanced type I interferon signalling promotes Th1-biased inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Pathol. 2005;205(4):435\u201342.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"893_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7074829","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7074829","volume":"2016","author":"S Mendez-Flores","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mendez-Flores S, et al. Cytokines and effector\/regulatory cells characterization in the physiopathology of cutaneous lupus erythematous: a cross-sectional study. Mediat Inflamm. 2016;2016:7074829.","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"893_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.03.010","volume":"119","author":"S Mendez-Flores","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mendez-Flores S, et al. Inflammatory chemokine profiles and their correlations with effector CD4 T cell and regulatory cell subpopulations in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Cytokine. 2019;119:95\u2013112.","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"893_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61689-6","volume":"159","author":"L Farkas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Farkas L, Beiske K, Lund-Johansen F. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (natural interferon-alpha\/beta-producing cells) accumulate in cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions. Am J Pathol. 2001;159:237\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6364408","volume":"8","author":"TB Niewold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Niewold TB, Hua J, Lehman TJ, Harley JB, Crow MK. High serum IFN-alpha activity is a heritable risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun. 2007;8(6):492\u2013502.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.070359","volume":"67","author":"E Reefman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reefman E, Kuiper H, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG, Bijl M. Type I interferons are involved in the development of ultraviolet B-induced inflammatory skin lesions in systemic lupus erythaematosus patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(1):11\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"893_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad Yusoff F, Wong KK, Mohd Redzwan N. Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity. 2019:1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2019.1693545"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2009.01443.x","volume":"37","author":"CM Magro","year":"2010","unstructured":"Magro CM, et al. The phenotypic profile of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis. J Cutan Pathol. 2010;37(6):659\u201371.","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24499","volume":"60","author":"J Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang J, et al. Th17 and natural Treg cell population dynamics in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(5):1472\u201383.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.03.004","volume":"21","author":"C Tanasescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanasescu C, Balanescu E, Balanescu P, Olteanu R, Badea C, Grancea C, et al. IL-17 in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Eur J Intern Med. 2010;21(3):202\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.269","volume":"134","author":"A Jabbari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jabbari A, et al. Dominant Th1 and minimal Th17 skewing in discoid lupus revealed by transcriptomic comparison with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(1):87\u201395.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22699","volume":"56","author":"B Franz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Franz B, Fritzsching B, Riehl A, Oberle N, Klemke CD, Sykora J, et al. Low number of regulatory T cells in skin lesions of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(6):1910\u201320.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(76)90105-7","volume":"6","author":"JN Gilliam","year":"1976","unstructured":"Gilliam JN, Hurd ER. Comparison of circulating T and B lymphocytes in discoid versus systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1976;6(2):149\u201355.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39085","volume":"67","author":"EM Vital","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vital EM, Wittmann M, Edward S, Yusof MYM, MacIver H, Pease CT, et al. Brief report: responses to rituximab suggest B cell-independent inflammation in cutaneous systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1586\u201391.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0007-0963.2004.05883.x","volume":"150","author":"CH Wouters","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wouters CH, Diegenant C, Ceuppens JL, Degreef H, Stevens EA. The circulating lymphocyte profiles in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus suggest a pathogenetic relationship. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150(4):693\u2013700.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2009.03297.x","volume":"34","author":"M Grassi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grassi M, Capello F, Bertolino L, Seia Z, Pippione M. Identification of granzyme B-expressing CD-8-positive T cells in lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate in cutaneous lupus erythematosus and in dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34(8):910\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350124724","volume":"10","author":"E Robak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robak E. Lymphocyctes Tgammadelta in clinically normal skin and peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their correlation with disease activity. Mediat Inflamm. 2001;10(4):179\u201389.","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.02.010","volume":"69","author":"JF Merola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Merola JF, Prystowsky SD, Iversen C, Gomez-Puerta JA, Norton T, Tsao P, et al. Association of discoid lupus erythematosus with other clinical manifestations among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(1):19\u201324.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.207","volume":"132","author":"BF Chong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chong BF, Tseng LC, Lee T, Vasquez R, Li QZ, Zhang S, et al. IgG and IgM autoantibody differences in discoid and systemic lupus patients. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(12):2770\u20139.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70983","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070983","volume":"8","author":"YJ Luo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luo YJ, Tan GZ, Yu M, Li KW, Liu YY, Guo Q, et al. Correlation of cutaneous immunoreactants in lesional skin with the serological disorders and disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70983.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203302lu308rr","volume":"11","author":"B Deocharan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deocharan B, Qing X, Beger E, Putterman C. Antigenic triggers and molecular targets for anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. Lupus. 2002;11(12):865\u201371.","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00018-1","volume":"2","author":"GW Zieve","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zieve GW, Khusial PR. The anti-Sm immune response in autoimmunity and cell biology. Autoimmun Rev. 2003;2(5):235\u201340.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"893_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh688","volume":"44","author":"G Riemekasten","year":"2005","unstructured":"Riemekasten G, Hahn BH. Key autoantigens in SLE. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(8):975\u201382.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2004.04.001","volume":"30","author":"S Koutouzov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koutouzov S, et al. Nucleosomes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2004;30(3):529\u201358 ix.","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117305","volume":"94","author":"RW Burlingame","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burlingame RW, Boey ML, Starkebaum G, Rubin RL. The central role of chromatin in autoimmune responses to histones and DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 1994;94(1):184\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"11","key":"893_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199811)28:11<3411::AID-IMMU3411>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"28","author":"F Jovelin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jovelin F, Mostoslavsky G, Amoura Z, Chabre H, Gilbert D, Eilat D, et al. Early anti-nucleosome autoantibodies from a single MRL+\/+ mouse: fine specificity, V gene structure and pathogenicity. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28(11):3411\u201322.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"16","key":"893_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021933","volume":"349","author":"MR Arbuckle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arbuckle MR, McClain M, Rubertone MV, Scofield RH, Dennis GJ, James JA, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(16):1526\u201333.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR107","first-page":"1413","volume":"10","author":"JF Merola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Merola JF, et al. Is chronic cutaneous discoid lupus protective against severe renal disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus? J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10(12):1413\u201320.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR108","first-page":"60","volume":"147","author":"QZ Li","year":"2007","unstructured":"Li QZ, Zhou J, Wandstrat AE, Carr-Johnson F, Branch V, Karp DR, et al. Protein array autoantibody profiles for insights into systemic lupus erythematosus and incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2007;147(1):60\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24394","volume":"115","author":"QZ Li","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li QZ, et al. Identification of autoantibody clusters that best predict lupus disease activity using glomerular proteome arrays. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3428\u201339.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"893_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2016.02.007","volume":"165","author":"L Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu L, et al. The features of skin inflammation induced by lupus serum. Clin Immunol. 2016;165:4\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"893_CR111","first-page":"809389","volume":"2014","author":"J Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li J, et al. Chinese SLE treatment and research group registry: III. association of autoantibodies with clinical manifestations in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:809389.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7154","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902514","volume":"184","author":"GM Deng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Deng GM, et al. Lupus serum IgG induces skin inflammation through the TNFR1 signaling pathway. J Immunol. 2010;184(12):7154\u201361.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"893_CR113","unstructured":"Zhang J, Jiang J, Guo L. Different prognoses of two types of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a follow-up of 40 cases. Chin J Dermatol. 2001."},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"893_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2017.02.013","volume":"3","author":"JS Haber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haber JS, Merola JF, Werth VP. Classifying discoid lupus erythematosus: background, gaps, and difficulties. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017;3(1 Suppl):S62\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Womens Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2014.06.003","volume":"104","author":"R Dey-Rao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dey-Rao R, Smith JR, Chow S, Sinha AA. Differential gene expression analysis in CCLE lesions provides new insights regarding the genetics basis of skin vs. systemic disease. Genomics. 2014;104(2):144\u201355.","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360224","volume":"36","author":"MR Ehrenstein","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ehrenstein MR, McSweeney E, Swane M, Worman CP, Goldstone AH, Isenberg DA. Appearance of anti-DNA antibodies in patients treated with interferon-alpha. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(2):279\u201380.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.1990.tb00144.x","volume":"227","author":"LE Ronnblom","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ronnblom LE, Alm GV, Oberg KE. Possible induction of systemic lupus erythematosus by interferon-alpha treatment in a patient with a malignant carcinoid tumour. J Intern Med. 1990;227(3):207\u201310.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"893_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21034","volume":"52","author":"S Meller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meller S. Ultraviolet radiation-induced injury, chemokines, and leukocyte recruitment. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2005;52:1504\u201316.","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatism"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21034","volume":"52","author":"S Meller","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meller S, Winterberg F, Gilliet M, M\u00fcller A, Lauceviciute I, Rieker J, et al. Ultraviolet radiation-induced injury, chemokines, and leukocyte recruitment: an amplification cycle triggering cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(5):1504\u201316.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000017","volume":"4","author":"C Sommereyns","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sommereyns C, Paul S, Staeheli P, Michiels T. IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 2008;4(3):e1000017.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"893_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00448","volume":"5","author":"A Sheshachalam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sheshachalam A, et al. Granule protein processing and regulated secretion in neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2014;5:448.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"893_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074942","volume":"30","author":"B Amulic","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amulic B, Cazalet C, Hayes GL, Metzler KD, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil function: from mechanisms to disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:459\u201389.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","volume":"13","author":"E Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(3):159\u201375.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5663","key":"893_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303(5663):1532\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902199","volume":"184","author":"MF Denny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Denny MF, et al. A distinct subset of proinflammatory neutrophils isolated from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus induces vascular damage and synthesizes type I IFNs. J Immunol. 2010;184(6):3284\u201397.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7162","key":"893_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06116","volume":"449","author":"R Lande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, Chatterjee B, Wang YH, Homey B, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature. 2007;449(7162):564\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090480","volume":"206","author":"D Ganguly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ganguly D, Chamilos G, Lande R, Gregorio J, Meller S, Facchinetti V, et al. Self-RNA-antimicrobial peptide complexes activate human dendritic cells through TLR7 and TLR8. J Exp Med. 2009;206(9):1983\u201394.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI82574","volume":"125","author":"C Mauri","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mauri C, Menon M. The many faces of type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 2015;125(7):2562\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"9","key":"893_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13543","volume":"108","author":"CH Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim CH, Rott L, Kunkel EJ, Genovese MC, Andrew DP, Wu L, et al. Rules of chemokine receptor association with T cell polarization in vivo. J Clin Invest. 2001;108(9):1331\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"893_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.10.1790","volume":"17","author":"G Heine","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heine G, et al. A shift in the Th(1)\/Th(2) ratio accompanies the clinical remission of systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(10):1790\u20134.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"893_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.100293","volume":"37","author":"MY Mok","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mok MY, Wu HJ, Lo Y, Lau CS. The relation of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-23 to Th1\/Th2 cytokines and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(10):2046\u201352.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.01.019","volume":"127","author":"CK Wong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wong CK, Lit LC, Tam LS, Li EK, Wong PT, Lam CW. Hyperproduction of IL-23 and IL-17 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for Th17-mediated inflammation in auto-immunity. Clin Immunol. 2008;127(3):385\u201393.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R53","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2964","volume":"12","author":"K Shah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shah K, Lee WW, Lee SH, Kim SH, Kang SW, Craft J, et al. Dysregulated balance of Th17 and Th1 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(2):R53.","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"893_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823085","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/823085","volume":"2012","author":"A Alunno","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alunno A, et al. Balance between regulatory T and Th17 cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: the old and the new. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:823085.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12636","volume":"18","author":"PS Biswas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Biswas PS, Aggarwal R, Levesque MC, Maers K, Ramani K. Type I interferon and T helper 17 cells co-exist and co-regulate disease pathogenesis in lupus patients. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;18(6):646\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12791","volume":"152","author":"N Ali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017;152(3):372\u201381.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06784.x","volume":"153","author":"J Wenzel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wenzel J, Uerlich M, W\u00f6rrenk\u00e4mper E, Freutel S, Bieber T, T\u00fcting T. Scarring skin lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus are characterized by high numbers of skin-homing cytotoxic lymphocytes associated with strong expression of the type I interferon-induced protein MxA. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153(5):1011\u20135.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12285191","volume":"86","author":"P Kind","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kind P, Lipsky PE, Sontheimer RD. Circulating T- and B-cell abnormalities in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 1986;86(3):235\u20139.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1994.tb00531.x","volume":"24","author":"M Mori","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mori M, Pimpinelli N, Romagnoli P, Bernacchi E, Fabbri P, Giannotti B. Dendritic cells in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a clue to the pathogenesis of lesions. Histopathology. 1994;24(4):311\u201321.","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.1.339","volume":"181","author":"JR Ortaldo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ortaldo JR, Mason AT, O'Shea JJ. Receptor-induced death in human natural killer cells: involvement of CD16. J Exp Med. 1995;181(1):339\u201344.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"893_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin S, et al. Hyperactivation and in situ recruitment of inflammatory V\u03b42 T cells contributes to disease pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14432"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.863306","volume":"33","author":"S Paul","year":"2014","unstructured":"Paul S, Singh AK, Shilpi, Lal G. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (gammadelta) T cells in inflammation and tolerance. Int Rev Immunol. 2014;33(6):537\u201358.","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6693","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002776","volume":"186","author":"X Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li X, et al. Generation of human regulatory gammadelta T cells by TCRgammadelta stimulation in the presence of TGF-beta and their involvement in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2011;186(12):6693\u2013700.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"893_CR144","first-page":"1","volume":"2013","author":"Z Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu Z, et al. Elevated apoptosis and impaired proliferation contribute to downregulated peripheral\u03b3\u03b4T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013;2013:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Dev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84S","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.1993.29","volume":"100","author":"B Volc-Platzer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Volc-Platzer B, Anegg B, Milota S, Pickl W, Fischer G. Accumulation of gamma delta T cells in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;100(1):84S\u201391S.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"893_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2018.3793","volume":"154","author":"R Quelhas da Costa","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Quelhas da Costa R, et al. Assessment of response to B-Cell depletion using rituximab in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(12):1432\u201340. This is one of the largest long-term follow-up (>6 months) studies comparing and assessing the response of SLE patients with or without CLE lesions to rituximab treatment. There is a significant absence of response to rituximab treatment in the SLE patients with DLE lesions, indicating potentially different pathogenesis in DLE subtype.","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.12.004","volume":"85","author":"JC O'Brien","year":"2017","unstructured":"O'Brien JC, Hosler GA, Chong BF. Changes in T cell and B cell composition in discoid lupus erythematosus skin at different stages. J Dermatol Sci. 2017;85(3):247\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.11.007","volume":"73","author":"BF Chong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chong BF, et al. Differential expression of BAFF and its receptors in discoid lupus erythematosus patients. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;73(3):216\u201324.","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"893_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S10145","volume":"7","author":"A Reich","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reich A, Marcinow K, Bialynicki-Birula R. The lupus band test in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2011;7:27\u201332.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"893_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2006.02113.x","volume":"31","author":"RD Zecevic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zecevic RD, Pavlovic MD, Stefanovic D. Lupus band test and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: does it still matter? Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31(3):358\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1991.tb03896.x","volume":"30","author":"EH Beutner","year":"1991","unstructured":"Beutner EH, Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S, Chorzelski TP, Kumar V, Wolska H. Studies on criteria of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology for the classification of cutaneous lupus erythematosus. I. Selection of clinical groups and study factors. Int J Dermatol. 1991;30(6):411\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"893_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680060080008","volume":"127","author":"VC Fabre","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fabre VC, et al. Twenty percent of biopsy specimens from sun-exposed skin of normal young adults demonstrate positive immunofluorescence. Arch Dermatol. 1991;127(7):1006\u201311.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"893_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb00643.x","volume":"35","author":"K Kulthanan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kulthanan K, et al. Chronic discoid lupus erythematosus in Thailand: direct immunofluorescence study. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35(10):711\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0307-742X(21)00397-0","volume":"8","author":"RE Jordon","year":"1982","unstructured":"Jordon RE. Cutaneous immunofluorescence. Clin Rheum Dis. 1982;8(2):479\u201391.","journal-title":"Clin Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR155","first-page":"103","volume":"30","author":"M Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu M, Li KW, Tan GZ, Luo T, Xu DQ, Wang L. The gender disparity of immunoreactants in lesional skin of lupus erythematosus patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(1):103\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"893_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10272.x","volume":"164","author":"CM Gronhagen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gronhagen CM, et al. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and the association with systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based cohort of 1088 patients in Sweden. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164(6):1335\u201341.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"893_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000387","volume":"38","author":"C Ohata","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohata C, et al. Comparative study of direct immunofluorescence in discoid lupus erythematosus and bullous pemphigoid. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016;38(2):121\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"893_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek YS, et al. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus and its association with systemic lupus erythematosus: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Korea. J Dermatol. 2019.","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15162"},{"issue":"4","key":"893_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.12.028","volume":"72","author":"LM Arkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arkin LM, Ansell L, Rademaker A, Curran ML, Miller ML, Wagner A, et al. The natural history of pediatric-onset discoid lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72(4):628\u201333.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"893_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.87150","volume":"56","author":"NK Das","year":"2011","unstructured":"Das NK, Dutta RN, Sengupta SR. Skin lesions in lupus erythematosus: a marker of systemic involvement. Indian J Dermatol. 2011;56(5):537\u201340.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"893_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10610.x","volume":"166","author":"BF Chong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chong BF, Song J, Olsen NJ. Determining risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(1):29\u201335.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Current Rheumatology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-020-00893-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11926-020-00893-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-020-00893-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:01:11Z","timestamp":1696118471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11926-020-00893-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-020-00893-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3774","1534-6307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3774","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 May 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"16"}}