{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T11:24:55Z","timestamp":1761823495222},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,13]],"date-time":"2012-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-012-0181-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,12]],"date-time":"2012-05-12T05:21:05Z","timestamp":1336800065000},"page":"322-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Infantile Spasms: Treatment Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Watemberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"181_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Commission on Pediatric Epilepsy of the International League Against Epilepsy: Workshop on infantile spasms. Epilepsia 1992;33:195.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02306.x"},{"key":"181_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2006.00100.x","volume":"6","author":"WD Shields","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shields WD. Infantile spasms: little seizures, BIG consequence. Epilepsy Curr. 2006;6:63\u20139.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"181_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-36-15","volume":"36","author":"A Fois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fois A. Infantile spasm: review of the literature and personal experience. Ital J Pediatr. 2010;36:15\u201324.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"181_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.30503.x","volume":"45","author":"S Kivity","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kivity S, Lerman P, Ariel R, et al. Long-term cognitive outcomes of a cohort of children with cryptogenic infantile spasms treated with high-dose adrenocorticotropic hormone. Epilepsia. 2004;45:255\u201362.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2009.03.004","volume":"14","author":"RS Riikonen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riikonen RS. Favourable prognostic factors with infantile spasms. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2010;14:13\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x","volume":"51","author":"AT Berg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berg AT, Berkovic SF, Brodie MJ, et al. Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies. Report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2009;51:676\u201385.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR7","first-page":"12","volume":"309","author":"PM Brna","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brna PM, Gordon KE, Doley JM, Wood EP. The epidemiology of infantile spasms. Can J Neurol Sci. 2001;309:12.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"181_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2009.10.010","volume":"89","author":"L Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen L, Zhu M, Zhou H, Liang J. Clinical study of West syndrome with PS and late-onset epileptic spasms. Epilepsy Res. 2010;89:82\u20138.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"181_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02217.x","volume":"50","author":"AS Galanopoulo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Galanopoulo AS, Mosh\u00e9 SL. The epileptic hypothesis: developmentally related arguments based on animal models. Epilepsia. 2009;50 Suppl 7:37\u201342.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00808.x","volume":"186","author":"AL Lux","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lux AL. Is hypsarrhythmia a form of nonconvulsive status epilepticus? Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;186:37\u201344.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"181_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2011.08.010","volume":"45","author":"AR Paciorkowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paciorkowski AR, Thio LL, Dobyns WB. Genetic and biologic classification of infantile spasms. Pediatr Neurol. 2011;45:355\u201367.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.03.006","volume":"41","author":"SJ You","year":"2009","unstructured":"You SJ, Kim HD, Hang HC. Factors influencing the evolution of West syndrome to Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2009;41:111\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03127.x","volume":"52","author":"FX O\u2019Callaghan","year":"2011","unstructured":"O\u2019Callaghan FX, Lux AL, Darke K, et al. The effect of lead time to treatment and of age of onset on developmental outcome at 4\u00a0years in infantile spasms: evidence from the United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1359\u201364.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02657.x","volume":"51","author":"JM Pellock","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pellock JM, Hracovy R, Shinnar S, et al. Infantile spasms: a U.S. consensus report. Epilepsia. 2010;51:2175\u201389. This is a timely review of all available data on the practical aspects of recognition and effective treatment on IS by a panel of US experts.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02718.x","volume":"51","author":"Y Fukuyama","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fukuyama Y. The Japanese scheme of ACTH therapy in West syndrome. Epilepsia. 2010;51:2216\u20138.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR16","first-page":"CD001770","volume":"8","author":"EC Hancock","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hancock EC, Osborne JP, Edwards SW. Treatment of infantile spasms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;8:CD001770.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"181_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02704.x","volume":"51","author":"R Riikonen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riikonen R. A European perspective: comments on \u201ca U.S. consensus report\u201d. Epilepsia. 2010;51:2215\u20136.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02586.x","volume":"51","author":"AM Hong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hong AM, Turner Z, Hamdy RF, Kossof EH. Infantile spasms treated with the ketogenic diet: prospective single-center experience in 104 consecutive infants. Epilepsia. 2010;51:1403\u20137.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02940.x","volume":"52","author":"HC Kang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kang HC, Lee YJ, Lee JS, et al. Comparison of short- versus long-term ketogenic diet for intractable infantile spasms. Epilepsia. 2011;52:781\u20137.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.08.009","volume":"21","author":"S Sharma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma S, Sankhyan N, Gulati S, Agarwala A. Use of the modified Atkins diet in infantile spasms refractory to first-line treatment. Seizure. 2012;21:45\u20138.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"181_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2011.05.012","volume":"96","author":"AL Numis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Numis AL, Yellen MB, Chu-Shore CJ, et al. The relationship of ketosis and growth to the efficacy of the ketogenic diet in infantile spasms. Epilepsy Res. 2011;96:172\u20135.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"181_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1021\/jm201650r","volume":"26","author":"SB Silverman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silverman SB. The 2011 E. B. Hershberg award for important discoveries in medicinally active substances: (1S,3S)-3-Amino-4-difluoromethylenyl-1-cyclopentanoic Acid (CPP-115), a GABA Aminotransferase inactivator and new treatment for drug addiction and infantile spasms. J Med Chem. 2012;26:567\u201375.This article reports on the efficacy and safety of a novel compound that acts in a similar way to VGB, but at a much lower dose, and has been shown to be effective for IS in rat models. Given its much safer profile than that of VGB, CPP-115 was granted orphan drug status by the FDA. This development may be a landmark for safer, effective future treatment of IS.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"181_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03173.x","volume":"52","author":"T Ono","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ono T, Mosh\u00e9 SL, Galanopoulou AS. Carisbamate acutely suppresses spasms in a rat model of symptomatic infantile spasms in rats. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1678\u201384.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2011.03.021","volume":"43","author":"E Raffo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Raffo E, Coppola A, Ono T, et al. A pulse rapamycin therapy for infantile spasms and associated cognitive decline. Neurobiol Dis. 2011;43:322\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"181_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000127773.72699.C8","volume":"62","author":"MT Mackay","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mackay MT, Weiss SK, Adams-Weber T, et al. Practice parameter: medical treatment of infantile spasms: report of the American Academy of Neurology and the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004;62:1668\u201381.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"181_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.04.005","volume":"43","author":"CD Wray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wray CD, Benke TA. Effect of price increase of adrenocorticotropic hormone on treatment practices of infantile spasms. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;43:163\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2010.04.008","volume":"32","author":"LP Zou","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zou LP, Wang X, Dong CH. Three-week combination treatment with ACTH+magnesium sulfate versus ACTH monotherapy for infantile spasms: a 24-week, randomized, open-label, follow-up study in China. Clin Ther. 2010;32:692\u2013700.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"181_CR28","first-page":"731","volume":"6","author":"JT Lerner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lerner JT, Salamon N, Sankar R. Clinical profile of vigabatrin as monotherapy for infantile spasms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2010;6:731\u201340.","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"181_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb00063.x","volume":"38","author":"F Vigevano","year":"1997","unstructured":"Vigevano F, Cilio MR. Vigabatrine versus ACTH as first-line treatment for infantile spasms: a randomized, prospective study. Epilepsia. 1997;38:1270\u20134.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70199-X","volume":"4","author":"AL Lux","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock EC, et al. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study comparing vigabatrin with prednisolone or tetracosactide at 14\u00a0days: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:712\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02498.x","volume":"16","author":"S Cohen-Sadan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cohen-Sadan S, Kramer U, Ben-Zeev B, et al. Multicenter long-term follow-up of children with idiopathic West syndrome: ACTH vs. vigabatrin. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:482\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.160606","volume":"95","author":"K Darke","year":"2010","unstructured":"Darke K, Edwards SW, Hancock E, et al. Developmental and epilepsy outcomes at age 4\u00a0years in the UKISS trial comparing hormonal treatments to vigabatrin for infantile spasms: a mulicentre randomized trial. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:382\u20136.This work provides important follow-up 4\u00a0years later on the initial 2004 cohort of UKISS patients that prospectively compared hormonal to VGB treatment in a randomized manner.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"181_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.01.023","volume":"14","author":"EH Kossoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kossoff EH, Hartman AL, Rubenstein JE, Vining EP. High-dose oral prednisolone for infantile spasms: an effective and less expensive alternative to ACTH. Epilepsy Behav. 2009;14:674\u20136.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"181_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2009.07.011","volume":"42","author":"E Haberlandt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haberlandt E, Weger C, Sigl SB, et al. Adrenocorticotropic hormone versus pulsatile dexamethasone in the treatment of infantile epilepsy syndromes. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;42:21\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"181_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2010.12.002","volume":"93","author":"X Zhu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhu X, Chen O, Zhang D, et al. A prospective study on the treatment of infantile spasms with first-line topiramate followed by low-dose ACTH. Epilepsy Res. 2011;93:149\u201354.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"181_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2009.0283","volume":"11","author":"MS Yum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yum MS, Ko TS. Zonisamide in West syndrome: an open label study. Epileptic Disord. 2009;11:339\u201344.","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"181_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02460.x","volume":"51","author":"H Chugani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chugani H, Asano E, Sood S. Infantile spasms: who are the ideal surgical candidates? Epilepsia. 2010;51(Suppl1):94\u20136.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"181_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2007.01421.x","volume":"49","author":"AS Harvey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Harvey AS, Cross JH, Shinnar S, Mathern BW, ILAE Pediatric Epilepsy Taskforce. Defining the spectrum of international practice in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Epiepsia. 2008;49:146\u201355.","journal-title":"Epiepsia"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-012-0181-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-012-0181-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-012-0181-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T14:19:51Z","timestamp":1594131591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-012-0181-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,13]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-012-0181-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,13]]}}}