{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:28:51Z","timestamp":1790108931828,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Urol Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-019-0933-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]],"date-time":"2019-11-08T15:17:21Z","timestamp":1573226241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Female Urethral Strictures: Review of Diagnosis, Etiology, and Management"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nnenaya","family":"Agochukwu-Mmonu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudarshan","family":"Srirangapatanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Breyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"933_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70319-0","volume":"23","author":"Lesley K. Carr","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carr LK, Webster GD. Bladder outlet obstruction in women. Urol Clin North Am. 1996;23(3):385\u201391.","journal-title":"Urologic Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"3","key":"933_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(2000)19:3<213::AID-NAU2>3.0.CO;2-U","volume":"19","author":"A Groutz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Groutz A, Blaivas JG, Chaikin DC. Bladder outlet obstruction in women: definition and characteristics. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(3):213\u201320.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"5","key":"933_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.05.047","volume":"66","author":"HC Kuo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kuo HC. Videourodynamic characteristics and lower urinary tract symptoms of female bladder outlet obstruction. Urology. 2005;66(5):1005\u20139.","journal-title":"Urology."},{"issue":"4","key":"933_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000186","volume":"25","author":"NI Osman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Osman NI, Chapple CR. Contemporary surgical management of female urethral stricture disease. Curr Opin Urol. 2015;25(4):341\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"issue":"3","key":"933_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.07.124","volume":"195","author":"I Faiena","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Faiena I, Koprowski C, Tunuguntla H. Female urethral reconstruction. J Urol. 2016;195(3):557\u201367 A review article on female urethral reconstruction, which discusses techniques and methods of female urethral reconstruction.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.07.038","volume":"64","author":"NI Osman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osman NI, Mangera A, Chapple CR. A systematic review of surgical techniques used in the treatment of female urethral stricture. Eur Urol. 2013;64(6):965\u201373.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-016-1947-7","volume":"35","author":"M Spilotros","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Spilotros M, Malde S, Solomon E, Grewal M, Mukhtar BM, Pakzad M, et al. Female urethral stricture: a contemporary series. World J Urol. 2017;35(6):991\u20135 A retrospective study of 26 women with urethral stricture. In this study, urethral dilation, urethotomy, meatoplasty, and urethroplasty were used to treat urethral strictures. Of treatments, patients treated with buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty had the most durable result.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"issue":"5","key":"933_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-008-0071-7","volume":"9","author":"Kirk A. Keegan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Keegan KA, Nanigian DK, Stone AR. Female urethral stricture disease. Curr urol rep. 2008;9(5):419\u201323.","journal-title":"Current Urology Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"933_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000064353","volume":"69","author":"F Montorsi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Montorsi F, Salonia A, Centemero A, Guazzoni G, Nava L, Da Pozzo LF, et al. Vestibular flap urethroplasty for strictures of the female urethra. Impact on symptoms and flow patterns. Urol Int. 2002;69(1):12\u20136.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"issue":"S1","key":"933_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2019.03.02","volume":"8","author":"Lindsay A. Hampson","year":"2019","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Hampson LA, Myers JB, Vanni AJ, Virasoro R, Smith TG 3rd, Capiel L, et al. Dorsal buccal graft urethroplasty in female urethral stricture disease: a multi-center experience. Transl androl and urol. 2019;8(Suppl 1):S6\u2013s12 Largest retrospective study of buccal mucosal grafts for female urethral stricture. In this review, most women had undergone prior stricture-related procedure, 18% of individuals had complications within 30 days, and 23% had stricture recurrence.","journal-title":"Translational Andrology and Urology"},{"key":"933_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Anast SBB, C. Klutke. Female urethral reconstruction: Humana Press; 2008.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-103-1_27"},{"issue":"5","key":"933_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.07.042","volume":"188","author":"JG Blaivas","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blaivas JG, Santos JA, Tsui JF, Deibert CM, Rutman MP, Purohit RS, et al. Management of urethral stricture in women. J Urol. 2012;188(5):1778\u201382.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/00042307-200411000-00007","volume":"14","author":"JG Blaivas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blaivas JG, Sandhu J. Urethral reconstruction after erosion of slings in women. Curr Opin Urol. 2004;14(6):335\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000061763.88247.16","volume":"169","author":"AJ Flisser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flisser AJ, Blaivas JG. Outcome of urethral reconstructive surgery in a series of 74 women. J Urol. 2003;169(6):2246\u20139.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"933_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37162-8","volume":"147","author":"MO Perry","year":"1992","unstructured":"Perry MO, Husmann DA. Urethral injuries in female subjects following pelvic fractures. J Urol. 1992;147(1):139\u201343.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.024","volume":"178","author":"JM Pugliese","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pugliese JM, Morey AF, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. J Urol. 2007;178(6):2268\u201376.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)60317-3","volume":"110","author":"S Desai","year":"1973","unstructured":"Desai S, Libertino JA, Zinman L. Primary carcinoma of the female urethra. J Urol. 1973;110(6):693\u20135.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"4","key":"933_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1159\/000282372","volume":"48","author":"R Indudhara","year":"1992","unstructured":"Indudhara R, Vaidyanathan S, Radotra BD. Urethral tuberculosis. Urol Int. 1992;48(4):436\u20138.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"933_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6715257","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6715257","volume":"2019","author":"M Waterloos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Waterloos M, Verla W. Female urethroplasty: a practical guide emphasizing diagnosis and surgical treatment of female urethral stricture disease. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:6715257.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"933_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20814","volume":"29","author":"EA Gormley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gormley EA. Vaginal flap urethroplasty for female urethral stricture disease. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;29(Suppl 1):S42\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"4","key":"933_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.04.089","volume":"64","author":"GA Defreitas","year":"2004","unstructured":"Defreitas GA, Zimmern PE, Lemack GE, Shariat SF. Refining diagnosis of anatomic female bladder outlet obstruction: comparison of pressure-flow study parameters in clinically obstructed women with those of normal controls. Urology. 2004;64(4):675\u20139 discussion 9-81.","journal-title":"Urology."},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"933_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000110201.74430.df","volume":"171","author":"CS Bradley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bradley CS, Rovner ES. Urodynamically defined stress urinary incontinence and bladder outlet obstruction coexist in women. J Urol. 2004;171(2 Pt 1):757\u201360 discussion 60-1.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"933_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rct.0000187420.61062.f9","volume":"30","author":"KM Elsayes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elsayes KM, Mukundan G, Narra VR, Abou El Abbass HA, Prasad SR, Brown JJ. Endovaginal magnetic resonance imaging of the female urethra. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006;30(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"key":"933_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theisen KM, Kadow BT, Rusilko PJ. Three-dimensional imaging of urethral stricture disease and urethral pathology for operative planning. Curr urol rep. 2016;17(8):54.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-016-0616-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"933_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.6.01841882","volume":"184","author":"CP Chou","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chou CP, Huang JS, Wu MT, Pan HB, Huang FD, Yu CC, et al. CT voiding urethrography and virtual urethroscopy: preliminary study with 16-MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(6):1882\u20138.","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"933_CR26","volume-title":"Gray\u2019s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice","author":"S Standring","year":"2016","unstructured":"Standring S. In: Standring S, editor. Gray\u2019s anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. New York: Elsevier Limited; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"933_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20058","volume":"20","author":"Katarzyna J. Macura","year":"2004","unstructured":"Macura KJ, Genadry R, Borman TL, Mostwin JL, Lardo AC, Bluemke DA. Evaluation of the female urethra with intraurethral magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : J Magn Reson Imagin. 2004;20(1):153\u20139.","journal-title":"Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"933_CR28","unstructured":"A.P. Cameron CL-G, E.J.McGuire. Pubovaginal fascial slings: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins."},{"issue":"4","key":"933_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.06.016","volume":"188","author":"AN Romman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Romman AN, Alhalabi F, Zimmern PE. Distal intramural urethral pathology in women. J Urol. 2012;188(4):1218\u201323.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"8","key":"933_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09240.x","volume":"106","author":"P Rehder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rehder P, Glodny B, Pichler R, Exeli L, Kerschbaumer A, Mitterberger MJ. Dorsal urethroplasty with labia minora skin graft for female urethral strictures. BJU Int. 2010;106(8):1211\u20134.","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"933_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.12.010","volume":"67","author":"RK Berglund","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berglund RK, Vasavada S, Angermeier K, Rackley R. Buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for recurrent stricture of female urethra. Urology. 2006;67(5):1069\u201371.","journal-title":"Urology."},{"issue":"4","key":"933_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.06.042","volume":"184","author":"A Simonato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Simonato A, Varca V, Esposito M, Carmignani G. Vaginal flap urethroplasty for wide female stricture disease. J Urol. 2010;184(4):1381\u20135.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"2","key":"933_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000065554","volume":"69","author":"M Tanello","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tanello M, Frego E, Simeone C, Cosciani Cunico S. Use of pedicle flap from the labia minora for the repair of female urethral strictures. Urol Int. 2002;69(2):95\u20138.","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"933_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13970","volume":"120","author":"BMB Mukhtar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mukhtar BMB, Spilotros M, Malde S, Greenwell TJ. Ventral-onlay buccal mucosa graft substitution urethroplasty for urethral stricture in women. BJU Int. 2017;120(5):710.","journal-title":"BJU Int"}],"container-title":["Current Urology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11934-019-0933-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11934-019-0933-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11934-019-0933-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,4]],"date-time":"2022-10-04T04:05:35Z","timestamp":1664856335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11934-019-0933-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11934-019-0933-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-2737","1534-6285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-2737","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-6285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Nnenaya Agochukwu-Mmonu, Sudarshan Srirangapatanam, Andrew Cohen, and Benjamin Breyer each declare no potential conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"74"}}