{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:20:07Z","timestamp":1779250807276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Cardio Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-018-0658-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T06:07:42Z","timestamp":1532326062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Annemarie E.","family":"Fogerty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1D","key":"658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-017-0575-x","volume":"19","author":"AE Fogerty","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fogerty AE. Challenges of anticoagulation therapy in pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2017;19(1D):76.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"658_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091692","volume":"182","author":"WS Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan WS, Spencer FA, Ginsberg JS. Anatomic distribution of deep vein thrombosis in pregnancy. CMAJ. 2010;182:657\u201360.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"658_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2017.06.025","volume":"157","author":"T Wan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wan T, Skeith L, Karovitch A, Rodger M, Le Gal G. Guidance for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism during pregnancy: consensus and controversies. Thromb Res. 2017;157:23\u20138.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"658_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15102","volume":"180","author":"BJ Hunt","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Hunt BJ, Parmar K, Horspool K, Shepard N, Nelson-Piercy C, Goodacre S. DiPEP research group. The DiPEP (diagnosis of PE in pregnancy) biomarker study: an observational cohort study augmented with additional cases to determine the diagnostic utility of biomarkers for suspected venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and puerperium. Br J Haematol. 2018;180(5):694\u2013704. Recent publication demonstrating the difficulty in diagnosing PE in pregnancy due to significant overlap of traditional biomarkers in normal pregnancies and cases of PE in pregnancy.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"658_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.12.049","volume":"221","author":"O Touhami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Touhami O, Marzouk SB, Bennasr L, Touaibia M, Souli I, Felfel MA, et al. Are the wells score and the revised Geneva score valuable for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;221:166\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"658_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1575ST","volume":"184","author":"AN Leung","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leung AN, Bull TN, Jaeschke R, Lockwood CJ, Boiselle PM, Hurwitz LM, et al. An official American Thoracic Society\/Society of Thoracic Radiology clinical practice guideline: evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184:1200\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"658_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-016-1409-5","volume":"43","author":"BP McDonnell","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 McDonnell BP, Glennon K, McTiernan A, O\u2019Connor HD, Kirkham C, Kevane B, et al. Adjustment of therapeutic LMWH to achieve specific target anti-Xa activity does not affect outcomes in pregnant patients with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2017;43(1):105\u201311. Recent publication showing that routine monitoring of the anti-Xa activity in pregnant women managed with LMWH does not affect clinical outcomes.","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"4","key":"658_CR8","first-page":"687","volume":"116","author":"R Salim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Salim R, Nachum Z, Gavish I, Romano S, Braverman M, Garmi G. Adjusting enoxaparin dosage according to anti-Xa levels and pregnancy outcome in thrombophilic women. A randomised controlled trial. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116(4):687\u201395.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"7","key":"658_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13117","volume":"46","author":"S Petrie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Petrie S, Barras M, Lust K, Fagermo N, Allen J, Martin JH. Evaluation of therapeutic enoxaparin in a pregnant population at a tertiary hospital. Inter Med J. 2016;46(7):826\u201333.","journal-title":"Inter Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"658_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02634.x","volume":"5","author":"MA Rodger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rodger MA, Kahn SR, Cranney A, Hodsman A, Kovacs MJ, Clement AM, et al. TIPPS investigators. Long-term dalteparin in pregnancy not associated with a decrease in bone mineral density: a substudy of a randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(8):1600\u20136.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"658_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X16659401","volume":"9","author":"AS Patil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patil AS, Clapp T, Gaston PK, Kuhl D, Rinehart E, Meyer NL. Increased unfractionated heparin requirements with decreasing body mass index in pregnancy. Obstet Med. 2016;9(4):156\u20139.","journal-title":"Obstet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"658_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb01785.x","volume":"97","author":"T Dahlman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dahlman T, Lindvall N, Hellgren M. Osteopenia in pregnancy during long-term heparin treatment: a radiological study post partum. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1990;97(3):221\u20138.","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"658_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90378-V","volume":"168","author":"TC Dahlman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dahlman TC. Osteoporotic fractures and the recurrence of thromboembolism during pregnancy and the puerperium in 184 women undergoing thromboprophylaxis with heparin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;168(4):1265\u201370.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"658_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1612970","volume":"87","author":"V Pettila","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pettila V, Leinonen P, Markkola A, Hiilesmaa V, Kaaja R. Postpartum bone mineral density in women treated for thromboprophylaxis with unfractionated heparin or LMW heparin. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87(2):182\u20136.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"6","key":"658_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.04.001","volume":"135","author":"S Carolis De","year":"2015","unstructured":"De Carolis S, di Pasquo E, Rossi E, Del Sordo G, Buonomo A, Schiavino D, et al. Fondaparinux in pregnancy: could it be a safe option? A review of the literature. Thromb Res. 2015;135(6):1049\u201351.","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"658_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200404293501825","volume":"350","author":"CE Dempfle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dempfle CE. Minor transplacental passage of fondaparinux in vivo. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1914\u20135. (Letter)","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"658_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2174\/187152571302151217124957","volume":"13","author":"RK Chaudhary","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaudhary RK, Nepal C, Khanal N, et al. Management and outcome of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. 2015;13:92\u20137.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"658_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syme MR, Paxton JW, Keelan HA. Drug transfer and metabolism by the human placenta. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(8):487\u2013514.","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443080-00001"},{"key":"658_CR19","unstructured":"Bivalirudin [package insert]. The Medicines Company Parsippany, NJ."},{"key":"658_CR20","unstructured":"Argatroban [package insert]. Pfizer. New York, NY."},{"issue":"4","key":"658_CR21","first-page":"651","volume":"116","author":"J Beyer-Westendorf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Beyer-Westendorf J, Michalski F, Tittl L, Middeldorp S, Cohen H, Abdul Kadir R, et al. Pregnancy outcome in patients exposed to direct oral anticoagulants \u2013 and the challenge of event reporting. Thromb Haemost. 2016;116(4):651\u20138.","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"658_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-015-0893-5","volume":"105","author":"M Hoeltzenbein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoeltzenbein M, Beck E, Meixner K, Schaefer C, Kreutz R. Pregnancy outcome after exposure to the novel oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban in women at suspected risk for thromboembolic events: a case series from the German Embryotox Pharmacovigilance Centre. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105(2):117\u201326.","journal-title":"Clin Res Cardiol"},{"key":"658_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiessen MH, Blaich C, Muller C, Streichert T, Pfister R, Michels G. The direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban passes into human breast milk. Chest. 2016;150(1):e1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.01.021"},{"issue":"3","key":"658_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-006-5709-z","volume":"21","author":"G Leonhardt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leonhardt G, Gaul C, Nietsch HH, Buerke M, Schleussner E. Thrombolytic therapy in pregnancy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2006;21(3):271\u20136.","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"658_CR25","unstructured":"Gomes S, Guimaraes M, Montenegro N. Thrombolysis in pregnancy: a literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018."},{"issue":"7","key":"658_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-199507000-00020","volume":"50","author":"MA Turrentine","year":"1995","unstructured":"Turrentine MA, Braems G, Ramirez MM. Use of thrombolytics for the treatment of thromboembolic disease during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1995;50(7):534\u201341.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"658_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.1970.19.s1.17","volume":"19","author":"GW Pfeifer","year":"1970","unstructured":"Pfeifer GW. Distribution studies and placental transfer of 131 I streptokinase. Australas Ann Med. 1970;19(Suppl 1):17\u20138.","journal-title":"Australas Ann Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"658_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13802","volume":"15","author":"G Martillotti","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u2022 Martillotti G, Boehlen F, Robert-Edabi H, Jastrow N, Righini M, Blondon M. Treatment options for severe pulmonary embolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systemic review. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(10):1942\u201350. Recent review comparing outcomes of thrombolysis and thrombectomy in pregnant women with massive PE demonstrating slight improvement in maternal and fetal mortality with thrombolysis, but more postpartum hemorrhage.","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"658_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001347","volume":"127","author":"M Rheaume","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rheaume M, Weber F, Durand M, Mahone M. Pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism risk in asymptomatic women with antithrombin deficiency: a systemic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;127(4):649\u201356.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"658_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refaei M, Xing L, Lim W, Crowther M, Boonyawat K. Management of venous thromboembolism in patients with hereditary antithrombin deficiency and pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Case Rep Hematol. 2017. Article ID 9261351.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9261351"},{"issue":"4","key":"658_CR31","first-page":"343","volume":"33","author":"MJ Paidas","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paidas MJ, Triche EW, James AH, DeSancho M, Robinson C, Lazarchick J, et al. Recombinant human antithrombin in pregnant patients with hereditary antithrombin deficiency: integrated analaysis of clinical data. Am J Perinatol. 2016;33(4):343\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"658_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rottenstreich A, Kalish Y, Elchalal U, Klimov A, Bloom A. Retrievable inferior vena cava filter utilization in obstetric patients. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018.","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1456521"},{"key":"658_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.12.035","volume":"222","author":"DA Crosby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crosby DA, Ryan K, McEniff N, Dicker P, Regan C, Lynch C, et al. Retrievable inferior vena cava filters in pregnancy: risk versus benefit? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2018;222:25\u201330.","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"658_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2015.11.024","volume":"27","author":"SA Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris SA, Velineni R, Davies AH. Inferior Vena Cava Filters in Pregnancy: a Systemic Review. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;27:354\u201360.","journal-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol"},{"key":"658_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1615066","volume":"377","author":"S Vedantham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vedantham S, ATTRACT Trial Investigators, et al. Pharmacomechanical Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Deep-Vein Thrombosis. NEJM. 2017;377:2240\u201352.","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"658_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2015.06.005","volume":"43","author":"T Boilot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boilot T, Raia-Barjat T, Ollier E, Chapelle C, Laporte S, Chauleur C. Influence of anticoagulant therapy during pregnancy on the peripartum and anesthesia delivery terms. Gynec Obstet Fertil. 2015;43(7-8):502\u20138.","journal-title":"Gynec Obstet Fertil"},{"issue":"2","key":"658_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X14520849","volume":"7","author":"EHZ Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang EHZ, Marnoch CA, Khurana R, Sia W, Yuksel N. Haemorrhagic complications of peripartum anticoagulation: a retrospective chart review. Obstet Med. 2014;7(2):77\u201383.","journal-title":"Obstet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"658_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3182310c4c","volume":"118","author":"A James","year":"2011","unstructured":"James A, Committee on Practice Bulletins \u2013 Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin no. 123: thromboembolism in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;118(3):718\u201329.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"658_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000423816.39542.0f","volume":"120","author":"DW Branch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Branch DW, Holmgren C, Goldberg JD, Committee on Practice Bulletins \u2013 Obstetrics. Practice Bulletin no. 132: antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(6):1514\u201321.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"658_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e691S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2300","volume":"141","author":"SM Bates","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bates SM, Greer IA, Middeldorp S, Veenstra DL, Prabulos AM, Vandvik PO, et al. VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e691S\u2013736S.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"658_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30569-7","volume":"36","author":"WS Chan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chan WS, Rey E, Kent NE, VTE in Pregnancy Guideline Working Group, Chan WS, Kent NE, et al. Venous thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2014;36(6):527\u201353.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"658_CR42","unstructured":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2015) Green-top Guideline No. 37a. Reducing the risk of thrombosis and embolism during pregnancy and the puerperium. \n                      https:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/en\/guidelines-research-services\/guidelines\/gtg37a\/\n                      \n                    . Accessed 10 June 2015."},{"key":"658_CR43","unstructured":"Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2015) Green-top Guideline No. 37b. Thrombotic disease in pregnancy and the puerperium: acute management. \n                      https:\/\/www.rcog.org.uk\/en\/guidelines-research-services\/guidelines\/gtg37b\/\n                      \n                    . Accessed 10 June 2015."},{"key":"658_CR44","first-page":"14","volume":"52","author":"C McIntock","year":"2012","unstructured":"McIntock C, Brighton T, Chunilal S, Dekker G, McDonnell N, McRae S, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in pregnancy and the postpartum period. ANZJOG. 2012;52:14\u201322.","journal-title":"ANZJOG"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11936-018-0658-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11936-018-0658-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11936-018-0658-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T23:28:43Z","timestamp":1563838123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11936-018-0658-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11936-018-0658-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8464","1534-3189"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8464","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3189","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"69"}}