{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T03:14:56Z","timestamp":1777346096024,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]],"date-time":"2002-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1017619200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-002-0023-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T19:28:19Z","timestamp":1180985299000},"page":"147-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leptomeningeal neoplasms"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Abrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"23_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214196","volume":"49","author":"CJ Eberth","year":"1870","unstructured":"Eberth CJ: Zur entwickelung des epitheliomas (cholesteatomas) der pia und der lung. Virchows Arch 1870, 49:51\u201363.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"23_CR2","first-page":"826","volume":"49","author":"E Siefert","year":"1902","unstructured":"Siefert E: Uber die multiple Karzinomatose des Zentralnervensystems. Munch Med Wochenschr 1902, 49:826\u2013828.","journal-title":"Munch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"23_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005956925637","volume":"38","author":"LM DeAngelis","year":"1998","unstructured":"DeAngelis LM: Current diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:245\u2013252.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1974.00490320010002","volume":"30","author":"MD Olson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Olson MD, Chernik NL, Posner JB: Infiltration of the leptomeninges by systemic cancer: a clinical and pathologic study. Arch Neurol 1974, 30:122\u2013137.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"23_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820215)49:4<759::AID-CNCR2820490427>3.0.CO;2-7","volume":"49","author":"W Wasserstrom","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wasserstrom W, Glass JP, Posner JB: Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer 1982, 49:759\u2013772.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"23_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410380111","volume":"38","author":"RJ Freilich","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freilich RJ, Krol G, DeAngelis LM: Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases. Ann Neurol 1995, 38:51\u201357.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"23_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005914321578","volume":"38","author":"M Schumacher","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schumacher M, Orszagh M: Imaging techniques in neoplastic meningiosis. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:111\u2013120.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910315)67:6<1685::AID-CNCR2820670635>3.0.CO;2-M","volume":"67","author":"W Boogerd","year":"1991","unstructured":"Boogerd W, Hart AAM, van derSande JJ, Engelsman E: Meningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer: prognostic factors and influence of treatment. Cancer 1991, 67:1685\u20131695.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"23_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005903414734","volume":"38","author":"M Schrappe","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schrappe M, Reiter A, Riehm H: Prophylaxis and treatment of neoplastic meningiosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:159\u2013165.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.8.1463","volume":"44","author":"T Siegal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Siegal T, Lossos A, Pfeffer MR: Leptomeningeal metastases: analysis of 31 patients with sustained off-therapy response following combined-modality therapy. Neurology 1994, 44:1463\u20131469.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"23_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.4.1561","volume":"16","author":"MJ Glantz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Recht L, et al.: High-dose intravenous methotrexate for patients with nonleukemic leptomeningeal cancer: is intrathecal chemotherapy necessary? J Clin Oncol 1998, 16:1561\u20131567. Systemic methotrexate achieves therapeutic CSF levels and possibly superior results when compared with intrathecal chemotherapy.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"23_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005999228846","volume":"38","author":"T Siegal","year":"1998","unstructured":"Siegal T: Leptomeningeal metastases: rationale for systemic chemotherapy or what is the role of intra-CSF chemotherapy? J Neurooncol 1998, 38:151\u2013157.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800000118","volume":"46","author":"ML Tetef","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tetef ML, Margolin KA, Doroshow JH, et al.: Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of high-dose intravenous methotrexate in the treatment of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000, 46:19\u201326.","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"23_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197507242930402","volume":"293","author":"WR Shapiro","year":"1975","unstructured":"Shapiro WR, Young DF, Mehta BM: Methotrexate: distribution in cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous, ventricular and lumbar injections. N Engl J Med 1975, 293:161\u2013166.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"23_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-199810010-00003","volume":"10","author":"MC Chamberlain","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chamberlain MC, Kormanick PA: Neoplastic meningitis: a guide to diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs 1998, 10:25\u201341.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"23_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1987.5.10.1655","volume":"5","author":"RN Hitchins","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hitchins RN, Bell DR, Woods RL, Levi JA: A prospective randomized trial of single-agent versus combination chemotherapy in meningeal carcinomatosis. J Clin Oncol 1987, 5:1655\u20131662.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"23_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.6.1825","volume":"17","author":"A Gajjar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gajjar A, Fouladi M, Walter AW, et al.: Comparison of lumbar and shunt cerebrospinal fluid specimens for cytologic detection of leptomeningeal disease in pediatric patients with brain tumors. J Clin Oncol 1999, 17:1825\u20131828.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"23_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.6.1674","volume":"46","author":"MC Chamberlain","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA: Prognostic significance of 111Indium DTPA CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology 1996, 46:1674\u20131677.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"23_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.2.438","volume":"50","author":"WP Mason","year":"1998","unstructured":"Mason WP, Yeh SDJ, DeAngelis LM: 111Indium-diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid cerebrospinal fluid flow studies predict distribution of intrathecally administered chemotherapy and outcome in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology 1998, 50:438\u2013443.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"23_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005982826121","volume":"38","author":"MC Chamberlain","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chamberlain MC. Radioisotope CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:135\u2013140.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005995127938","volume":"38","author":"PEJ Hannssens","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hannssens PEJ, Lagerwaard FJ, Levendag PC: Principles of radiotherapy of neoplastic meningitis. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:145\u2013150.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR22","first-page":"49","volume":"47","author":"DI Sandberg","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sandberg DI, Bilsky MH, Souwedaine MM, et al.: Ommaya reservoirs for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. Neurosurgery 2000, 47:49\u201355. Addresses the techniques and complications associated with Ommaya reservoir placement.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"23_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005991027029","volume":"38","author":"U Berweiler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Berweiler U, Krone A, Tonn JC: Reservoir systems for intraventricular chemotherapy. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:141\u2013143.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005940405165","volume":"38","author":"I Slavc","year":"1998","unstructured":"Slavc I, Schuller E, Czech T, et al.: Intrathecal mafosfamide for pediatric brain tumors with meningeal dissemination. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:213\u2013218.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005944622003","volume":"38","author":"SM Blaney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Blaney SM, Poplack DG: New cytotoxic drugs for intrathecal administration. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:219\u2013223.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR26","first-page":"57","volume":"20","author":"HS Friedman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Friedman HS, Petros W, Rich JN, et al.: Phase I trial of intrathecal Spartaject busulfan for patients with neoplastic meningitis. Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncol 2001, 20:57.","journal-title":"Proc Amer Soc Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"23_CR27","first-page":"A476","volume":"56","author":"MC Chamberlain","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chamberlain MC: A phase 2 trial of intra-CSF alpha interferon in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis. Neurology 2001, 56(suppl):A476.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"23_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005948722912","volume":"38","author":"U Herrlinger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Herrlinger U, Weller M, Schabet M: New aspects of immunotherapy of leptomeningeal metastasis. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:233\u2013239.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005996606073","volume":"38","author":"HB Coakham","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coakham HB, Kemshead JT: Treatment of neoplastic meningitis by targeted radiation using 1311-radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:225\u2013232.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005900807890","volume":"38","author":"FD Vrionis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vrionis FD: Gene therapy of neoplastic meningitis. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:241\u2013244.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.8.1670","volume":"54","author":"G Stockhammer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stockhammer G, Poewe W, Surgstaller S, et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor in CSF: a biological marker for carcinomatous meningitis. Neurology 2000, 54:1670\u20131675.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"23_CR32","first-page":"1419","volume":"46","author":"WA Bleyer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Bleyer WA: Clinical pharmacology of intrathecal methotrexate. II. An improved dosage regimen derived from age-related pharmacokinetics. Cancer Treat Rep 1977, 46:1419\u20131425.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rep"},{"key":"23_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980301)82:5<923::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-2","volume":"82","author":"MH Friedberg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedberg MH, Glantz MJ, Klempner MS, et al.: Specific matrix metalloproteinase profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid correlated with the presence of malignant astrocytomas, brain metastases and carcinomatous meningitis. Cancer 1998, 82:923\u2013930.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"23_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005926624303","volume":"38","author":"RJ Oostenburge van","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Oostenburge RJ, Hopman AHN, Ramaekers FCS, Twijnstra A: In situ hybridization: a possible diagnostic aid in leptomeningeal metastases. J Neurooncol 1998, 38:127\u2013133.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"23_CR35","first-page":"163","volume-title":"Neurologic Complications of Cancer","author":"JB Posner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Posner JB: Neurologic Complications of Cancer. Philadelphia: FA Davis Company; 1995:163."}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0023-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0023-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0023-3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T00:56:45Z","timestamp":1559437005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0023-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}},"alternative-id":["23"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-002-0023-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}}}