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Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2019;31:329\u201334 An excellent review of the question posed. Highlights the difficulty in classification of the two conditions.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"999_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0006-8","volume":"14","author":"J Feld","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Feld J, Chandran V, Haroon N, Inman R, Gladman D. Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a critical comparison. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14:363\u201371 This is a critical review of the literature addressing the question whether axial disease in psoriatic arthritis is different from that of ankylosing spondylitis and highlights some clinical, imaging, genetic, and therapeutic differences.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"999_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.094946","volume":"68","author":"CT Ritchlin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ritchlin CT, Kavanaugh A, Gladman DD, Mease PJ, Helliwell P, Boehncke WH, et al. Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1387\u201394.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"999_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez457","volume":"59","author":"J Feld","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Feld J, Ye JY, Chandran V, et al. Is axial psoriatic arthritis distinct from ankylosing spondylitis with and without concomitant psoriasis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:1340\u20136 This study was triggered by the literature review noted above which identified cross-sectional studies but no longitudinal studies comparing the axial disease in PsA to that of AS with or without psoriasis. Patients with AS and PsA were followed by the same protocol in a single centre. Axial PsA was clearly different from AS with or without psoriasis suggesting that it is a distinct entity.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"999_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270401","volume":"27","author":"S van der Linden","year":"1984","unstructured":"van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. 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Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77:1573\u20137 This study demonstrated that the definition of inflammatory back pain developed for ankylosing spondylitis may not be appropriate for patients with PsA.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"999_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1977.03270510035017","volume":"237","author":"A Calin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Calin A, Porta J, Fries JF, Schurman DJ. Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. JAMA. 1977;237:2613\u20134.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"999_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101501","volume":"68","author":"J Sieper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Landew\u00e9 R, et al. New criteria for inflammatory back pain in patients with chronic back pain: a real patient exercise by experts from the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS). 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Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:1003\u20134 This study looked specifically at patients with axial PsA who had spinal pain and in them the inflammatory back pain criteria developed for AS worked.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"999_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.171094","volume":"45","author":"PJ Mease","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Mease PJ, Palmer JB, Liu M, Kavanaugh A, Pandurengan R, Ritchlin CT, et al. Influence of axial involvement on clinical characteristics of psoriatic arthritis: analysis from the Corrona psoriatic arthritis\/Spondyloarthritis registry. 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Arthritis Rheum. 2016;68:1060\u201371.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"999_CR34","first-page":"700","volume":"79","author":"L Gossec","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gossec L, Baraliakos X, Kerschbaumer A, de Wit M, McInnes I, Dougados M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:700\u201312.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"999_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001149","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2019-001149","volume":"6","author":"PS Helliwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022 Helliwell PS, Gladman DD, Chakravarty SD, et al. Effects of ustekinumab on spondylitis-associated endpoints in TNFi-naive active psoriatic arthritis patients with physician-reported spondylitis: pooled results from two phase 3, randomised, controlled trials. RMD Open. 2020;6(1):e001149 This analysis of patients including in the PSUMMIT 1 and 2 studies investigating the effect of ustekinumab in PsA demonstrated improvement in spinal endpoint in the subgroup of patients who had axial disease defined by a physician. The study is relevant since it suggests that IL-12\/23 inhibition may work in axial PsA although it did not work in AS.","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"999_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-eular.474","volume":"79","author":"PS Helliwell","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022 Helliwell PS, Gladman DD, Poddubnyy D, et al. Efficacy of guselkumab, a monoclonal antibody that specifically binds to the p19-subunit of IL-23, on endpoints related to axial involvement in patients with active PsA with imaging-confirmed sacroiliitis: week-24 results from two phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(supplement 1):36 (Submitted for publication). This analysis of patients including in the DISCOVER 1 and 2 studies investigating the effect of guselkumab in PsA demonstrated improvement in spinal endpoint in the subgroup of patients who had axial disease confirmed by imaging. The study is relevant since it suggests that IL-23 p19 inhibition may work in axial PsA although it did not work in AS.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"supplement 1","key":"999_CR37","first-page":"36","volume":"79","author":"X Baraliakos","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Baraliakos X, Gossec L, Poumara E, et al. Secukinumab improves clinical and imaging outcomes in patients with psoriatic arthritis and axial manifestations with inadequate response to NSAIDs: week 52 results from the MAXIMISE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(supplement 1):36 (Submitted for publication). This is the first study designed specifically to assess axial disease in PsA. Although the patient selection was based on physician definition of axial disease, at least half the patients had inflammatory changes on MRI. Both clinical and imaging responses were noted with secukinumab.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"}],"container-title":["Current Rheumatology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-021-00999-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11926-021-00999-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-021-00999-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T22:25:18Z","timestamp":1698963918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11926-021-00999-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-021-00999-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3774","1534-6307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3774","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}},{"value":"Dr. Gladman has received trial grants and or consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"35"}}