{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:56:58Z","timestamp":1787068618254,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rheumatol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose of review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spondyloarthritis animal models such as the HLA-B27 transgenic rat, SKG mouse and cytokine overexpression models have proven useful for testing hypotheses regarding pathogenesis. Recent developments in the field from human studies have shifted attention to HLA-B2705 restricted CD8+ T cell clonotype expansion and the \u201carthritogenic peptide\u201d theory. Since human and rodent MHC and T cell compartments differ, translatability comes into question. In this review, we will discuss the advantages and caveats of several spondyloarthritis rodent models. We will review classic studies and more recent reports providing insight into pathologic T cells outside the canonical paradigm of MHC Class I-CD8+ T cell interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Animal models have revealed requisite \u201cingredients\u2019 for a spondyloarthritis phenotype, including inflammatory mediators and lymphoid cell types. Most of these models highlight the role of Th17 cells and other IL-17 producing cells. Indeed, the IL-23 minicircle model directly led to the identification of IL-17 producing \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in typical spondyloarthritis anatomic locations. In addition to identifying lymphocyte players, animal models have elucidated T cell regulation, including innate immune (e.g. neutrophil) T cell crosstalk and gut-joint trafficking. Current studies are also beginning to clarify roles for innate lymphocytic cells such as MAIT and iNKT cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Animal model studies have provided vital insight into T cell pathogenic mechanisms outside canonical MHC Class I-CD8 interaction. Many of these findings have been replicated in human subjects. Furthermore, work from animal models directly supported the development of IL17 and IL23 targeting therapeutics, attesting to their relevance. Main text: (~\u20094246 words), 1 Figure and 1 Table.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-025-01203-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T06:58:12Z","timestamp":1757660292000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What can Animal Models tell us About T Cells in Spondyloarthritis Pathogenesis?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1203_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishina IA, Zakharova MY, Kurbatskaia IN, Mamedov AE, Belogurov AA Jr., Gabibov AG. MHC class II presentation in autoimmunity. Cells. 2023;12(2):314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12020314","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12020314"},{"issue":"7809","key":"1203_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91360-3","volume":"1","author":"DA Brewerton","year":"1973","unstructured":"Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, James DC, Sturrock RD. Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet. 1973;1(7809):904\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"1203_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197304052881403","volume":"288","author":"L Schlosstein","year":"1973","unstructured":"Schlosstein L, Terasaki PI, Bluestone R, Pearson CM. High association of an HL-A antigen, W27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med. 1973;288(14):704\u20136.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90051-A","volume":"11","author":"R Benjamin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Benjamin R, Parham P. Guilt by association: HLA-B27 and ankylosing spondylitis. Immunol Today. 1990;11(4):137\u201342.","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01189-3","volume":"21","author":"F Navid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Navid F, Chen L, Bowness P, Colbert RA. HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis: at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2025;21(2):77\u201387.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e3283534df4","volume":"24","author":"C Ambarus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ambarus C, Yeremenko N, Tak PP, Baeten D. Pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis: autoimmune or autoinflammatory? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24(4):351\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.04.002","volume":"17","author":"E Generali","year":"2018","unstructured":"Generali E, Bose T, Selmi C, Voncken JW, Damoiseaux J. Nature versus nurture in the spectrum of rheumatic diseases: classification of spondyloarthritis as autoimmune or autoinflammatory. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(9):935\u201341.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40028","volume":"69","author":"M Faham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Faham M, Carlton V, Moorhead M, Zheng J, Klinger M, Pepin F, et al. Discovery of T cell receptor beta motifs specific to HLA-B27-Positive ankylosing spondylitis by deep repertoire sequence analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(4):774\u201384.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7941","key":"1203_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05501-7","volume":"612","author":"X Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang X, Garner LI, Zvyagin IV, Paley MA, Komech EA, Jude KM, et al. Autoimmunity-associated T cell receptors recognize HLA-B*27-bound peptides. Nature. 2022;612(7941):771\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"1203_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paley MA, Yang X, Hassman LM, Penkava F, Garner LI, Paley GL et al. Mucosal signatures of pathogenic T cells in HLA-B*27\u2009+\u2009anterior uveitis and axial spondyloarthritis. JCI Insight. 2024;9(16):e174776.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.174776"},{"issue":"11","key":"1203_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02613-z","volume":"29","author":"OV Britanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Britanova OV, Lupyr KR, Staroverov DB, Shagina IA, Aleksandrov AA, Ustyugov YY, et al. Targeted depletion of TRBV9(+) T cells as immunotherapy in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Nat Med. 2023;29(11):2731\u20136.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1203_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasonov EL, Mazurov VI, Lila AM, Dubinina TV, Gaidukova IZ, Lapshina SA et al. The efficacy and safety of BCD-180, an Anti-TRBV9\u2009+\u2009T cell monoclonal antibody, in patients with active radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: 36-week results from the randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled phase 2 clinical study ELEFTA. Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2025.","DOI":"10.1134\/S1607672925700140"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-022-01079-1","volume":"24","author":"S Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang S, Peng L, Li Q, Zhao J, Xu D, Zhao J, et al. Spectrum of spondyloarthritis among Chinese populations. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2022;24(8):247\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0421-z","volume":"16","author":"M Tikly","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tikly M, Njobvu P, McGill P. Spondyloarthritis in sub-Saharan Africa. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2014;16(6):421.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"1203_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003102","author":"J Braun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Braun J, Sieper J. Fifty years after the discovery of the association of HLA B27 with ankylosing spondylitis. RMD Open. 2023;9(3):e003102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003102","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-016-0585-9","volume":"18","author":"JA Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith JA. The bench-to-bedside story of IL-17 and the therapeutic efficacy of its targeting in spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2016;18(6):33.","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"1203_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39282","volume":"67","author":"E Vieira-Sousa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vieira-Sousa E, van Duivenvoorde LM, Fonseca JE, Lories RJ, Baeten DL. Review: animal models as a tool to dissect pivotal pathways driving spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(11):2813\u201327.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1203_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90512-D","volume":"63","author":"RE Hammer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hammer RE, Maika SD, Richardson JA, Tang JP, Taurog JD. Spontaneous inflammatory disease in transgenic rats expressing HLA-B27 and human beta 2m: an animal model of HLA-B27-associated human disorders. Cell. 1990;63(5):1099\u2013112.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.9.4168","volume":"150","author":"JD Taurog","year":"1993","unstructured":"Taurog JD, Maika SD, Simmons WA, Breban M, Hammer RE. Susceptibility to inflammatory disease in HLA-B27 transgenic rat lines correlates with the level of B27 expression. J Immunol. 1993;150(9):4168\u201378.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2020.05.005","volume":"50","author":"GC Wright","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wright GC, Kaine J, Deodhar A. Understanding differences between men and women with axial spondyloarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(4):687\u201394.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34480","volume":"64","author":"JD Taurog","year":"2012","unstructured":"Taurog JD, Rival C, van Duivenvoorde LM, Satumtira N, Dorris ML, Sun M, et al. Autoimmune epididymoorchitis is essential to the pathogenesis of male-specific spondylarthritis in HLA-B27-transgenic rats. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2518\u201328.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000239","volume":"28","author":"F Ciccia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ciccia F, Rizzo A, Triolo G. Subclinical gut inflammation in ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2016;28(1):89\u201396.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24763","volume":"60","author":"ML DeLay","year":"2009","unstructured":"DeLay ML, Turner MJ, Klenk EI, Smith JA, Sowders DP, Colbert RA. HLA-B27 misfolding and the unfolded protein response augment interleukin-23 production and are associated with Th17 activation in transgenic rats. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(9):2633\u201343.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(00)01699-3","volume":"6","author":"RA Colbert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Colbert RA. HLA-B27 misfolding: a solution to the spondyloarthropathy conundrum? Mol Med Today. 2000;6(6):224\u201330.","journal-title":"Mol Med Today"},{"issue":"26","key":"1203_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23459","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110336200","volume":"277","author":"NS Dangoria","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dangoria NS, DeLay ML, Kingsbury DJ, Mear JP, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Ziegler A, et al. HLA-B27 misfolding is associated with aberrant intermolecular disulfide bond formation (dimerization) in the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(26):23459\u201368.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"1203_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6665","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6665","volume":"163","author":"JP Mear","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mear JP, Schreiber KL, Munz C, Zhu X, Stevanovic S, Rammensee HG, et al. Misfolding of HLA-B27 as a result of its B pocket suggests a novel mechanism for its role in susceptibility to spondyloarthropathies. J Immunol. 1999;163(12):6665\u201370.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2438","volume":"175","author":"MJ Turner","year":"2005","unstructured":"Turner MJ, Sowders DP, DeLay ML, Mohapatra R, Bai S, Smith JA, et al. HLA-B27 misfolding in transgenic rats is associated with activation of the unfolded protein response. J Immunol. 2005;175(4):2438\u201348.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22295","volume":"56","author":"MJ Turner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Turner MJ, Delay ML, Bai S, Klenk E, Colbert RA. HLA-B27 up-regulation causes accumulation of misfolded heavy chains and correlates with the magnitude of the unfolded protein response in transgenic rats: implications for the pathogenesis of spondylarthritis-like disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):215\u201323.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1203_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00422","volume":"9","author":"JA Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith JA. Regulation of cytokine production by the unfolded protein response; implications for infection and autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2018;9:422.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1203_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1857","volume":"11","author":"F Martinon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martinon F, Chen X, Lee AH, Glimcher LH. TLR activation of the transcription factor XBP1 regulates innate immune responses in macrophages. Nat Immunol. 2010;11(5):411\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"41","key":"1203_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011736107","volume":"107","author":"JC Goodall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goodall JC, Wu C, Zhang Y, McNeill L, Ellis L, Saudek V, et al. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced transcription factor, CHOP, is crucial for dendritic cell IL-23 expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(41):17698\u2013703.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21740","volume":"54","author":"TM Tran","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tran TM, Dorris ML, Satumtira N, Richardson JA, Hammer RE, Shang J, et al. Additional human beta2-microglobulin curbs HLA-B27 misfolding and promotes arthritis and spondylitis without colitis in male HLA-B27-transgenic rats. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(4):1317\u201327.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.873","volume":"43","author":"DM Evans","year":"2011","unstructured":"Evans DM, Spencer CC, Pointon JJ, Su Z, Harvey D, Kochan G, et al. Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility. Nat Genet. 2011;43(8):761\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42327","volume":"75","author":"TM Tran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tran TM, Gill T, Bennett J, Hong S, Holt V, Lindstedt AJ, et al. Paradoxical effects of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 deficiency on HLA-B27 and its role as an epistatic modifier in experimental spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2023;75(2):220\u201331.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39072","volume":"67","author":"F Costantino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costantino F, Talpin A, Evnouchidou I, Kadi A, Leboime A, Said-Nahal R, et al. Erap1 gene expression is influenced by nonsynonymous polymorphisms associated with predisposition to spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1525\u201334.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1203_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30593","volume":"63","author":"L Zeng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeng L, Lindstrom MJ, Smith JA. Ankylosing spondylitis macrophage production of higher levels of interleukin-23 in response to lipopolysaccharide without induction of a significant unfolded protein response. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(12):3807\u201317.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202925","volume":"73","author":"F Ciccia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ciccia F, Accardo-Palumbo A, Rizzo A, Guggino G, Raimondo S, Giardina A, et al. Evidence that autophagy, but not the unfolded protein response, regulates the expression of IL-23 in the gut of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and subclinical gut inflammation. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(8):1566\u201374.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1203_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.101257","volume":"39","author":"Y Feng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Feng Y, Ding J, Fan CM, Zhu P. Interferon-gamma contributes to HLA-B27-associated unfolded protein response in spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol. 2012;39(3):574\u201382.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1203_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1259716","volume":"27","author":"A Rezaiemanesh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rezaiemanesh A, Mahmoudi M, Amirzargar AA, Vojdanian M, Jamshidi AR, Nicknam MH. Ankylosing spondylitis M-CSF-derived macrophages are undergoing unfolded protein response (UPR) and express higher levels of interleukin-23. Mod Rheumatol. 2017;27(5):862\u20137.","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.2.794","volume":"156","author":"M Breban","year":"1996","unstructured":"Breban M, Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Richardson JA, Hadavand RR, Maika SD, Hammer RE, et al. T cells, but not thymic exposure to HLA-B27, are required for the inflammatory disease of HLA-B27 transgenic rats. J Immunol. 1996;156(2):794\u2013803.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.2.1099","volume":"170","author":"E May","year":"2003","unstructured":"May E, Dorris ML, Satumtira N, Iqbal I, Rehman MI, Lightfoot E, et al. CD8 alpha beta T cells are not essential to the pathogenesis of arthritis or colitis in HLA-B27 Transgenic rats. J Immunol. 2003;170(2):1099\u2013105.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1203_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24599","volume":"60","author":"JD Taurog","year":"2009","unstructured":"Taurog JD, Dorris ML, Satumtira N, Tran TM, Sharma R, Dressel R, et al. Spondylarthritis in HLA-B27\/human beta2-microglobulin-transgenic rats is not prevented by lack of CD8. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(7):1977\u201384.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33321","volume":"64","author":"S Glatigny","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glatigny S, Fert I, Blaton MA, Lories RJ, Araujo LM, Chiocchia G, et al. Proinflammatory Th17 cells are expanded and induced by dendritic cells in spondylarthritis-prone HLA-B27-transgenic rats. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(1):110\u201320.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02206.x","volume":"116","author":"BF Qian","year":"2005","unstructured":"Qian BF, Tonkonogy SL, Hoentjen F, Dieleman LA, Sartor RB. Dysregulated luminal bacterial antigen-specific T-cell responses and antigen-presenting cell function in HLA-B27 transgenic rats with chronic colitis. Immunology. 2005;116(1):112\u201321.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"1203_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2025.103413","volume":"153","author":"M Beaufrere","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beaufrere M, Jacoutot M, Nahal RS, Cosentino G, Hutteau-Hamel T, Clavel G, et al. Interleukin 17-producing C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (+) conventional CD4(+) T cells are arthritogenic in an animal model of spondyloarthritis. J Autoimmun. 2025;153:103413.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23512","volume":"58","author":"JA Smith","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smith JA, Barnes MD, Hong D, DeLay ML, Inman RD, Colbert RA. Gene expression analysis of macrophages derived from ankylosing spondylitis patients reveals interferon-gamma dysregulation. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(6):1640\u20139.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38318","volume":"66","author":"I Fert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fert I, Cagnard N, Glatigny S, Letourneur F, Jacques S, Smith JA, et al. Reverse interferon signature is characteristic of antigen-presenting cells in human and rat spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(4):841\u201351.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.4.1153","volume":"182","author":"SD Khare","year":"1995","unstructured":"Khare SD, Luthra HS, David CS. Spontaneous inflammatory arthritis in HLA-B27 transgenic mice lacking beta 2-microglobulin: a model of human spondyloarthropathies. J Exp Med. 1995;182(4):1153\u20138.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2018.07.004","volume":"31","author":"MA Rahman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rahman MA, Thomas R. The SKG model of spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31(6):895\u2013909.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000848","volume":"185","author":"S Tanaka","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tanaka S, Maeda S, Hashimoto M, Fujimori C, Ito Y, Teradaira S, et al. Graded attenuation of TCR signaling elicits distinct autoimmune diseases by altering thymic T cell selection and regulatory T cell function. J Immunol. 2010;185(4):2295\u2013305.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1203_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn091","volume":"20","author":"C Wakasa-Morimoto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wakasa-Morimoto C, Toyosaki-Maeda T, Matsutani T, Yoshida R, Nakamura-Kikuoka S, Maeda-Tanimura M, et al. Arthritis and pneumonitis produced by the same T cell clones from mice with spontaneous autoimmune arthritis. Int Immunol. 2008;20(10):1331\u201342.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1203_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34423","volume":"64","author":"M Ruutu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ruutu M, Thomas G, Steck R, Degli-Esposti MA, Zinkernagel MS, Alexander K, et al. beta-glucan triggers spondylarthritis and crohn\u2019s disease-like ileitis in SKG mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(7):2211\u201322.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39041","volume":"67","author":"AC Baillet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baillet AC, Rehaume LM, Benham H, O\u2019Meara CP, Armitage CW, Ruscher R, et al. High chlamydia burden promotes tumor necrosis Factor-Dependent reactive arthritis in SKG mice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1535\u201347.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00542-25","volume":"16","author":"JS Harms","year":"2025","unstructured":"Harms JS, Lasarev M, Warner T, Oliveira SC, Smith JA. Persistent articular infection and host reactive response contribute to Brucella-induced spondyloarthritis in SKG mice. mBio. 2025;16(6):e0054225.","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"7","key":"1203_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38638","volume":"66","author":"H Benham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Benham H, Rehaume LM, Hasnain SZ, Velasco J, Baillet AC, Ruutu M, et al. Interleukin-23 mediates the intestinal response to microbial beta-1,3-glucan and the development of spondyloarthritis pathology in SKG mice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(7):1755\u201367.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1203_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071397","volume":"204","author":"K Hirota","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hirota K, Yoshitomi H, Hashimoto M, Maeda S, Teradaira S, Sugimoto N, et al. Preferential recruitment of CCR6-expressing Th17 cells to inflamed joints via CCL20 in rheumatoid arthritis and its animal model. J Exp Med. 2007;204(12):2803\u201312.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24687","volume":"60","author":"Y Ito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ito Y, Usui T, Kobayashi S, Iguchi-Hashimoto M, Ito H, Yoshitomi H, et al. Gamma\/delta T cells are the predominant source of interleukin-17 in affected joints in collagen-induced arthritis, but not in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(8):2294\u2013303.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"1203_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.11.005","volume":"74","author":"D Wendling","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wendling D, Cedoz JP, Racadot E, Dumoulin G. Serum IL-17, BMP-7, and bone turnover markers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(3):304\u20135.","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23655","volume":"58","author":"C Jandus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jandus C, Bioley G, Rivals JP, Dudler J, Speiser D, Romero P. Increased numbers of circulating polyfunctional Th17 memory cells in patients with seronegative spondylarthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2307\u201317.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24568","volume":"60","author":"H Shen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shen H, Goodall JC, Hill Gaston JS. Frequency and phenotype of peripheral blood Th17 cells in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(6):1647\u201356.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223146","volume":"83","author":"HL Rosenzweig","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosenzweig HL, Vance EE, Asare-Konadu K, Koney KV, Lee EJ, Deodhar AA, et al. Card9\/neutrophil signalling axis promotes IL-17A-mediated ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(2):214\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"616","key":"1203_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abg1210","volume":"13","author":"A Nakamura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nakamura A, Zeng F, Nakamura S, Reid KT, Gracey E, Lim M, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor drives pathology in a mouse model of spondyloarthritis and is associated with human disease. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(616):eabg1210.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1203_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01183-5","volume":"21","author":"A Nakamura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nakamura A, Jo S, Nakamura S, Aparnathi MK, Boroojeni SF, Korshko M, et al. HIF-1alpha and MIF enhance neutrophil-driven type 3 immunity and chondrogenesis in a murine spondyloarthritis model. Cell Mol Immunol. 2024;21(7):770\u201386.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1203_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li Z, Lin J, Su Z, Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Li J, et al. Neutrophil extracellular Traps-Associated RNA impedes CD4(+) Treg differentiation by TLR7-IRF7 axis in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis & rheumatology; 2025.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43166"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.07.016","volume":"57","author":"HS Hreggvidsdottir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hreggvidsdottir HS, Noordenbos T, Baeten DL. Inflammatory pathways in spondyloarthritis. Mol Immunol. 2014;57(1):28\u201337.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1203_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80038-2","volume":"10","author":"D Kontoyiannis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kontoyiannis D, Pasparakis M, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F, Kollias G. Impaired on\/off regulation of TNF biosynthesis in mice lacking TNF AU-rich elements: implications for joint and gut-associated immunopathologies. Immunity. 1999;10(3):387\u201398.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-203643","volume":"73","author":"P Jacques","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacques P, Lambrecht S, Verheugen E, Pauwels E, Kollias G, Armaka M, et al. Proof of concept: enthesitis and new bone formation in spondyloarthritis are driven by mechanical strain and stromal cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(2):437\u201345.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1203_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020281","volume":"196","author":"D Kontoyiannis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kontoyiannis D, Boulougouris G, Manoloukos M, Armaka M, Apostolaki M, Pizarro T, et al. Genetic dissection of the cellular pathways and signaling mechanisms in modeled tumor necrosis factor-induced Crohn\u2019s-like inflammatory bowel disease. J Exp Med. 2002;196(12):1563\u201374.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223757","volume":"82","author":"K Venken","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venken K, Jarlborg M, Decruy T, Mortier C, Vlieghe C, Gilis E, et al. Distinct immune modulatory roles of regulatory T cells in gut versus joint inflammation in TNF-driven spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(8):1076\u201390.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1203_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932393","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.932393","volume":"13","author":"AR Lefferts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lefferts AR, Norman E, Claypool DJ, Kantheti U, Kuhn KA. Cytokine competent gut-joint migratory T cells contribute to inflammation in the joint. Front Immunol. 2022;13:932393.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1203_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3116","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae507","volume":"64","author":"K Debusschere","year":"2025","unstructured":"Debusschere K, Souza D, Nabozny GH, Dumas E, Verheugen E, Coudenys J, et al. Intestinal epithelial expression of human TNF is sufficient to induce small bowel inflammation and sacroiliitis, mimicking human spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(5):3116\u201324.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42852","volume":"76","author":"X Baraliakos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baraliakos X, Ostergaard M, Poddubnyy D, van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Machado PM, et al. Effect of Secukinumab versus adalimumab biosimilar on radiographic progression in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results from a Head-to-Head randomized phase IIIb study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2024;76(8):1278\u201387.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"1203_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020341","author":"T Russell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russell T, Watad A, Bridgewood C, Rowe H, Khan A, Rao A, et al. IL-17A and TNF modulate normal human spinal entheseal bone and soft tissue mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and stromal function. Cells. 2021;10(2):341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10020341","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200109)44:9<2176::AID-ART371>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"44","author":"Y Katz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Katz Y, Nadiv O, Beer Y. Interleukin-17 enhances tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced synthesis of interleukins 1,6, and 8 in skin and synovial fibroblasts: a possible role as a fine-tuning cytokine in inflammation processes. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(9):2176\u201384.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"12","key":"1203_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7563","volume":"166","author":"MT Wiekowski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wiekowski MT, Leach MW, Evans EW, Sullivan L, Chen SC, Vassileva G, et al. Ubiquitous transgenic expression of the IL-23 subunit p19 induces multiorgan inflammation, runting, infertility, and premature death. J Immunol. 2001;166(12):7563\u201370.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1203_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003986","volume":"187","author":"IE Adamopoulos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Adamopoulos IE, Tessmer M, Chao CC, Adda S, Gorman D, Petro M, et al. IL-23 is critical for induction of arthritis, osteoclast formation, and maintenance of bone mass. J Immunol. 2011;187(2):951\u20139.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1203_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2817","volume":"18","author":"JP Sherlock","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sherlock JP, Joyce-Shaikh B, Turner SP, Chao CC, Sathe M, Grein J, et al. IL-23 induces spondyloarthropathy by acting on ROR-gammat\u2009+\u2009CD3\u2009+\u2009CD4-CD8- entheseal resident T cells. Nat Med. 2012;18(7):1069\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1203_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10928","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10928","volume":"7","author":"T Ono","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ono T, Okamoto K, Nakashima T, Nitta T, Hori S, Iwakura Y, et al. IL-17-producing gammadelta T cells enhance bone regeneration. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10928.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1203_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02668","volume":"9","author":"A Watad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Watad A, Bridgewood C, Russell T, Marzo-Ortega H, Cuthbert R, McGonagle D. The early phases of ankylosing spondylitis: emerging insights from clinical and basic science. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2668.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1203_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2014.10.009","volume":"28","author":"P Jacques","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jacques P, McGonagle D. The role of mechanical stress in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis and how to combat it. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2014;28(5):703\u201310.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1203_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1044","volume":"196","author":"D Baeten","year":"2002","unstructured":"Baeten D, Demetter P, Cuvelier CA, Kruithof E, Van Damme N, De Vos M, et al. Macrophages expressing the scavenger receptor CD163: a link between immune alterations of the gut and synovial inflammation in spondyloarthropathy. J Pathol. 2002;196(3):343\u201350.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24406","volume":"60","author":"B Vandooren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vandooren B, Noordenbos T, Ambarus C, Krausz S, Cantaert T, Yeremenko N, et al. Absence of a classically activated macrophage cytokine signature in peripheral spondylarthritis, including psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(4):966\u201375.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","volume":"233","author":"A Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shapouri-Moghaddam A, Mohammadian S, Vazini H, Taghadosi M, Esmaeili SA, Mardani F, et al. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233(9):6425\u201340.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"1203_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39732","volume":"68","author":"A Reinhardt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reinhardt A, Yevsa T, Worbs T, Lienenklaus S, Sandrock I, Oberdorfer L, et al. Interleukin-23-Dependent gamma\/delta T cells produce Interleukin-17 and accumulate in the enthesis, aortic valve, and ciliary body in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(10):2476\u201386.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25988-3","volume":"8","author":"L Bouchareychas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bouchareychas L, Grossinger EM, Kang M, Adamopoulos IE. GammadeltaTCR regulates production of interleukin-27 by neutrophils and attenuates inflammatory arthritis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7590.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"1203_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215210","volume":"78","author":"RJ Cuthbert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuthbert RJ, Watad A, Fragkakis EM, Dunsmuir R, Loughenbury P, Khan A, et al. Evidence that tissue resident human enthesis gammadeltaT-cells can produce IL-17A independently of IL-23R transcript expression. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(11):1559\u201365.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1203_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1191782","volume":"14","author":"V Navarro-Compan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Navarro-Compan V, Puig L, Vidal S, Ramirez J, Llamas-Velasco M, Fernandez-Carballido C, et al. The paradigm of IL-23-independent production of IL-17F and IL-17A and their role in chronic inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1191782.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1203_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.02.002","volume":"29","author":"K Venken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Venken K, Elewaut D. New immune cells in spondyloarthritis: key players or innocent bystanders? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015;29(6):706\u201314.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"1203_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01489","volume":"9","author":"C Mortier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mortier C, Govindarajan S, Venken K, Elewaut D. It takes guts to cause joint inflammation: role of innate-like T cells. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1489.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1203_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3565","volume":"17","author":"HF Koay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koay HF, Gherardin NA, Enders A, Loh L, Mackay LK, Almeida CF, et al. A three-stage intrathymic development pathway for the mucosal-associated invariant T cell lineage. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(11):1300\u201311.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1203_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13242","volume":"31","author":"K Haga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haga K, Chiba A, Shibuya T, Osada T, Ishikawa D, Kodani T, et al. MAIT cells are activated and accumulated in the inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(5):965\u201372.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1203_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208902","volume":"75","author":"E Gracey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gracey E, Qaiyum Z, Almaghlouth I, Lawson D, Karki S, Avvaru N, et al. IL-7 primes IL-17 in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which contribute to the Th17-axis in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(12):2124\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.151133","volume":"43","author":"E Hayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hayashi E, Chiba A, Tada K, Haga K, Kitagaichi M, Nakajima S, et al. Involvement of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(9):1695\u2013703.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/art.33314","volume":"64","author":"A Chiba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiba A, Tajima R, Tomi C, Miyazaki Y, Yamamura T, Miyake S. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote inflammation and exacerbate disease in murine models of arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(1):153\u201361.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"4","key":"1203_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27324","volume":"62","author":"P Jacques","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jacques P, Venken K, Van Beneden K, Hammad H, Seeuws S, Drennan MB, et al. Invariant natural killer T cells are natural regulators of murine spondylarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(4):988\u201399.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1203_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998378","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.998378","volume":"13","author":"NS Bharadwaj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bharadwaj NS, Gumperz JE. Harnessing invariant natural killer T cells to control pathological inflammation. Front Immunol. 2022;13:998378.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1203_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07911-6","volume":"10","author":"K Venken","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venken K, Jacques P, Mortier C, Labadia ME, Decruy T, Coudenys J, et al. RORgammat Inhibition selectively targets IL-17 producing iNKT and gammadelta-T cells enriched in spondyloarthritis patients. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):9.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1203_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618581","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.618581","volume":"12","author":"M Mandour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mandour M, Chen S, van de Sande MGH. The role of the IL-23\/IL-17 axis in disease initiation in spondyloarthritis: lessons learned from animal models. Front Immunol. 2021;12:618581.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1203_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00099-7","volume":"6","author":"C Worth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Worth C, Al-Mossawi MH, Macdonald J, Fisher BA, Chan A, Sengupta R, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralisation in patients with axial spondyloarthritis in the UK (NAMASTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet Rheumatol. 2024;6(8):e537\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1203_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213328","volume":"77","author":"D Baeten","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baeten D, Ostergaard M, Wei JC, Sieper J, Jarvinen P, Tam LS, et al. Risankizumab, an IL-23 inhibitor, for ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept, dose-finding phase 2 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(9):1295\u2013302.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1203_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehaume LM, Mondot S, Aguirre de Carcer D, Velasco J, Benham H, Hasnain SZ, et al. ZAP-70 genotype disrupts the relationship between microbiota and host leading to spondyloarthritis and ileitis. Arthritis & rheumatology; 2014.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38773"},{"key":"1203_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.178213","author":"CT Ritchlin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ritchlin CT, Rangel-Moreno J, Martino D, Isett B, Paine A, Bhattacharya S, et al. Psoriatic arthritis subtypes are phenocopied in humanized mice. JCI Insight. 2024;9(15):e178213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.178213","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Current Rheumatology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-025-01203-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11926-025-01203-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-025-01203-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:02:43Z","timestamp":1770750163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11926-025-01203-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-025-01203-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1523-3774","1534-6307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1523-3774","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The author declares there are no conflicts of interest.All reported studies with animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards including an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) approved protocol.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Disclosures"}}],"article-number":"36"}}