{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T09:02:06Z","timestamp":1790845326405,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,29]],"date-time":"2008-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Cardio Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,28]],"date-time":"2008-03-28T14:56:43Z","timestamp":1206716203000},"page":"128-135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Pernio (Chilblains)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amjad","family":"AlMahameed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duane S.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"14_CR1","unstructured":"Encyclopaedia Britannica, or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature, edn 6. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Company; 1823."},{"key":"14_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/20786204.2007.10873574","volume":"49","author":"H.F. Jordaan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jordaan HF: The diagnosis and management of perniosis (chilblains). SA Fam Pract 2007, 49:28\u201329.","journal-title":"SA Fam Pract"},{"key":"14_CR3","unstructured":"Maroon MS, Hensley D: Pernio. Available at http:\/\/www.emedicine.com\/derm\/topic322.htm . Accessed December 17, 2007."},{"key":"14_CR4","first-page":"1641","volume":"48","author":"P.H. Carpentier","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carpentier PH: Definition and epidemiology of vascular acrosyndromes. Rev Prat 1998, 48:1641\u20131646.","journal-title":"Rev Prat"},{"key":"14_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70209-Z","volume":"23","author":"D.K. Goette","year":"1990","unstructured":"Goette DK: Chilblains (perniosis). J Am Acad Dermatol 1990, 23:257\u2013262.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360200161026","volume":"146","author":"J.R. Jacob","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacob JR, Weisman MH, Rosenblatt SI, et al.: Chronic pernio. A historical perspective of cold-induced vascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:1589\u20131592.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"14_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1097\/00004630-198609000-00009","volume":"7","author":"G.F. Purdue","year":"1986","unstructured":"Purdue GF, Hunt JL: Cold injury: a collective review. J Burn Care Rehabil 1986, 7:417\u2013421.","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"14_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2000.00986-1.x","volume":"39","author":"P. Wessagowit","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wessagowit P, Asawanonda P, Noppakun N: Papular perniosis mimicking erythema multiforme: the first case report in Thailand. Int J Dermatol 2000, 39:527\u2013529.","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2000.01722.x","volume":"17","author":"W.L. Weston","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weston WL, Morelli JG: Childhood pernio and cryoproteins. Pediatr Dermatol 2000, 17:97\u201399.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR10","first-page":"720","volume":"99","author":"R.B. Lynn","year":"1954","unstructured":"Lynn RB: Chilblains. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1954, 99:720\u2013726.","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"14_CR11","first-page":"611","volume-title":"Peripheral Vascular Disease","author":"J.W. Olin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Olin JW, Arrabi W: Vascular diseases related to extremes in environmental temperature. In Peripheral Vascular Disease, edn 2. Edited by Young JR, Olin JW, Bartholomew JR. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1996:611\u2013613.","edition":"edn 2"},{"key":"14_CR12","first-page":"564","volume":"74","author":"D.W. DeGroot","year":"2003","unstructured":"DeGroot DW, Castellani JW, Williams JO, et al.: Epidemiology of US Army cold weather injuries, 1980\u20131999. Aviat Space Environ Med 2003, 74:564\u2013570.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"14_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(46)90119-5","volume":"1","author":"A. Winner","year":"1946","unstructured":"Winner A, Cooper-Willis E: Chilblains in service women. Lancet 1946, 1:663.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"14_CR14","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, an Integrated Program in Dermatology","author":"P.M. Elias","year":"1996","unstructured":"Elias PM, Jackson SM: What does normal skin do? In Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, an Integrated Program in Dermatology. Edited by Arndt KA, LeBoit PE, Robinson JK, Wintroub BU. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1996:46\u201357."},{"key":"14_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3402\/ijch.v61i3.17475","volume":"61","author":"L. Eero","year":"2002","unstructured":"Eero L: The skin in the cold. Int J Circumpolar Health 2002, 61:277\u2013286.","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"14_CR16","first-page":"53","volume":"71","author":"R.G. Eubanks","year":"1974","unstructured":"Eubanks RG: Heat and cold injuries. J Arkansas Med Soc 1974, 71:53\u201358.","journal-title":"J Arkansas Med Soc"},{"key":"14_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/000331976101201011","volume":"12","author":"J.P. Kulka","year":"1961","unstructured":"Kulka JP: Vasomotor microcirculatory insufficiency: observations on nonfreezing cold injury of the mouse ear. Angiology 1961, 12:491\u2013506.","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"14_CR18","first-page":"177","volume":"15","author":"T. Lewis","year":"1930","unstructured":"Lewis T: Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold. Heart 1930, 15:177\u2013208.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"14_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050287","volume":"76","author":"H.A.M. Daanen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Daanen HAM, Van de Linde FJG, Romet T, Ducharme MB: The effect of body temperature on the hunting response of the middle finger skin temperature. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997, 76:538\u2013543.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"14_CR20","first-page":"1206","volume":"70","author":"H.A.M. Daanen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Daanen HAM, Ducharme MB: Finger cold-induced vasodilatation during mild hypothermia, hyperthermia and at thermoneutrality. Aviat Space Environ Med 1999, 70:1206\u20131210.","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"key":"14_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/134.11.1307","volume":"134","author":"H.J. Hanson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Hanson HJ, Goldman RF Cold injury in man: a review of its etiology and discussion of its prediction. Mil Med 1969, 134:1307\u20131316.","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"14_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winter kibes in horsey women. Lancet 1980, 2:1345.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92405-8"},{"key":"14_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1089\/152702901753397108","volume":"2","author":"R.D. Price","year":"2001","unstructured":"Price RD, Murdoch DR: Perniosis (chilblains) of the thigh: report of five cases, including four following river crossings. High Alt Med Biol 2001, 2:535\u2013538.","journal-title":"High Alt Med Biol"},{"key":"14_CR24","first-page":"1616","volume":"233","author":"M. Goodfield","year":"1989","unstructured":"Goodfield M: Cold-induced skin disorders. Practitioner 1989, 233:1616\u20131620.","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"14_CR25","first-page":"114","volume":"59","author":"H. Rintamaki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rintamaki H: Predisposing factors and prevention of frostbite. Int J Circumpolar Health 2000, 59:114\u2013121.","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"14_CR26","first-page":"92","volume":"59","author":"J. Hassi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hassi J, Makinen TM: Frostbite: occurrence, risk factors and consequences. Int J Circumpolar Health 2000, 59:92\u201398.","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"14_CR27","first-page":"108","volume":"59","author":"M.P. Hamlet","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hamlet MP: Prevention and treatment of cold injury. Int J Circumpolar Health 2000, 59:108\u2013113.","journal-title":"Int J Circumpolar Health"},{"key":"14_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200105000-00004","volume":"80","author":"M. Viguier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Viguier M, Pinquier L, Cavelier-Balloy B, et al.: Clinical and histopathologic features and immunologic variables in patients with severe chilblains. A study of the relationship to lupus erythematosus. Medicine (Baltimore) 2001, 80:180\u2013188.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"14_CR29","volume-title":"Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease","author":"A. AlMahameed","year":"2006","unstructured":"AlMahameed A, Olin JW: Pernio (chilblains). In Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease. Edited by Creager MA, Dzau VJ, Loscalzo J. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006:723-728."},{"key":"14_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.117861","volume":"45","author":"B. Cribier","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cribier B, Djeridi N, Peltre B, et al.: A histologic and immunohistochemical study of chilblains. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001, 45:924\u2013929.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1981.01650010032019","volume":"117","author":"E.W. Herman","year":"1981","unstructured":"Herman EW, Kezis JS, Silvers DN: A distinctive variant of pernio. Clinical and histopathologic study of nine cases. Arch Dermatol 1981, 117:26\u201328.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1981.tb02302.x","volume":"6","author":"L.M. Wall","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wall LM, Smith NP: Perniosis: a histopathological review. Clin Exp Dermatol 1981, 6:263\u2013271.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR33","volume-title":"Textbook of Military Medicine. Part III. Diseases of the Environment","author":"D. Corbett","year":"1994","unstructured":"Corbett D, Benson P: Military dermatology. In Textbook of Military Medicine. Part III. Diseases of the Environment. Edited by Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 1994."},{"key":"14_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199101000-00012","volume":"11","author":"G. Inoue","year":"1991","unstructured":"Inoue G, Miura T: Microgeodic disease affecting the hands and feet of children. J Pediatr Orthop 1991, 11:59\u201363.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"14_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(88)70098-5","volume":"18","author":"E.H. Page","year":"1988","unstructured":"Page EH, Shear NH: Temperature-dependent skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988, 18:1003\u20131019.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640330063014","volume":"116","author":"B.E. Beacham","year":"1980","unstructured":"Beacham BE, Cooper PH, Buchanan CS, et al.: Equestrian cold panniculitis in women. Arch Dermatol 1980, 116:1025\u20131027.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2000.00643.x","volume":"25","author":"B.D. Silva De","year":"2000","unstructured":"De Silva BD, McLaren K, Doherty VR: Equestrian perniosis associated with cold agglutinins: a novel finding. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000, 25:285\u2013288.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR38","first-page":"101","volume":"106","author":"M.B. Duffill","year":"1993","unstructured":"Duffill MB: Milkers\u2019 chilblains. N Z Med J 1993, 106:101\u2013103.","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"14_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1996.03890280123017","volume":"132","author":"D.A. Fisher","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fisher DA, Everett MA: Violaceous rash of dorsal fingers in a woman. Diagnosis: chilblain lupus erythematosus (perniosis). Arch Dermatol 1996, 132:459, 462.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR40","first-page":"755","volume":"193","author":"E.W. Thomas","year":"1964","unstructured":"Thomas EW: Chapping and chilblains. Practitioner 1964, 193:755\u2013760.","journal-title":"Practitioner"},{"key":"14_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1997.02170470089018","volume":"151","author":"R. Giusti","year":"1997","unstructured":"Giusti R, Tunnessen WW Jr: Picture of the month. Chilblains (pernio). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997, 151:1055\u20131056.","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"14_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0151","volume":"86","author":"K. Weismann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weismann K, Larsen FG: Pernio of the hips in young girls wearing tight-fitting jeans with a low waistband. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 2006, 86:558\u2013559.","journal-title":"Acta Dermato-Venereologica"},{"key":"14_CR43","first-page":"223","volume":"65","author":"E.C. Parlette","year":"2000","unstructured":"Parlette EC, Parlette HL 3rd: Erythrocyanotic discoloration of the toes. Cutis 2000, 65:223\u2013224, 226.","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"14_CR44","first-page":"46","volume":"11","author":"J.A. Spittell Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Spittell JA Jr, Spittell PC: Chronic pernio: another cause of blue toes. Int Angiol 1992, 11:46\u201350.","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"14_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb07792.x","volume":"120","author":"M.H. Rustin","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rustin MH, Newton JA, Smith NP, et al.: The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine: the results of a pilot study, a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study and a long-term open trial. Br J Dermatol 1989, 120:267\u2013275.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6552.923-a","volume":"293","author":"P.M. Dowd","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dowd PM, Rustin MH, Lanigan S: Nifedipine in the treatment of chilblains. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 293:923\u2013924.","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"14_CR47","first-page":"209","volume":"69","author":"A.K. Patra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Patra AK, Das AL, Ramadasan P: Diltiazem vs. nifedipine in chilblains: a clinical trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereal Leprol 2003, 69:209\u2013211.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereal Leprol"},{"key":"14_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1994.tb00063.x","volume":"11","author":"K.P. White","year":"1994","unstructured":"White KP, Rothe MJ, Milanese A, et al.: Perniosis in association with anorexia nervosa. Pediatr Dermatol 1994, 11:1\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689008300807","volume":"83","author":"M.H. Rustin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rustin MH, Foreman JC, Dowd PM: Anorexia nervosa associated with acromegaloid features, onset of acrocyanosis and Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon and worsening of chilblains. J R Soc Med 1990, 83:495\u2013496.","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"14_CR50","first-page":"1215","volume":"117","author":"J.L. Reinertsen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Reinertsen JL: Unusual pernio-like reaction to sulindac [letter]. Arch Derm 1981, 117:1215.","journal-title":"Arch Derm"},{"key":"14_CR51","volume-title":"Vascular Surgery","author":"R. Rose","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rose R, Bartholomew JR, Olin JW: Atheromatous embolization syndrome. In Vascular Surgery, edn 6. Edited by Rutherford RB. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 2004.","edition":"edn 6"},{"key":"14_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1963.01590240221036","volume":"88","author":"L.M. Solomon","year":"1961","unstructured":"Solomon LM, Beerman H: Cold panniculitis. Arch Dermatol 1961, 88:897\u2013900.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"14_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1945.02860220017005","volume":"128","author":"H. Montgomery","year":"1945","unstructured":"Montgomery H, O\u2019Leary PA, Barker NW: Nodular vascular disease of the legs. JAMA 1945, 128:335.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"14_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-0284-4.50054-3","volume-title":"Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease","author":"M.A. Creager","year":"2006","unstructured":"Creager MA, Halperin JL, Coffman JD: Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon. In Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease. Edited by Creager MA, Dzau VJ, Loscalzo J. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006:689\u2013705."},{"key":"14_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-0284-4.50055-5","volume-title":"Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease","author":"J.D. Coffman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coffman JD: Acrocyanosis. In Vascular Medicine: A Companion to Braunwald\u2019s Heart Disease. Edited by Creager MA, Dzau VJ, Loscalzo J. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2006:707\u2013710."}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,3]],"date-time":"2020-05-03T14:19:28Z","timestamp":1588515568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,29]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["14"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8464","1534-3189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8464","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,29]]}}}