{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:14:53Z","timestamp":1790486093245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-003-0005-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T15:07:37Z","timestamp":1180969657000},"page":"149-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Theresa A.","family":"Zesiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mervat","family":"Wahba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5_CR1","first-page":"200","volume-title":"Third Symposium on Parkinson Disease Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh.","author":"EA Spiegel","year":"1969","unstructured":"Spiegel EA, Wycis HT, Schor S, et al.: The incidence of vegetative symptoms in Parkinson patients with and without bradykinesia. In In Third Symposium on Parkinson Disease Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. Edinburgh: E & S Livingston, Ltd; 1969:200."},{"key":"5_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.662","volume":"48","author":"J Turkka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Turkka J, Suominen K, Tolonen U, et al.: Selegiline diminishes cardiovascular autonomic responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 1997, 48:662\u2013667.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR3","first-page":"149","volume":"22","author":"E Martignoni","year":"1986","unstructured":"Martignoni E, Micieli G, Cavallini A, et al.: Autonomic disorders in idiopathic Parkinsonism. J Neural Transm 1986, 22:149\u2013161.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"5_CR4","volume-title":"An essay on shaking palsy.","author":"J Parkinson","year":"1817","unstructured":"Parkinson J: An essay on shaking palsy. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones; 1817."},{"key":"5_CR5","first-page":"648","volume-title":"A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System","author":"WR Gowers","year":"1893","unstructured":"Gowers WR: A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System, edn 2. London: Churchill; 1893:648.","edition":"edn 2"},{"key":"5_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1971.34.1.0027","volume":"34","author":"RW Porter","year":"1971","unstructured":"Porter RW, Bors E: Neurogenic bladder in Parkinson\u2019s disease: effect of thalamotomy. J Neurosurg 1971, 34:27.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"5_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000116810","volume":"32","author":"C Singer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Singer C, Weiner WJ, Sanchez-Ramos JL: Autonomic dysfunction in men with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur Neurol 1992, 32:134\u2013140.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00641-5","volume":"56","author":"GE Lemack","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lemack GE, Dewey RB Jr, Roehrborn CG, et al.: Questionnaire-based assessment of bladder dysfunction in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson\u2019s disease. Urology 2000, 56:250\u2013254.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"5_CR9","first-page":"1073","volume-title":"Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction. Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice","author":"TA Lisenmeyer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lisenmeyer TA, Stone JM: Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction. Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice, edn 3. Edited by Delisa JA, Gans BM. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers; 1998:1073\u20131106.","edition":"edn 3"},{"key":"5_CR10","first-page":"968","volume-title":"Principles of Neuroscience.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Principles of Neuroscience. Edited by Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TH. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000:968."},{"key":"5_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)51929-1","volume":"129","author":"AJ Pavlakis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Pavlakis AJ, Siroky MB, Goldstein I, Krane RJ: Neurourologic findings in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Urol 1983, 129:80\u201383.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"5_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(67)90160-6","volume":"4","author":"RV Lewin","year":"1967","unstructured":"Lewin RV, Dilland GV, Porter RW: Extrapyramidal inhibition of the urinary bladder. Brain Res 1967, 4:301.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"5_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58685-1","volume":"116","author":"JT Andersen","year":"1976","unstructured":"Andersen JT, Bradley WE: Cystometric, sphincter and electromyelographic abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Urol 1976, 116:75\u201378.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"5_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198509263131307","volume":"313","author":"NM Resnick","year":"1985","unstructured":"Resnick NM, Yalla SV: Management of urinary incontinence in the elderly. N Engl J Med 1985, 313:800\u2013805.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199506030-00007","volume":"6","author":"YE Yarker","year":"1995","unstructured":"Yarker YE, Goa KL, Fitton A: Oxybutynin: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic use in detrusor instability. Drugs Aging 1995, 6:243\u2013262. This paper reviews the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of oxybutynin.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"5_CR16","first-page":"291","volume":"14","author":"KE Andersson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andersson KE: Drug therapy for urinary incontinence. Bailliere\u2019s Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000, 14:291\u2013313.","journal-title":"Bailliere\u2019s Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"5_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199855060-00008","volume":"55","author":"CH Hills","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hills CH, Winter SA, Balfour JA: Tolterodine. Drugs 1998, 55:813\u2013820.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"5_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6777(1998)17:5<499::AID-NAU6>3.0.CO;2-8","volume":"17","author":"PE Kererebroeck van","year":"1998","unstructured":"van Kererebroeck PE, Amarence G, Thuroff JW, et al.: Dose-ranging study of tolterodine in patients with detrusor hyperreflexia. Neurourol Urodyn 1998, 17:499\u2013512.","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"5_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(98)00629-3","volume":"53","author":"G Larsson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Larsson G, Hallen B, Nilvebrant L: Tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder: analysis of the pooled phase II efficacy and safety data. Urology 1999, 53:990\u2013998.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"5_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1998.00717.x","volume":"81","author":"P Abrams","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abrams P, Freeman R, Anderstrom C, Mattiasson A: Tolterodine, a new antimuscarinic agent: as effect but better tolerated than oxybutynin in patients with an overactive bladder. Br J Urol 1998, 81:801\u2013810. In this randomized, double blind trial, tolterodine at 2mg twice daily was effective in treating bladder overactivity and was better tolerated than oxybutynin.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"5_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.46.9.854","volume":"46","author":"P Hilton","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hilton P, Hertogs K, Stanton SL: The use of desmopression (DDAVP) for nocturia in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1983, 46:854\u2013855.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"5_CR22","first-page":"1109","volume":"24","author":"AC Kinn","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kinn AC, Larsson PO: Desmopressin: a new principle for symptomatic treatmetn of urgency and incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1990, 24:1109\u20131121.","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"5_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1994.tb07116.x","volume":"74","author":"SD Eckford","year":"1994","unstructured":"Eckford SD, Swami KS, Jackson SR, Abrams PH: Desmopressin in the treatment of nocturia and enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Br J Urol 1994, 74:733\u2013735.","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"5_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00035.x","volume":"94","author":"S Fredrikson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fredrikson S: Nasal spray desmopressin treatment of bladder dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1996, 94:31\u201334.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"5_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68232-6","volume":"158","author":"M Horowitz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Horowitz M, Combs AJ, Gerdes D: Desmopressin for nocturnal incontinence in the spina bifida population. J Urol 1997, 158:2267\u20132268.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"5_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02282887","volume":"155","author":"WL Robson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Robson WL, Norgaard JP, Leung AK: Hyponatremia in patients with nocturnal enuresis treated with DDAVP. Eur J Pediatr 1996, 155:959\u2013962.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"5_CR27","first-page":"668","volume":"156","author":"M Schwab","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schwab M, Ruder H: Hyponatremia and cerebral convulsion due to DDAVP administration in patients with enuresis nocturia or urine concentration testing. Eur J Pediatr 1997, 156:668.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"5_CR28","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Textbook of Gastroenterology","author":"HE Raybould","year":"1999","unstructured":"Raybould HE, Pandol SJ: The integrated response of the gastrointestinal tract to a meal. In In Textbook of Gastroenterology, edn 3. Edited by Yamada T, Alpers DH, Laine L, et al. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:2\u201310.","edition":"edn 3"},{"key":"5_CR29","volume-title":"The Enteric Nervous System.","author":"JB Furness","year":"1997","unstructured":"Furness JB, Costa M: The Enteric Nervous System. Edinburg: Churchill Livingston; 1997."},{"key":"5_CR30","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Textbook of Gastroenterology","author":"JB Furness","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furness JB, Bornstein JC, Kunze WAA, Clerc N: The enteric nervous system and its extrinsic connections. In In Textbook of Gastroenterology, edn 3. Edited by Yamada T, Alpers DH, Laine L, et al. Philadlephia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:11\u201330.","edition":"edn 3"},{"key":"5_CR31","first-page":"236","volume-title":"Textbook of Gastroenterology","author":"WL Hasler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hasler WL: Motility of the small intestine and colon. In In Textbook of Gastroenterology, edn 3. Edited by Yamada T, Alpers DH, Laine L, et al. Philadlephia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999:236.","edition":"edn 3"},{"key":"5_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199407000-00004","volume":"19","author":"KG Byrne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Byrne KG, Pfeiffer R, Quigley EM: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a report of clinical experience at a single center. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994, 19:11\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"5_CR33","first-page":"13","volume":"14","author":"MJ Eadie","year":"1965","unstructured":"Eadie MJ, Tyrer JH: Alimentary disorders in Parkinsonism. Aust Ann Med 1965, 14:13\u201322.","journal-title":"Aust Ann Med"},{"key":"5_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.4.726","volume":"42","author":"LL Edwards","year":"1992","unstructured":"Edwards LL, Quigley EM, Pfeiffer RF: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: frequency and pathophysiology. Neurology 1992, 42:726\u2013732.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-64-766-890","volume":"64","author":"J Stroudley","year":"1991","unstructured":"Stroudley J, Walsh M: Radiological assessment of dysphagia in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Br J Radiol 1991, 64:890\u2013893.","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"5_CR36","first-page":"1741","volume":"90","author":"BT Johnston","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnston BT, Li Q, Castell JA, Castell DO: Swallowing and esophageal function in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1995, 90:1741\u20131746. This paper reviews swallowing abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"5_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90605-X","volume":"106","author":"GN Ali","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ali GN, Wallace KL, Laundl TM, et al.: Oropharnyngeal dysfunction in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and dysphagia [abstract]. Gastroenterology 1994, 106:459.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"5_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.1991.tb00053.x","volume":"3","author":"J Weber","year":"1991","unstructured":"Weber J, Roman C, Hannequin D, et al.: Esophageal manometry in patients with unilateral hemispheric cerebrovascular accidents or idiopathic Parkinsonism. J Gastrointest Motility 1991, 3:98\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Motility"},{"key":"5_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.4.283","volume":"23","author":"Hartog Jager WA Den","year":"1960","unstructured":"Den Hartog Jager WA, Bethlem J: The distribution of Lewy bodies in the central and autonomic nervous system in idiopathic paralysis agitans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960, 23:283\u2013290.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90079-9","volume":"87","author":"SJ Qualman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Qualman SJ, Haupt HM, Yang P, et al.: Esophageal Lewy bodies associated with ganglion cell loss in achalasia: similarity to Parkinson\u2019s disease. Gastroenterology 1984, 87:848\u2013856.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"5_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687767","volume":"76","author":"K Wakabayashi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wakabayashi K, Takahahi H, Takeda S, et al.: Parkinson\u2019s disease: the presence of Lewy bodies in Auerbach\u2019s and Meissner\u2019s plexuses. Acta Neuropathol 1988, 76:217\u2013221.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"5_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.8.709","volume":"41","author":"MG Bramble","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bramble MG, Cunliffe J, Dellipiani AW: Evidence for a change in neurotransmitter affecting esophageal motility in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978, 41:709\u2013712.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120618","volume":"12","author":"I Soykan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Soykan I, Sarosiek I, Shifflett J, et al.: Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 1997, 12:952\u2013957.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"5_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870060211","volume":"6","author":"LL Edwards","year":"1991","unstructured":"Edwards LL, Pfeiffer RF, Quigley EM, et al.: Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 1991, 6:151\u2013156.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"5_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.12.1503","volume":"51","author":"SE Mathers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mathers SE, Kemptster PA, Swash M, Lees AJ: Constipation and paradoxical puborectalis contraction in animus and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a dystonic phenomenon? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988, 51:1503.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199407000-00004","volume":"19","author":"KG Byrne","year":"1994","unstructured":"Byrne KG, Pfeiffer R, Quigley EM: Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a report of clinical experience at a single center. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994, 19:11\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"5_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199615030-00002","volume":"15","author":"TA Bedford","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bedford TA, Rowbotham DJ: Cisapride: drug interactions of clinical significance. Drug Saf 1996, 15:167\u2013175.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"5_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01765.x","volume":"95","author":"JA DiPalma","year":"2000","unstructured":"DiPalma JA, DeRidder PH, Orlando RC, et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of a new polyethylene glycol laxative. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:446\u2013450. In this trial, Braintree polyethylene glycol laxative was safe and effective in the short-term treatment of constipation.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"5_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870120614","volume":"12","author":"M Welsh","year":"1997","unstructured":"Welsh M, Hung L, Waters CH: Sexuality in women with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 1997, 12:923\u2013927.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"5_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.10.942","volume":"54","author":"C Singer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Singer C, Weiner WJ, Sanchez-Ramos J, Ackerman M: Sexual function in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991, 54:94\u2013237.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"5_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.6.760-a","volume":"135","author":"EB Brown","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brown EB, Brown GM, Kofman O, Quarrington B: Sexual function and affect in Parkinsonian men treated with L-dopa. Am J Psychiatry 1978, 135:1552\u20131555.","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"5_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200003)15:2<305::AID-MDS1015>3.0.CO;2-W","volume":"15","author":"TA Zesiewicz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zesiewicz TA, Helal M, Hauser RA: Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 2000, 15:305\u2013308.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"5_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.1.73","volume":"36","author":"CG Goetz","year":"1986","unstructured":"Goetz CG, Lutge W, Tanner CM: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 1986, 36:73\u201375.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR54","first-page":"709","volume":"33","author":"F Hirashima","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hirashima F, Yokota T, Miyatake T, et al.: Sudomotor dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1993, 33:709\u2013714.","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"5_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00920619","volume":"241","author":"Y Mano","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mano Y, Nakamuro T, Takayanagi T, Mayer RF: Sweat function in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 1994, 241:573\u2013576.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370124","volume":"37","author":"JI Sage","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sage JI, Mark MH: Drenching sweats as an off phenomenon in Parkinson\u2019s disease: treatment and relation to plasma levodopa profile. Ann Neurol 1995, 37:120\u2013122.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR57","first-page":"734","volume":"29","author":"H Saito","year":"1989","unstructured":"Saito H, Kogure K: Thermal sudomotor deficits in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1989, 29:734\u2013740.","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"key":"5_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210602","volume":"21","author":"JG McLeod","year":"1987","unstructured":"McLeod JG, Tuck RR: Disorders of the autonomic nervous system: II. Investigation and treatment. Ann Neurol 1987, 21:519\u2013529.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR59","volume-title":"Principles of Neurology","author":"RD Adams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adams RD, Victor M, Ropper AH: Principles of Neurology, edn 6. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.","edition":"edn 6"},{"key":"5_CR60","first-page":"383","volume":"69","author":"CJ Mathias","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mathias CJ: Disorders affecting autonomic function in Parkinsonian patients. Adv Neurol 1996, 69:383\u2013391.","journal-title":"Adv Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90571-5","volume":"1","author":"M Gross","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gross M, Bannister R, Godwin-Austen R: Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 1972, 1:174\u2013176.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"5_CR62","first-page":"S6","volume":"45","author":"CJ Mathias","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mathias CJ: Orthostatic hypotension: causes, mechanisms, and influencing factors. Neurology 1995, 45(suppl):S6-S11.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1960.03840110025004","volume":"2","author":"G Shy","year":"1960","unstructured":"Shy G, Drager GA: A neurological syndrome associated with orthostatic hypotension. Arch Neurol 1960, 2:511.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.165.3890.291","volume":"165","author":"A Barbeau","year":"1969","unstructured":"Barbeau A, Gillo-Joffroy L, Boucher R, et al.: Renin-aldosterone system in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Science 1969, 165:291\u2013292.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-72-5-751","volume":"72","author":"FH McDowell","year":"1970","unstructured":"McDowell FH, Lee JE: Levodopa, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and hypotension. Ann Intern Med 1970, 72:751.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90571-5","volume":"1","author":"M Gross","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gross M, Bannister R, Godwin-Austen R: Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 1972, 1:174\u2013176.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.7.1173","volume":"37","author":"L Orskov","year":"1987","unstructured":"Orskov L, Jakobsen J, Dupont E, et al.: Autonomic function in Parkinsonian patients relates to duration of disease. Neurology 1987, 37:1173\u20131178.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314779","volume":"238","author":"G Meco","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meco G, Pratesi L, Bonifati V: Cardiovascular reflexes and autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 1991, 238:195\u2013199.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(88)90025-X","volume":"90","author":"SJ Piha","year":"1988","unstructured":"Piha SJ, Rinne JO, Rinne UK, Seppanen A: Autonomic dysfunction in recent onset and advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1988, 90:221\u2013226.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"5_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.4.463","volume":"33","author":"Y Kuroiwa","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kuroiwa Y, Shimada Y, Toyokura Y: Postural hypotension and low R-R interval variability in Parkinsonism, spinocerebellar degeneration, and Shy-Drager syndrome. Neurology 1983, 33:463\u2013467.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5779.80","volume":"4","author":"MJ Aminoff","year":"1971","unstructured":"Aminoff MJ, Wilcox CS: Assessment of autonomic function in patients with a Parkinsonian syndrome. BMJ 1971, 4:80\u201384.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314190","volume":"235","author":"SM Ludin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ludin SM, Steiger UG, Ludin HP: Autonomic disturbances and cardiovascular reflexes in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 1987, 235:10\u201315.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1159\/000116319","volume":"26","author":"J Turkka","year":"1987","unstructured":"Turkka J, Tolonen U, Myllyla V: Cardiovascular reflexes in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Eur Neurol 1987, 26:104\u2013112.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.5.584","volume":"63","author":"JM Senard","year":"1997","unstructured":"Senard JM, Rai S, Lapeyre-Mestre M, et al.: Prevalence of orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1997, 63:584\u2013589.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"5_CR75","first-page":"163","volume":"10","author":"Y Uono","year":"1993","unstructured":"Uono Y: Parkinsonism and autonomic dysfunction. Auton Nerv Syst 1993, 10:163\u2013170.","journal-title":"Auton Nerv Syst"},{"key":"5_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01827468","volume":"5","author":"PM Netten","year":"1995","unstructured":"Netten PM, De Vos K, Horstink MWIM, et al.: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease, tested with a computerized method using Finapres device. Clin Auton Res 1995, 5:85\u201389.","journal-title":"Clin Auton Res"},{"key":"5_CR77","first-page":"286","volume-title":"L-Dopa and Parkinsonism.","author":"A Barbeau","year":"1970","unstructured":"Barbeau A, Gillo-Joffroy L, Brossard Y: L-Dopa and Parkinsonism. Edited by Barbeau A, McDowell FH. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1970:286."},{"key":"5_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90571-5","volume":"1","author":"M Gross","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gross M, Bannister R, Godwin-Austen R: Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet 1972, 1:174\u2013176.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.3.386","volume":"37","author":"G Micieli","year":"1987","unstructured":"Micieli G, Martignoni E, Cavallini A, et al.: Postprandial and orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 1987, 37:386\u2013393.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1970.03170270025004","volume":"213","author":"AM Michelakis","year":"1970","unstructured":"Michelakis AM, Robertson D: Plasma renin activity and levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s disease. JAMA 1970, 213:83\u201385.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.41.10.915","volume":"41","author":"A Rappelli","year":"1978","unstructured":"Rappelli A, Glorioso N, Tedde R, et al.: Effects of levodopa alone and in combination with dopadecarboxylase inhibitors on plasma renin activity in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psych 1978, 41:915\u2013918.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psych"},{"key":"5_CR82","first-page":"66","volume":"232","author":"JT Turkka","year":"1985","unstructured":"Turkka JT, Juujarvi KK, Lapinlampi TO, Myllyla VV: Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: serum noradrenaline response to standing up. J Neurol 1985, 232:66.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb01568.x","volume":"81","author":"M Camerlingo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Camerlingo M, Ferraro B, Gazzaniga GC, et al.: Cardiovascular reflexes in Parkinson\u2019s disease: long-term effects of levodopa treatment on de novo patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1990, 81:346\u2013348.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"5_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04563.x","volume":"67","author":"J Hilsted","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hilsted J: Autonomic neuropathy: the diagnosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1983, 67:193\u2013201.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"5_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04578.x","volume":"67","author":"A Persson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Persson A, Solders G: R-R variations in Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a test of autonomic dysfunction. Acta Neur Scand 1983, 67:294\u2013300.","journal-title":"Acta Neur Scand"},{"key":"5_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5892.584","volume":"4","author":"T Wheeler","year":"1973","unstructured":"Wheeler T, Watkins P: Cardiac denervation in diabetes. BMJ 1973, 4:584\u2013586.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"5_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00314779","volume":"238","author":"G Meco","year":"1991","unstructured":"Meco G, Pratesi L, Bonifati V: Cardiovascular reflexes and autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neurol 1991, 238:195\u2013199.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1971.00480310078007","volume":"24","author":"O Appenzeller","year":"1971","unstructured":"Appenzeller O, Goss JE: Autonomic deficits in Parkinson\u2019s syndrome. Arch Neurol 1971, 24:50\u201357.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0410063","volume":"41","author":"JL Reid","year":"1971","unstructured":"Reid JL, Calne DB, Pallis GC, Vakil SD: Cardiovascular reflexes in Parkinsonism. Clin Sci 1971, 41:63\u201367.","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"5_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00009","volume":"133","author":"DS Goldstein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goldstein DS, Holmes C, Li ST, et al.: Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Ann Intern Med 2000, 133:338\u2013347.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"5_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1985.tb03164.x","volume":"71","author":"C Sachs","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sachs C, Berglund B, Kaijser L: Autonomic cardiovascular responses in Parkinsonism: effect of levodopa with dopa-decarboxylase inhibition. Acta Neurol Scand 1985, 71:37\u201342.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"5_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199812060-00007","volume":"12","author":"M Dooley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dooley M, Markham A: Pramipexole: a review of its use in the management of early and advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease. Drugs Aging 1998, 12:495\u2013514.","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"5_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.83.2.4556","volume":"83","author":"R Abs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abs R, Verhelst J, Maiter D, et al.: Cabergoline in the treatment of acromegaly: a study in 64 patients. J Clin Endocrin Met 1998, 83:374\u2013378.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrin Met"},{"key":"5_CR94","first-page":"317","volume":"11","author":"G Micieli","year":"1996","unstructured":"Micieli G, Martignoni E, Cavallini A, et al.: Lisuride and bromocryptine in levodopa stable-responder Parkinsonian patients: a comparative, double-blind evaluation of cardiopressor and neurochemical effects. Func Neurol 1996, 11:317\u2013325.","journal-title":"Func Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.10.1461","volume":"57","author":"K Kujawa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kujawa K, Leurgans S, Raman R, et al.: Acute orthostatic hypotension when starting dopamine agonists in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Arch Neurol 2000, 57:1461\u20131463.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"5_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199106060-00002","volume":"6","author":"JA Schoenberger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schoenberger JA: Drug-induced orthostatic hypotension. Drug Saf 1991, 6:402\u2013407.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"5_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/56.21.2195","volume":"56","author":"ST Micek","year":"1999","unstructured":"Micek ST, Ernst ME: Tolcapone: a novel approach to Parkinson\u2019s disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999, 56:2195\u20132205.","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"5_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199819010-00002","volume":"19","author":"EH Heinonen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Heinonen EH, Myllyla V: Safety of selegiline (deprenyl) in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Drug Saf 1998, 19:11\u201322.","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"5_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.48.3.662","volume":"48","author":"J Turkka","year":"1997","unstructured":"Turkka J, Suominen K, Tolonen U, et al.: Selegiline diminishes cardiovascular autonomic responses in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurology 1997, 48:662\u2013667.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR100","volume-title":"Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System.","author":"R Bannister","year":"1983","unstructured":"Bannister R: Testing autonomic reflexes. In Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. Edited by Bannister R. London: Oxford University Press; 1983."},{"key":"5_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part2376","volume":"12","author":"LI Goldberg","year":"1971","unstructured":"Goldberg LI, Whishett TL: Cardiovascular effects of levodopa. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1971, 12:376\u2013382.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"5_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.120","volume":"51","author":"RA Wright","year":"1998","unstructured":"Wright RA, Kaufmann HC, Perera R, et al.: A double-blind, dose-response study of midodrine in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. Neurology 1998, 51:120\u2013124.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"5_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540370036033","volume":"277","author":"PA Low","year":"1997","unstructured":"Low PA, Gilden JL, Freeman R, et al.: Efficacy of midodrine vs placebo in neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a randomized, double-blind multicenter study. Midodrine Study Group. JAMA 1997, 277:1046\u20131051.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"5_CR104","first-page":"2344","volume-title":"Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"FJ Polinsky","year":"1994","unstructured":"Polinsky FJ, Martin JB: Disorders of the autonomic nervous system. In In Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine, edn 13. Edited by Isselbacher KJ. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1994:2344\u20132246.","edition":"edn 13"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-003-0005-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-003-0005-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-003-0005-0","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T14:30:20Z","timestamp":1587565820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-003-0005-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["5"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-003-0005-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}