{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T01:25:43Z","timestamp":1768872343311,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,5]],"date-time":"2014-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Gastro"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,4]],"date-time":"2014-04-04T03:49:44Z","timestamp":1396583384000},"page":"256-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changing Options for Prevention and Treatment of Infections in Cirrhosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"17_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(12)60002-6","volume":"56","author":"J Fernandez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fernandez J, Gustot T. Management of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2012;56:S1\u20132. A recent review on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhosis.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"17_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23264","volume":"50","author":"T Gustot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gustot T, Durand F, Lebrec D, Vincent JL, Moreau R. Severe sepsis in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2009;50:2022\u201333.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082","volume":"35","author":"J Fernandez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fernandez J, Navasa M, Gomez J, Colmenero J, Vila J, Arroyo V, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis : epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology. 2002;35:140\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25532","volume":"55","author":"J Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez J, Acevedo J, Castro M, Garcia O, de Lope CR, Roca D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: A prospective study. Hepatology. 2012;55:1551\u201361. A recent prospective study that showed an increase in the prevalence of MDR in nosocomial infections in cirrhosis and the inadequacy of beta-lactams in their treatment.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.042","volume":"144","author":"R Moreau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, Pavesi M, Angeli P, Cordoba J, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:1426\u201337. Recent prospective study that defined types, diagnostic criteria and prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"17_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.019","volume":"139","author":"V Arvaniti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arvaniti V, D\u2019Amico G, Fede G, Manousou P, Tsochatzis E, Pleguezuelo M, et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1246\u201356.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"17_CR7","unstructured":"Jalan R, Fernandez J, Weist R, Bernd Schnabl, Richard Moreau, Paolo Angeli, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis. A position statement based on the EASL special conference 2013. J Hepatol, in press. Recent manuscript that updates current knowledge on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhosis and suggests new antibiotic guidelines."},{"key":"17_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.05.004","volume":"53","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2010","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53:397\u2013417.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"17_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22853","volume":"49","author":"BA Runyon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Runyon BA, AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49:2087\u2013107.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8060-9","volume":"37","author":"A Umgelter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Umgelter A, Reindl W, Miedaner M, Schmid RM, Huber W. Failure of current antibiotic first-line regimens and mortality in hospitalized patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Infection. 2009;37:2\u20138.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"17_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.2757","volume":"14","author":"S Angeloni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Angeloni S, Leboffe C, Parente A, Venditti M, Giordano A, Merli M, et al. Efficacy of current guidelines for the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the clinical practice. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:2757\u201362.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"17_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.017","volume":"10","author":"P Tandon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tandon P, Delisle A, Topal JE, Garcia-Tsao G. High prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections among patients with cirrhosis at a US liver center. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:1291\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"17_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.06.024","volume":"8","author":"M Merli","year":"2010","unstructured":"Merli M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, Giusto M, Riggio O, Falcone M, et al. Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:979\u201385. Prospective study that showed a high prevalence of MDR bacteria in nosocomial and also HCA infections.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"17_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1086\/597585","volume":"48","author":"HS Cheong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheong HS, Kang C, Lee JA, Moon SY, Joung MK, Chung DR, et al. Clinical significance and outcome of nosocomial acquisition of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis. CID. 2009;48:1230\u20136.","journal-title":"CID"},{"key":"17_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.11.010","volume":"56","author":"X Ariza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ariza X, Castellote J, Lora-Tamayo J, Girbau A, Salord S, Rota R, et al. Risk factors for resistance to ceftriaxone and its impact on mortality in community, healthcare and nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol. 2012;56:825\u201332.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"17_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"17_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00268.x","volume":"35","author":"N Woodford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woodford N, Turton JF, Livermore DM. Multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria: the role of high-risk clones in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2011;35:736\u201355.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"17_CR18","first-page":"802","volume":"24","author":"A Pauwels","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pauwels A, Mostefa-Kara N, Debenes B, Degoutte E, L\u00e9vy VG. Systemic antibiotic prophylaxis after gastrointestinal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients with a high risk of infection. Hepatology. 1996;24:802\u20136.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050320","volume":"5","author":"A Rimola","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rimola A, Bory F, Teres J, Perez-Ayuso RM, Arroyo V, Rodes J. Oral, nonabsorbable antibiotics prevent infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 1985;5:463\u20137.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91514-5","volume":"103","author":"G Soriano","year":"1992","unstructured":"Soriano G, Guarner C, Tom\u00e1s A, Villanueva C, Torras X, Gonz\u00e1lez D, et al. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 1992;103:1267\u201372.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"17_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20126","volume":"39","author":"MC Hou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hou MC, Lin HC, Liu TT, Kuo BI, Lee FY, Chang FY, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2004;39:746\u201353.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.010","volume":"131","author":"J Fernandez","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fernandez J, Ruiz del Arbol L, Gomez C, Durandez R, Serradilla R, Guarner C, et al. Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1049\u201356.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"17_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04746.x","volume":"34","author":"NC Chavez-Tapia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chavez-Tapia NC, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Tellez-Avila F, Soares-Weiser K, Mendez-Sanchez N, Gluud C, et al. Meta-analysis: antibiotic prophylaxis for cirrhotic patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding\u2014an updated Cochrane review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:509\u201318.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"17_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120416","volume":"12","author":"P Gin\u00e9s","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gin\u00e9s P, Rimola A, Planas R, Vargas V, Marco F, Almela M, et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 1990;12:716\u201324.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.065","volume":"133","author":"J Fernandez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fernandez J, Navasa N, Planas R, Montoliu S, Monfort D, Soriano G, et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:818\u201324. A RCT that identified a target population of patients with low protein ascites and advanced cirrhosis who benefit from norfloxacin primary prophylaxis.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"17_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3182506dbb","volume":"46","author":"MA Hanouneh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hanouneh MA, Hanouneh IA, Hashash JG, Law R, Esfeh JM, Lopez R, et al. The role of rifaximin in the primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46:709\u201315.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"17_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25947","volume":"56","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, O\u2019Leary JG, Reddy KR, Wong F, Olson JC, Subramanian RM, et al. Second infections independently increase mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: the North American consortium for the study of end-stage liver disease (NACSELD) experience. Hepatology. 2012;56:2328\u201335. Prospective multicenter study that showed that second infections independently increase mortality in cirrhosis.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"17_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.615","volume":"105","author":"JS Bajaj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, Hafeezullah M, Zadvornova Y, Dye A, McGinley EL, et al. Clostridium difficile is associated with poor outcomes in patients with cirrhosis: A national and tertiary center perspective. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:106\u201313.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"17_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9396-x","volume":"7","author":"J Acevedo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Acevedo J, Silva A, Prado V, Fernandez J. The new epidemiology of nosocomial bacterial infections in cirrhosis: therapeutical implications. Hepatol Int. 2013;7:72\u20139.","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"17_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908053410603","volume":"341","author":"P Sort","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, Aldeguer X, Planas R, Ruiz-del-Arbol L, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403\u20139.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"17_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.013","volume":"57","author":"M Guevara","year":"2012","unstructured":"Guevara M, Terra C, Nazar A, Sola E, Fernandez J, Pavesi M, et al. Albumin for bacterial infections other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. A randomized, controlled study. J Hepatol. 2012;57:759\u201365.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T20:56:38Z","timestamp":1559422598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}},"alternative-id":["17"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11938-014-0017-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8472","1534-309X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8472","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-309X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,5]]}}}