{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:50:36Z","timestamp":1791525036329,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Rheumatol Rep"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-026-01239-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:09:10Z","timestamp":1791522550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reflections on 20 Years of Research on Tai Chi for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: An Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2925-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Mark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1817-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1239_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7","volume":"397","author":"SP Cohen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen SP, Vase L, Hooten WM. Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet. 2021;397:2082\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1239_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5","volume":"397","author":"MA Fitzcharles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fitzcharles MA, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ, Littlejohn G, Usui C, H\u00e4user W. Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions. Lancet. 2021;397:2098\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00392-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1239_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.4917","volume":"180","author":"EL Garland","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garland EL, Brintz CE, Hanley AW, et al. Mind-body therapies for opioid-treated pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:91\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.4917.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1239_CR4","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force Report: Updates, Gaps, Inconsistencies, and Recommendations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/pmtf-final-report-2019-05-23.pdf"},{"key":"1239_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","volume":"160","author":"RD Treede","year":"2019","unstructured":"Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019;160:19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"1239_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24131","volume":"72","author":"SL Kolasinski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology\/Arthritis Foundation guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020;72:149\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.24131.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"1239_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1089\/jicm.2024.0958","volume":"31","author":"GY Yeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yeh GY, Ahn A, Clark J, et al. The science of Tai Chi and Qigong as whole person health-Part II: evidence gaps and opportunities for future research and implementation. J Integr Complement Med. 2025;31:521\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jicm.2024.0958.","journal-title":"J Integr Complement Med"},{"key":"1239_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2014.11.009","volume":"60","author":"R Zeng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zeng R, Lin J, Wu S, et al. A randomized controlled trial: preoperative home-based combined Tai Chi and strength training (TCST) to improve balance and aerobic capacity in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;60:265\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2014.11.009.","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"1239_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2143","volume":"165","author":"C Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang C, Schmid CH, Iversen MD, et al. Comparative effectiveness of Tai Chi versus physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M15-2143.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1239_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.02.003","volume":"5","author":"Q Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu Q, Huang L, Wu X, et al. Effects of Tai Ji Quan training on gait kinematics in older Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Sport Health Sci. 2016;5:297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.02.003.","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"1239_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.12.024","volume":"33","author":"J L\u00fc","year":"2017","unstructured":"L\u00fc J, Huang L, Wu X, Fu W, Liu Y. Effect of Tai Ji Quan training on self-reported sleep quality in elderly Chinese women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trail. Sleep Med. 2017;33:70\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.12.024.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"1239_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62600","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.62600","volume":"20","author":"M Nahayatbin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nahayatbin M, Ghasemi M, Rahimi A, et al. The effects of routine physiotherapy alone and in combination with either Tai Chi or closed kinetic chain exercises on knee osteoarthritis: a comparative clinical trial study. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2018;20:e62600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ircmj.62600.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"1239_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2019.02.003","volume":"35","author":"L Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li L, Cheng S, Wang G, Duan G, Zhang Y. Tai chi chuan exercises improve functional outcomes and quality of life in patients with primary total knee arthroplasty due to knee osteoarthritis. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019;35:121\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctcp.2019.02.003.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"1239_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.08.193","volume":"82","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Chen L, Tu Y, et al. Different exercise modalities relieve pain syndrome in patients with knee osteoarthritis and modulate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a multiple mode MRI study. Brain Behav Immun. 2019;82:253\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.08.193.","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1239_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9","volume":"21","author":"PY Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen PY, Song CY, Yen HY, et al. Impacts of tai chi exercise on functional fitness in community-dwelling older adults with mild degenerative knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-021-02390-9.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"1239_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03943-3","volume":"15","author":"J Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pan J, Xie Z, Ye S, et al. The effects of Tai Chi on clinical outcomes and gait biomechanics in knee osteoarthritis patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2025;15:18495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-03943-3.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1239_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.5723","volume":"186","author":"SJ Zhu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhu SJ, Hinman RS, Nelligan RK, et al. Online unsupervised Tai Chi intervention for knee pain and function in people with knee osteoarthritis: the RETREAT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026;186:15\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.5723.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1239_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13199","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13199","volume":"29","author":"HW Yun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yun HW, Kim CJ, Ahn JA, Schlenk EA. Effects of a self-determination theory-based physical activity programme for postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Pract. 2023;29:e13199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijn.13199.","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"key":"1239_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2016.05.010","volume":"24","author":"S Maddali Bongi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maddali Bongi S, Paoletti G, Cal\u00e0 M, Del Rosso A, El Aoufy K, Mikhaylova S. Efficacy of rehabilitation with Tai Ji Quan in an Italian cohort of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:109\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctcp.2016.05.010.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"key":"1239_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k851","volume":"360","author":"C Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang C, Schmid CH, Fielding RA, et al. Effect of tai chi versus aerobic exercise for fibromyalgia: comparative effectiveness randomized controlled trial. BMJ. 2018;360:k851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k851.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1239_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2017-0038","volume":"26","author":"A Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong A, Figueroa A, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Son WM, Chernykh O, Park SY. Effectiveness of Tai Chi on cardiac autonomic function and symptomatology in women with fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Aging Phys Act. 2018;26:214\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/japa.2017-0038.","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"1239_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2020.100416","volume":"9","author":"CVM Sarmento","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sarmento CVM, Moon S, Pfeifer T, et al. The therapeutic efficacy of Qigong exercise on the main symptoms of fibromyalgia: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Integr Med Res. 2020;9:100416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imr.2020.100416.","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"},{"key":"1239_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.529","volume":"19","author":"S Bl\u00f6dt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bl\u00f6dt S, Pach D, Kaster T, et al. Qigong versus exercise therapy for chronic low back pain in adults-a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Eur J Pain. 2015;19:123\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.529.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"1239_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.03.003","volume":"17","author":"M Teut","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teut M, Knilli J, Daus D, Roll S, Witt CM. Qigong or yoga versus no intervention in older adults with chronic low back pain-a randomized controlled trial. J Pain. 2016;17:796\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.03.003.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1239_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030517","volume":"16","author":"J Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu J, Yeung A, Xiao T, et al. Chen-style Tai Chi for individuals (aged 50 years old or above) with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16:517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16030517.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1239_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55030060","volume":"55","author":"L Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, et al. The effects of Tai Chi Chuan versus core stability training on lower-limb neuromuscular function in aging individuals with non-specific chronic lower back pain. Med (Kaunas). 2019;55:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina55030060.","journal-title":"Med (Kaunas)"},{"key":"1239_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2018.02.004","volume":"23","author":"S Phattharasupharerk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phattharasupharerk S, Purepong N, Eksakulkla S, Siriphorn A. Effects of Qigong practice in office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized control trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019;23:375\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"J Bodyw Mov Ther"},{"key":"1239_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2024.100557","volume":"20","author":"Y Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang Y, McCluskey S, Bydon M, et al. A Tai Chi and Qigong mind-body program for low back pain: a virtually delivered randomized control trial. N Am Spine Soc J. 2024;20:100557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2024.100557.","journal-title":"N Am Spine Soc J"},{"key":"1239_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1133","volume":"26","author":"J Ye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ye J, Cai S, Zhong W, Cai S, Zheng Q. Effects of tai chi for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26:1133\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1589\/jpts.26.1133.","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"1239_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094388","volume":"50","author":"YW Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen YW, Hunt MA, Campbell KL, Peill K, Reid WD. The effect of Tai Chi on four chronic conditions-cancer, osteoarthritis, heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50:397\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2014-094388.","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"1239_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813979","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1813979","volume":"2016","author":"WD Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang WD, Chen S, Lee CL, Lin HY, Lai PT. The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on improving mind-body health for knee osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:1813979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/1813979.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1239_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215520954343","volume":"35","author":"L Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu L, Wang Y, Liu X, et al. Tai Chi exercise can ameliorate physical and mental health of patients with knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2021;35:64\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269215520954343.","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"1239_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25655","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025655","volume":"100","author":"Y You","year":"2021","unstructured":"You Y, Liu J, Tang M, Wang D, Ma X. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on improving walking function and posture control in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltim). 2021;100:e25655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000025655.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1239_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368504221088375","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504221088375","volume":"105","author":"GA Kelley","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Callahan LF. Clinical relevance of Tai Chi on pain and physical function in adults with knee osteoarthritis: an ancillary meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Prog. 2022;105:368504221088375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00368504221088375.","journal-title":"Sci Prog"},{"key":"1239_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4499","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S434800","volume":"16","author":"Y Ye","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye Y, Liu A. The effectiveness of Tai Chi for knee osteoarthritis: an overview of systematic reviews. Int J Gen Med. 2023;16:4499\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S434800.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"1239_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39520","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039520","volume":"103","author":"B Qiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiu B, Wang W, Tang G, et al. Long- and short-term effectiveness of traditional Chinese exercises in improving the overall physical capacity of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltim). 2024;103:e39520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000039520.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1239_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661674","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1661674","volume":"13","author":"J Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deng J, Zhang L, Chen F, Tao Y, Yang H, Yu L, Zhang C. The optimal course and frequency of Tai Chi for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1661674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1661674.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1239_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2025.103188","volume":"92","author":"B Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu B, Liu W, Wang S, Li H, Yin M. Effects of different mind-body exercises on pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2025;92:103188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2025.103188.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"1239_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002762","volume":"104","author":"D Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu D, Liu Y, Xue Z, Han S, Zhou M. Impact of Tai Chi on physical and mental well-being in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2025;104:998\u20131006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002762.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"1239_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2025.05.013","volume":"33","author":"A Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao A, Brown WJ, Coombes JS, Liu X. The effects of Tai Chi on pain and other health indicators in people with osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2025;33:933\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joca.2025.05.013.","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"1239_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710610","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1710610","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhai Z, Guo B, Liu Y, An Z, Zhai Q. Comparative effectiveness of traditional Chinese exercises for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2026;13:1710610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1710610.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1239_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3867-2","volume":"38","author":"G Akyuz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akyuz G, Kenis-Coskun O. The efficacy of Tai Chi and yoga in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies: a narrative biomedical review. Rheumatol Int. 2018;38:321\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00296-017-3867-2.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"1239_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD004849","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004849.pub2","volume":"9","author":"AS Mudano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mudano AS, Tugwell P, Wells GA, Singh JA. Tai Chi for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9:CD004849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD004849.pub2.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1239_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0346.R1.18112020","volume":"139","author":"AM Imoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imoto AM, Amorim FF, Palma H, et al. Evidence for the efficacy of Tai Chi for treating rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews. Sao Paulo Med J. 2021;139:91\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1516-3180.2020.0346.R1.18112020.","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"1239_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079841","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1079841","volume":"14","author":"H Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu H, Wang Q, Wen G, Wu J, Wang Y. The effects of Tai Chi on physical function and safety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1079841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2023.1079841.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1239_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S537227","volume":"18","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Y, He Z, Yin Z, Wang J, Gao W, Jie L. Effect of exercise interventions for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Pain Res. 2025;18:5109\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JPR.S537227.","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"1239_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4020037","volume":"4","author":"J Sawynok","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sawynok J, Lynch ME. Qigong and fibromyalgia circa 2017. Med (Basel). 2017;4:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicines4020037.","journal-title":"Med (Basel)"},{"key":"1239_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.07.007","volume":"46","author":"CA Cheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cheng CA, Chiu YW, Wu D, Kuan YC, Chen SN, Tam KW. Effectiveness of Tai Chi on fibromyalgia patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019;46:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.07.007.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"1239_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnae076","volume":"25","author":"JP Steen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Steen JP, Kannan V, Zaidi A, Cramer H, Ng JY. Mind-body therapy for treating fibromyalgia: a systematic review. Pain Med. 2024;25:703\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnae076.","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"1239_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2025-0207","volume":"23","author":"B Zhang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhang B, Ruan W, Chen H, Ma L, Ma J. Effects of mind-body exercise therapies on patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Phys Act Health. 2026;23:600\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2025-0207.","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"key":"1239_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17099","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017099","volume":"98","author":"J Qin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qin J, Zhang Y, Wu L, et al. Effect of Tai Chi alone or as additional therapy on low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Med (Baltim). 2019;98:e17099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000017099.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"1239_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0306518","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306518","volume":"19","author":"H Kang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang H, Yang M, Li M, Xi R, Sun Q, Lin Q. Effects of different parameters of Tai Chi on the intervention of chronic low back pain: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2024;19:e0306518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0306518.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1239_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512450","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1512450","volume":"13","author":"K Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao K, Zhang P, Li H, Li L. Exercise prescription for improving chronic low back pain in adults: a network meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2025;13:1512450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1512450.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"1239_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70092","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70092","volume":"29","author":"Y Xia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xia Y, Hu Y, Ouyang J, Huang R. Four MBE therapies to improve pain scores, physical functioning, and quality of life in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Pain. 2025;29:e70092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.70092.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"1239_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694330","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1694330","volume":"16","author":"X Liu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Liu X, Gao W, Wu P, Huang J, Han J, Xu X, Chen W. Effects of different exercise interventions on lower back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol. 2026;16:1694330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2025.1694330.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"1239_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2025.103309","volume":"96","author":"Q Tian","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tian Q, Li D, Xiong H, Zhu T, Li X, Huang W. Comparative efficacy of different mind-body exercise modalities in low back pain: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2026;96:103309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctim.2025.103309.","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"1239_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25325","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25325","volume":"6","author":"LJ Kong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kong LJ, Lauche R, Klose P, et al. Tai Chi for chronic pain conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2016;6:25325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep25325.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1239_CR58","first-page":"881","volume":"62","author":"P Huston","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huston P, McFarlane B. Health benefits of tai chi: what is the evidence? Can Fam Physician. 2016;62:881\u201390.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"1239_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20160246","volume":"97","author":"A Hall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hall A, Copsey B, Richmond H, et al. Effectiveness of Tai Chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther. 2017;97:227\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20160246.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"1239_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.08.015","volume":"134","author":"L Zou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zou L, Xiao T, Cao C, et al. Tai Chi for chronic illness management: synthesizing current evidence from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2021;134:194\u2013e20512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.08.015.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1239_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-022-02100-5","volume":"11","author":"GY Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang GY, Hunter J, Bu FL, et al. Determining the safety and effectiveness of Tai Chi: a critical overview of 210 systematic reviews of controlled clinical trials. Syst Rev. 2022;11:260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-022-02100-5.","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"1239_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678660","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2026.1678660","volume":"7","author":"S Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Chen S, Liu W, Fu Q, Huang M, Lin W, Ding Y, Li M. Efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2026;7:1678660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpain.2026.1678660.","journal-title":"Front Pain Res (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1239_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2321","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2321","volume":"375","author":"BR da Costa","year":"2021","unstructured":"da Costa BR, Pereira TV, Saadat P, et al. Effectiveness and safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid treatment for knee and hip osteoarthritis: network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021;375:n2321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n2321.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1239_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","volume":"71","author":"D Dowell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain-United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022;71:1\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"1239_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153203","volume":"10","author":"J Nijs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nijs J, Lahousse A, Kapreli E, et al. Nociplastic pain criteria or recognition of central sensitization? Pain phenotyping in the past, present and future. J Clin Med. 2021;10:3203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10153203.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1239_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702830","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1702830","volume":"17","author":"SQ Zhu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhu SQ, Wang H. Performance of Tai Chi Chuan and NF-\u03baB-driven proinflammatory gene expression (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1) in adult chronic disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Immunol. 2026;17:1702830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1702830.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1239_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247054701770476","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547017704763","volume":"1","author":"CG Abdallah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdallah CG, Geha P. Chronic pain and chronic stress: two sides of the same coin? Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2017;1:2470547017704763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2470547017704763.","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"1239_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-025-05100-9","volume":"25","author":"C Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C, Saito T, Wang L, et al. Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025;25:367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-025-05100-9.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"1239_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367","volume":"166","author":"A Qaseem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:514\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M16-2367.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1239_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.25117","volume":"75","author":"BR England","year":"2023","unstructured":"England BR, Smith BJ, Baker NA, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for exercise, rehabilitation, diet, and additional integrative interventions for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2023;75:1603\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/acr.25117.","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"1239_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485272","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/485272","volume":"2013","author":"J Ablin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ablin J, Fitzcharles MA, Buskila D, Shir Y, Sommer C, H\u00e4user W. Treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: recommendations of recent evidence-based interdisciplinary guidelines with special emphasis on complementary and alternative therapies. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:485272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/485272.","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"1239_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209724","volume":"76","author":"GJ Macfarlane","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macfarlane GJ, Kronisch C, Dean LE, et al. EULAR revised recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76:318\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209724.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"1239_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152101","volume":"57","author":"B Kundakci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kundakci B, Hall M, Atzeni F, et al. International, multidisciplinary Delphi consensus recommendations on non-pharmacological interventions for fibromyalgia. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2022;57:152101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152101.","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"1239_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002356","volume":"103","author":"F Macedo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Macedo F, Annaswamy T, Coller R, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: synopsis of the 2021 US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense clinical practice guideline. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024;103:350\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PHM.0000000000002356.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["Current Rheumatology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-026-01239-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11926-026-01239-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11926-026-01239-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:09:11Z","timestamp":1791522551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11926-026-01239-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11926-026-01239-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-6307"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-6307","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors report no relevant financial or non-financial conflicts of interest related to the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"30"}}