{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:22:47Z","timestamp":1776885767343,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Gastro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-002-0043-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T18:59:01Z","timestamp":1180983541000},"page":"215-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Nonsurgical therapy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Phyllis R.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"43_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.10.11.871","volume":"10","author":"MR Madigan","year":"1969","unstructured":"Madigan MR, Morson BC: Solitary ulcer of the rectum. Gut 1969, 10:871\u2013881.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"43_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800681021","volume":"68","author":"CJ Martin","year":"1981","unstructured":"Martin CJ, Parks TG, Biggart JD: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome in Northern Ireland, 1971\u20131980. Br J Surg 1981, 68:744\u2013747.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR3","first-page":"486","volume":"81","author":"Y Niv","year":"1986","unstructured":"Niv Y, Bat L: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome\u2014clinical, endoscopic, and histological spectrum. Am J Gastroenterol 1986, 81:486\u2013491.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"43_CR4","first-page":"718","volume":"144","author":"DK Kennedy","year":"1977","unstructured":"Kennedy DK, Hughes ESR, Masterson JP: The natural history of benign ulcer of the rectum. Surg Gyn Obstet 1977, 144:718\u2013720.","journal-title":"Surg Gyn Obstet"},{"key":"43_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90376-1","volume":"84","author":"MJ Ford","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ford MJ, Anderson JR, Gilmour HM, et al.: Clinical spectrum of \u201csolitary ulcer\u201dof the rectum. Gastroenterology 1983, 84:1533\u20131540.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"43_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051012","volume":"35","author":"JT Tjandra","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tjandra JT, Fazio VW, Church JM, et al.: Clinical conundrum of solitary rectal ulcer. Dis Colon Rectum 1992, 35:227\u2013234. One of the largest series of patients with SRUS reported to date (n = 80). The authors report on the clinical features, evaluation, and response to therapy of patients with SRUS and compare them with 11 previous large series. Also, the outcome of treatment is correlated with the type of lesion present and the presence or absence of rectal prolapse.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050113","volume":"12","author":"PN Haray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Haray PN, Morris-Stiff GF, Foster ME: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome\u2014an underdiagnosed condition. Int J Colorectal Dis 1997, 12:313\u2013315.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"43_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1976.tb76695.x","volume":"1","author":"R Rowland","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rowland R, Hecker R, Willing R, Gibson G: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. A report of fifteen cases. Med J Aust 1976, 1(suppl):21\u201323.","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"43_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555506","volume":"27","author":"MRB Keighley","year":"1984","unstructured":"Keighley MRB, Shouler P: Clinical and manometric features of the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 1984, 27:507\u2013512. This article reports on the manometric findings for patients with SRUS and compares them with normal controls. There is also a good discussion of clinical features and response to various treatment regimens.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555659","volume":"27","author":"M Stuart","year":"1984","unstructured":"Stuart M: Proctitis cystica profunda. Incidence, etiology, and treatment. Dis Colon Rectum 1984, 27:153\u2013156.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01311251","volume":"29","author":"V Brandt-Gr\u00e4del vanden","year":"1984","unstructured":"vanden Brandt-Gr\u00e4del V, Huibregtse K, Tytgat GNJ: Treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome with highfiber diet and abstention of straining at defecation. Dig Dis Sci 1984, 29:1005\u20131008. Although a small study (n = 21), this is the best study to show the benefit of treatment with a high-fiber diet and avoidance of straining with defecation.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"43_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198506000-00003","volume":"9","author":"SH Saul","year":"1985","unstructured":"Saul SH, Sollenberger LC: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Its clinical and pathological underdiagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 1985, 9:411\u2013421.","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"43_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555459","volume":"30","author":"E Britto","year":"1987","unstructured":"Britto E, Borges AM, Path MRC, et al.: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Twenty cases seen at an oncology center. Dis Colon Rectum 1987, 30:381\u2013385.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.10.1228","volume":"28","author":"NR Womack","year":"1987","unstructured":"Womack NR, Williams NS, Holmfield JHM, Morrison JFB: Pressure and prolapse\u2014the cause of solitary rectal ulceration. Gut 1987, 28:1228\u20131233. This study assessed the importance of intrarectal pressure and mucosal prolapse as causative factors in SRUS using defecography, manometry, and electromyography. Includes an excellent discussion and review of the pathophysiology of SRUS.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"43_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02066979","volume":"16","author":"NR Binnie","year":"1992","unstructured":"Binnie NR, Papachrysostomou M, Clare M, Smith AN: Solitary rectal ulcer: the place of biofeedback and surgery in the treatment of the syndrome. World J Surg 1992, 16:836\u2013840.","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR16","first-page":"94","volume":"2","author":"IM Vora","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vora IM, Sharma J, Joshi AS: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and colitis cystica profunda\u2014a clinicopathological review. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 1992, 2:94\u2013102.","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"43_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1995.tb07268.x","volume":"65","author":"YH Ho","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ho YH, Ho JMS, Parry BR, Goh HS: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: the clinical entity and anorectal physiological findings in Singapore. Aust N Z J Surg 1995, 65:93\u201397.","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.6.817","volume":"41","author":"CJ Vaizey","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vaizey CJ, Roy AJ, Kamm MA: Prospective evaluation of the treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome with biofeedback. Gut 1997, 41:817\u2013820. A small study (n = 13) documenting the benefit of biofeedback in the treatment of patients with SRUS, despite the absence of any identifiable pretreatment prognostic predictors.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"43_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050218","volume":"14","author":"M Pescatori","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pescatori M, Quondamcarlo C: A new grading of rectal internal mucosal prolapse and its correlation with diagnosis and treatment. Int J Colorectal Dis 1999, 14:245\u2013249. This article proposes an endoscopic grading system for internal mucosal prolapse, then shows a correlation between the degree of prolapse and severity of symptoms. The authors offer an algorithm for the treatment of SRUS based on the degree of mucosal prolapse seen at proctoscopy.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"43_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840100303","volume":"16","author":"F Marchal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marchal F, Bresler L, Brunaud L, et al.: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: a series of 13 patients operated with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001, 16:228\u2013233.","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"43_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200107000-00018","volume":"33","author":"PR Bishop","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bishop PR, Nowicki MJ, Subramony C, Parker PH: Solitary rectal ulcer. A rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding in an adolescent with hemophilia A. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001, 33:72\u201376.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"43_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800720221","volume":"72","author":"SJ Snooks","year":"1985","unstructured":"Snooks SJ, Nicholls RJ, Henry MM, et al.: Electrophysiological and manometric assessment of the pelvic floor in the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Br J Surg 1985, 72:131\u2013133.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02555397","volume":"29","author":"HC Kuijpers","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kuijpers HC, Schreve RH, Hoedemakers HTC: Diagnosis of functional disorders of defecation causing the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 1986, 29:126\u2013129.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02035067","volume":"11","author":"MS Levin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Levin MS, Piccolello ML, Sollenberger LC, et al.: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: a radiologic diagnosis? Gastrointest Radiol 1986, 11:187\u2013193.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol"},{"key":"43_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(85)80110-0","volume":"36","author":"SF Millward","year":"1985","unstructured":"Millward SF, Bayjoo B, Dixon MF, et al.: The barium enema appearances in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Clin Radiol 1985, 36:185\u2013189.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"43_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01887845","volume":"9","author":"P Mahieu","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P: Defecography. 1. Description of a new procedure and results in normal patients. 2. Contribution to the diagnosis of defecation disorders. Gastrointest Radiol 1984, 9:247\u2013261.","journal-title":"Gastrointest Radiol"},{"key":"43_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.5.933","volume":"149","author":"R Goei","year":"1987","unstructured":"Goei R, Baeten C, Janevski B, et al.: The solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: diagnosis with defecography. Am J Roentgenol 1987, 149:933\u2013936.","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"43_CR28","first-page":"985","volume":"15","author":"EJ Mackle","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mackle EJ, Parks TG: The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of rectal prolapse and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol 1986, 15:985\u20131002.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"43_CR29","first-page":"22","volume":"68","author":"KRP Rutter","year":"1975","unstructured":"Rutter KRP: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Proc R Soc Med 1975, 68:22\u201326.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"43_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70174-6","volume":"30","author":"RJF Felt-Bersma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Felt-Bersma RJF, Cuesta MA: Rectal prolapse, intussusception, rectocele, and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2001, 30:199\u2013222.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin N Am"},{"key":"43_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00935.x","volume":"85","author":"CJ Vaizey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vaizey CJ, vanden Bogaerde JB, Emmanuel AV, et al.: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Br J Surg 1998, 85:1617\u20131623. A very good overall review of SRUS that discusses pathogenic mechanisms, clinical features, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(92)90023-8","volume":"6","author":"TCF Lam","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lam TCF, Lubowski DZ, King DW: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Bailliere\u2019s Clin Gastroenterol 1992, 6:129\u2013143. Another very good overall review of SRUS.","journal-title":"Bailliere\u2019s Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"43_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000171261","volume":"8","author":"EJ Mackle","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mackle EJ, Parks TG: Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: aetiology, investigation and management. Dig Dis 1990, 8:294\u2013304.","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"43_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018154","volume":"20","author":"F Batman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Batman F, Arslan S, Telatar H: Effect of sucralfate in the treatment of solitary rectal ulcer [letter]. Endoscopy 1988, 20:128.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"43_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02053202","volume":"33","author":"R Kochhar","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kochhar R, Mehta SK, Aggarwal R, et al.: Sucralfate enema in ulcerative rectosigmoid lesions. Dis Colon Rectum 1990, 33:45\u201351.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049928","volume":"34","author":"SA Zargar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Zargar SA, Khuroo MS, Mahajan R: Sucralfate retention enemas in solitary rectal ulcer. Dis Colon Rectum 1991, 34:455\u2013457.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018347","volume":"18","author":"L Carling","year":"1986","unstructured":"Carling L, Kagevi I, Borvall E: Sucralfate enema (SUC)\u2014effective in IBD [letter]? Endoscopy 1986:18:115.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"43_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1010574","volume":"24","author":"A Ederle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ederle A, Bulighin G, Orlandi PG, Pilati S: Endoscopic application of human fibrin sealant in the treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Endoscopy 1992, 24:736\u2013737.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"43_CR39","first-page":"27","volume":"23","author":"BK Rau","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rau BK, Harikrishnan KM, Krishna S: Laser therapy of solitary rectal ulcers: a new concept. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994, 23:27\u201328.","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"key":"43_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1004230","volume":"29","author":"H \u00d6ver","year":"1997","unstructured":"\u00d6ver H, \u00dclker A, Baysal \u00c7, Dagli \u00dc: Endoscopic balloon dilation of strictures complicating solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Endoscopy 1997, 29:427\u2013429.","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"43_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.1998.00854.x","volume":"85","author":"PJ Sitzler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sitzler PJ, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, McKee RF: Long-term clinical outcome of surgery for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Br J Surg 1998, 85:1246\u20131250. A retrospective review of outcome for patients (n = 81) having surgery for SRUS. This article includes a good review of the surgical options available for the treatment of SRUS.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR42","first-page":"70","volume":"1","author":"M Schweiger","year":"1977","unstructured":"Schweiger M, Alexander-Williams J: Solitary-ulcer syndrome of the rectum. Its association with occult rectal prolapse. Lancet 1977, 1:70\u201371.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"43_CR43","first-page":"405","volume":"14","author":"J Vilotte","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vilotte J, Siproudhis L, Leblanc S, et al.: Does retraining by biofeedback have a role in the treatment of solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum? Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990, 14:405\u2013406.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"43_CR44","first-page":"124","volume":"15","author":"J Sarles","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sarles J, Arnaud A, Joly A, Sielezneff I: Internal procidentia of the rectum: therapeutic possibilities. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991, 15:124\u2013129.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"43_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820309","volume":"82","author":"S Halligan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Halligan S, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI: Proctographic changes after rectopexy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and preoperative predictive factors for a successful outcome. Br J Surg 1995, 82:314\u2013317.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051170","volume":"36","author":"JT Tjandra","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tjandra JT, Fazio VW, Petras RE, et al.: Clinical and pathological factors associated with delayed diagnosis in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 1993, 36:146\u2013153.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730324","volume":"73","author":"RJ Nicholls","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nicholls RJ, Simson JNL: Anteroposterior rectopexy in the treatment of solitary rectal ulcer syndrome without overt rectal prolapse. Br J Surg 1986, 73:222\u2013224.","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"43_CR48","first-page":"471","volume":"38","author":"H Yamagiwa","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yamagiwa H: Protruded variants in solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum. Acta Pathol Jpn 1988, 38:471\u2013478.","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"43_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236355","volume":"42","author":"I Sielezneff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sielezneff I, Malouf A, Cesari J, et al.: Selection criteria for internal rectal prolapse repair by Delorme\u2019s transrectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum 1999, 42:367\u2013373.","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"43_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01957567","volume":"151","author":"PA Eigenmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Eigenmann PA, LeCoultre C, Cox J, et al.: Solitary rectal ulcer: an unusual cause of rectal bleeding in children. Eur J Pediatr 1992, 151:658\u2013660.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11938-002-0043-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11938-002-0043-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11938-002-0043-9","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T18:29:50Z","timestamp":1587580190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11938-002-0043-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}},"alternative-id":["43"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11938-002-0043-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8472","1534-309X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8472","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-309X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}}}