{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T19:25:33Z","timestamp":1776540333953,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-002-0016-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1180969723000},"page":"487-497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical manifestations and management of conversion disorders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"James A.","family":"Bourgeois","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia H.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Hilty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark E.","family":"Servis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"16_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30042-2","volume":"2","author":"E Shorter","year":"1995","unstructured":"Shorter E: The borderland between neurology and history: conversion reactions. Neurol Clin 1995, 2:229\u2013239.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"16_CR2","first-page":"771","volume":"43","author":"RL Martin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Martin RL: Diagnostic issues for conversion disorder. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992, 43:771\u2013773.","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"16_CR3","first-page":"83","volume-title":"The Major Works of Sigmund Freud.","author":"S Freud","year":"1952","unstructured":"Freud S: Selected papers on hysteria. In The Major Works of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Inc.; 1952:83."},{"key":"16_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00020-6","volume":"4","author":"JC Marshall","year":"1997","unstructured":"Marshall JC, Halligan PW, Fink GR, et al.: The functional anatomy of a hysterical paralysis. Cognition 1997, 4:B1-B8.","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"16_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198109243051306","volume":"305","author":"A Lazare","year":"1981","unstructured":"Lazare A: Conversion symptoms. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:745\u2013748.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"16_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100040166","volume":"22","author":"FM Mai","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mai FM: \u201cHysteria\u201d in clinical neurology. Can J Neurol Sci 1995, 22:101\u2013110. A thorough review of the presentation and management of several functional syndromes in neurologic practice","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"16_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01405.x","volume":"39","author":"O Devinsky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Devinsky O: Nonepileptic psychogenic seizures: quagmires of pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Epilepsia 1998, 39:458\u2013462.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"16_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1966.03110070054015","volume":"197","author":"M Raskin","year":"1966","unstructured":"Raskin M, Talbott JA, Meyerson AT: Diagnosis of conversion reactions: predictive value of psychiatric criteria. J Am Med Assn 1966, 197:530\u2013534.","journal-title":"J Am Med Assn"},{"key":"16_CR9","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision, edn 4. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association; 2000.","edition":"edn 4"},{"key":"16_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(65)90004-8","volume":"9","author":"ETO Slater","year":"1965","unstructured":"Slater ETO, Glithero E: A follow-up of patients diagnosed as suffering form \u201chysteria\u201d. J Psychosom Res 1965, 9:9\u201313. Although from 1965, this is an important early, large followup study of clinical outcomes in functional deficits. The relatively high rate of eventual neurologic diagnosis has not been replicated in subsequent studies, but serves to remind the physician of the need for diagnostic precision and thoroughness before labeling symptoms as \u201cfunctional.\u201d","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"16_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(99)00107-5","volume":"49","author":"FC Meone","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meone FC, Landberg EH, Hoogduin KAL, et al.: Organic syndromes diagnosed as conversion disorder: identification and frequency in a study of 85 patients. J Psychosomatic Res 2000, 49:7\u201312.","journal-title":"J Psychosomatic Res"},{"key":"16_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.169.3.282","volume":"169","author":"CJ Mace","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mace CJ, Trimble MR: Ten-year prognosis of conversion disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1996, 169:282\u2013288. An extended follow-up study of conversion disorder patients, with particular attention to ultimate neurologic and comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, particularly comorbid somatization disorder.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"16_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.58.6.750","volume":"58","author":"W Couprie","year":"1995","unstructured":"Couprie W, Widjdicks EFM, Rooijimans HGM, van Gijn J: Outcome study in conversion disorder: a follow-up study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995, 58:750\u2013752.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"16_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7131.582","volume":"316","author":"HL Crimlinsk","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crimlinsk HL, Bhatia K, Cope H, et al.: Slater revisited: a 6 year follow-up study of patients with medically unexplained motor symptoms. BMJ 1998, 316:582\u2013586. A large study of the eventual clinical outcomes and psychiatric comorbidity (both Axis I and Axis II) in conversion disorder.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"16_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197904000-00008","volume":"167","author":"CG Watson","year":"1979","unstructured":"Watson CG, Buranen C: The frequency and identification of false positive conversion reactions. J Nerv Ment Dis 1979, 167:243\u2013247.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"16_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.2.179","volume":"136","author":"H Merskey","year":"1979","unstructured":"Merskey H, Trimble M: Personality, sexual adjustment, and brain lesions in conversion symptoms. Am J Psychiatry 1979, 136:179\u2013182.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"16_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(98)71284-8","volume":"39","author":"M Binzer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Binzer M, Kullgren G: Motor conversion disorder: a prospective 2- and 5-year follow-up study. Psychosomatics 1998, 39:519\u2013527.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"16_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30046-X","volume":"2","author":"J Marjama","year":"1995","unstructured":"Marjama J, Troster AI, Koller WC: Psychogenic movement disorders. Neurol Clin 1995, 2:283\u2013297.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"16_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30047-1","volume":"2","author":"O Devinsky","year":"1995","unstructured":"Devinsky O, Thacker K: Nonepileptic seizures. Neurol Clin 1995, 2:299\u2013319.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"16_CR20","first-page":"640","volume":"59","author":"EM Cybulska","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cybulska EM: Globus hystericus or depressivus? Hosp Med 1998, 59:640\u2013641.","journal-title":"Hosp Med"},{"key":"16_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000284924","volume":"28","author":"M Nakaya","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nakaya M: True auditory hallucinations as a conversion symptom. Psychopathology 1995, 28:214\u2013219.","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"16_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199010000-00007","volume":"178","author":"RS El-Mallakh","year":"1990","unstructured":"El-Mallakh RS, Liebowitz NR, Hale MS: Hyperemesis gravidarum as conversion disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990, 178:655\u2013659.","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"16_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070002100106","volume":"21","author":"JD Michelson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Michelson JD: Psychogenic equinovarus: the importance of recognition and non-operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int 2000, 21:31\u201337.","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"16_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(95)71679-6","volume":"36","author":"LJ Fochtmann","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fochtmann LJ: Intractable sneezing as a conversion symptom. Psychosomatics 1995, 36:103\u2013112.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"16_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S338","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199210001-00001","volume":"7","author":"CV Ford","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ford CV: Illness as a lifestyle: the role of somatization in medical practice. Spine 1992, 7:S338-S343.","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"16_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-001-0036-3","volume":"3","author":"DM Hilty","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hilty DM, Bourgeois JA, Chang CH, Servis ME: Somatization disorder. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2001, 3:1\u201316.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"16_CR27","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient","author":"DG Folks","year":"2000","unstructured":"Folks DG, Feldman MD, Ford CV: Somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, and malingering. In Psychiatric Care of the Medical Patient, edn 2. Edited by Stoudemire A, Fogel BS, Greenberg DB. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000:459\u2013475.","edition":"edn 2"},{"key":"16_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.6.1499","volume":"46","author":"RP Lesser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lesser RP: Psychogenic seizures. Neurology 1996, 46:1499\u20131507.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"16_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5","volume":"8","author":"AT Beck","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG: Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev 1988, 8:77\u2013100.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"16_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(71)71479-0","volume":"6","author":"WWK Zung","year":"1971","unstructured":"Zung WWK: A rating instrument for anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics 1971, 6:371\u2013379.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"16_CR31","first-page":"1736","volume-title":"Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders","author":"CV Ford","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ford CV: Conversion disorder and somatoform disorder not otherwise specified. In Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders, edn 2. Edited by Gabbard GO. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.; 1995:1736\u20131753.","edition":"edn 2"},{"key":"16_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70029-0","volume":"3","author":"ES Bowman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bowman ES: Pseudoseizures. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998, 3:649\u2013657.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"16_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199007000-00006","volume":"52","author":"FW Brown","year":"1990","unstructured":"Brown FW, Golding JM, Smith R: Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder. Psychosom Med 1990, 52:445\u2013451.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"16_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.12.1630-b","volume":"143","author":"B Liskow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Liskow B, Othmer E, Penick EC, et al.: Is Briquet\u2019s syndrome a heterogenous disorder? Am J Psychiatry 1986, 143:626\u2013629.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"16_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(92)90066-J","volume":"14","author":"KM Rost","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rost KM, Akins RN, Brown FW, Smith GR: The comorbidity of DSM-III-R personality disorders in somatization disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1992, 14:322\u2013326.","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"16_CR36","first-page":"193","volume":"52","author":"ME McCahill","year":"1995","unstructured":"McCahill ME: Somatoform and related disorders: delivery of diagnosis as first step. Am Family Physician 1995, 52:193\u2013203.","journal-title":"Am Family Physician"},{"key":"16_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30052-5","volume":"2","author":"AJ Wilbourn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wilbourn AJ: The electrodiagnostic examination with hysteria-conversion and malingering. Neurol Clin 1995, 2:385\u2013404.","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"16_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/3528776","volume":"4","author":"JH Burack","year":"1997","unstructured":"Burack JH, Back AL, Pearlman RA: Provoking nonepileptic seizures: the ethics of deceptive testing. Hastings Cent Rep 1997, 4:24\u201333.","journal-title":"Hastings Cent Rep"},{"key":"16_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00478-4","volume":"108","author":"S Xu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Xu S, Meyer D, Yoser S, et al.: Pattern visual evoked potential in the diagnosis of functional visual loss. Ophthalmology 2001, 108:76\u201381.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"16_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4065\/71.5.493","volume":"71","author":"DR Chabolla","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chabolla DR, Krahn LE, So EL, Rummans TA: Psycogenic nonepileptic seizures. Mayo Clinic Proc 1996, 71:493\u2013500.","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proc"},{"key":"16_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90049-1","volume":"79","author":"TK Watanabe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Watanabe TK, O\u2019Dell MW, Togliatti TJ: Diagnosis and rehabilitation strategies for patients with hysterical hemiparesis: a report of four cases. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998, 79:709\u2013714.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"16_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S101","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4101.s101","volume":"41","author":"Ramig L Olson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Olson Ramig L, Verdolini K: Treatment efficacy: voice disorders. J Speech Lang Hearing Res 1998, 41:S101-S116.","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hearing Res"},{"key":"16_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(97)71401-4","volume":"38","author":"SM Fackler","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fackler SM, Anfinson TJ, Rand JA: Serial sodium amytal interviews in the clinical setting. Psychosomatics 1997, 38:558\u2013564.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"16_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/00207149808409998","volume":"2","author":"FC Moene","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moene FC, Hoogduin KAL, Van Dyck R: The inpatient treatment of patients suffering form (motor) conversion symptoms: a description of eight cases. Int J Clin Exper Hypnosis 1998, 2:171\u2013190.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exper Hypnosis"},{"key":"16_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.9.1385","volume":"158","author":"AC Schwartz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwartz AC, Calhoun AW, Eschbach CL, Seelig BJ: The treatment of conversion disorder in an African American Christian Woman. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1385\u20131391.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0016-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0016-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0016-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T20:56:45Z","timestamp":1559422605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0016-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}},"alternative-id":["16"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0016-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}}}