{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:32:38Z","timestamp":1793172758348,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T02:03:27Z","timestamp":1564020207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Charles Bonnet Syndrome: a Systematic Review of Diagnostic Criteria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ali G.","family":"Hamedani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria S.","family":"Pelak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.10.007","volume":"52","author":"TR Hedges","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hedges TR. Charles Bonnet, his life, and his syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 2007;52(1):111\u20134. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2006.10.007\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR2","first-page":"678","volume":"2","author":"G de Morsier","year":"1967","unstructured":"de Morsier G. The Charles Bonnet syndrome: visual hallucinations in the aged without mental deficiency. Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1967;2(5):678\u2013702.","journal-title":"Ann Med Psychol (Paris)"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00407835","volume":"188","author":"DG Cogan","year":"1973","unstructured":"Cogan DG. Visual hallucinations as release phenomena. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1973;188(2):139\u201350.","journal-title":"Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.5.535","volume":"73","author":"W Burke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Burke W. The neural basis of Charles Bonnet hallucinations: a hypothesis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(5):535\u201341.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1068\/p200809","volume":"20","author":"G Schultz","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schultz G, Melzack R. The Charles Bonnet syndrome: \u201cphantom visual images\u201d. Perception. 1991;20(6):809\u201325. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1068\/p200809\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Perception"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(02)00414-9","volume":"48","author":"GJ Menon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Menon GJ, Rahman I, Menon SJ, Dutton GN. Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: the Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. 2003;48(1):58\u201372.","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR7","first-page":"95","volume":"11","author":"AM Levine","year":"1980","unstructured":"Levine AM. Visual hallucinations and cataracts. Ophthalmic Surg. 1980;11(2):95\u20138.","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530801888170","volume":"23","author":"KE Crumbliss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crumbliss KE, Taussig MJ, Jay WM. Vision rehabilitation and Charles Bonnet Syndrome. Semin Ophthalmol. 2008;23(2):121\u20136. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08820530801888170\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200411000-00008","volume":"19","author":"S Ukai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ukai S, Yamamoto M, Tanaka M, Takeda M. Treatment of typical Charles bonnet syndrome with donepezil. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004;19(6):355\u20137.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213000719","volume":"25","author":"Y Bergman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bergman Y, Barak Y. Escitalopram for antipsychotic nonresponsive visual hallucinosis: eight patients suffering from Charles Bonnet syndrome. Int Psychogeriatr. 2013;25(9):1433\u20136. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610213000719\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-200015020-00009","volume":"15","author":"H Hori","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hori H, Terao T, Shiraishi Y, Nakamura J. Treatment of Charles bonnet syndrome with valproate. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;15(2):117\u20139.","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"582_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.3_Part_1.444","volume":"40","author":"FE Lepore","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lepore FE. Spontaneous visual phenomena with visual loss: 104 patients with lesions of retinal and neural afferent pathways. Neurology. 1990;40(3 Pt 1):444\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","volume":"89","author":"Ian G. McKeith","year":"2017","unstructured":"McKeith IG, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Halliday G, Taylor J-P, Weintraub D, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: Fourth consensus report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2017;89(1):88\u2013100. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17040076","volume":"30","author":"KA Kosman","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Kosman KA, Silbersweig DA. Pseudo-Charles Bonnet syndrome with a frontal tumor: visual hallucinations, the brain, and the two-hit hypothesis. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2018;30(1):84\u20136. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.17040076\n                      \n                    This is a case report of visual hallucinations in a 52 year-old woman with vision loss due to severe bilateral optic atrophy from a large (>\u20096\u00a0cm) planum sphenoidale meningioma. The patient's hallucinations resolved after resection of her meningioma, despite persistence of her vison loss. The authors discuss the hypothesis that a \u201csecond hit\u201d besides vision loss\u2014in this case, frontal lobe dysfunction due to mass effect and vasogenic edema from her meningioma\u2014is required to cause release hallucinations.","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264\u20139W64.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0942","volume":"48","author":"EJ Abbott","year":"2007","unstructured":"Abbott EJ, Connor GB, Artes PH, Abadi RV. Visual loss and visual hallucinations in patients with age-related macular degeneration (Charles Bonnet syndrome). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(3):1416\u201323. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.06-0942\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2010.00353.x","volume":"11","author":"C-C Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen C-C, Liu H-C. Low-dose aripiprazole resolved complex hallucinations in the left visual field after right occipital infarction (Charles Bonnet syndrome). Psychogeriatr Off J Jpn Psychogeriatr Soc. 2011;11(2):116\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2010.00353.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Psychogeriatr Off J Jpn Psychogeriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-304920","volume":"98","author":"TM Cox","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cox TM, Ffytche DH. Negative outcome Charles Bonnet syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98(9):1236\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-304920\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR19","first-page":"519","volume":"71","author":"SM Eagan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eagan SM, Williams JA. The formed visual hallucinations associated with vision loss. Optom St Louis Mo. 2000;71(8):519\u201327.","journal-title":"Optom St Louis Mo"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-016-3387-x","volume":"254","author":"HM Elflein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elflein HM, Rudy M, Lorenz K, Ponto KA, Scheurich A, Pitz S. Charles Bonnet\u2019s syndrome: not only a condition of the elderly. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 2016;254(8):1637\u201342. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-016-3387-x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"582_CR21","unstructured":"\u2022 ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2017 Feb 1 - . Identifier NCT03148249, A Trial of Patients With a Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS).\n                      https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03148249\n                      \n                    . Accessed April 3, 2019. This is the only clinical trial for Charles Bonnet syndrome registered on \n                      clinicaltrials.gov\n                      \n                    . Because it is a clinical trial, its inclusion and exclusion criteria form some of the strictest and most detailed diagnostic criteria (including a visual acuity cutoff, which few other studies have) for Charles Bonnet syndrome in the literature. The trial reportedly randomized patients with Charles Bonnet syndrome to consultation and treatment with a psychiatrist, and the primary outcome was quality of life. However, while it is listed as having been conducted between 2014 and 2017, its results have not been published to our knowledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-169","volume":"44","author":"G Gilmour","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilmour G, Schreiber C, Ewing C. An examination of the relationship between low vision and Charles Bonnet syndrome. Can J Ophthalmol J Can Ophtalmol. 2009;44(1):49\u201352. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3129\/i08-169\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol J Can Ophtalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(89)90122-3","volume":"30","author":"K Gold","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gold K, Rabins PV. Isolated visual hallucinations and the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a review of the literature and presentation of six cases. Compr Psychiatry. 1989;30(1):90\u20138.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"582_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.12.1701","volume":"149","author":"S Holroyd","year":"1992","unstructured":"Holroyd S, Rabins PV, Finkelstein D, Nicholson MC, Chase GA, Wisniewski SC. Visual hallucinations in patients with macular degeneration. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(12):1701\u20136. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.149.12.1701\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.05.007","volume":"34","author":"Y Hou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hou Y, Zhang Y. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of Charles Bonnet syndrome in Chinese patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2012;34(5):566\u201370. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.05.007\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005-1005.e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.007","volume":"118","author":"Mary Lou Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson ML, Drohan B, Agrawal K, Rhee DJ. Charles Bonnet syndrome and glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(5):1005\u20135.e2. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.01.007\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580801939320","volume":"15","author":"JC Khan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Khan JC, Shahid H, Thurlby DA, Yates JRW, Moore AT. Charles Bonnet syndrome in age-related macular degeneration: the nature and frequency of images in subjects with end-stage disease. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2008;15(3):202\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09286580801939320\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"582_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21270","volume":"58","author":"Jo\u00e3o Esteves Leandro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leandro JE, Beato J, Pedrosa AC, Pinheiro-Costa J, Falc\u00e3o M, Falc\u00e3o-Reis F, et al. The Charles Bonnet syndrome in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: association with proton pump inhibitors. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(10):4138\u201342. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.16-21270\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181b1b2bf","volume":"29","author":"SA Madill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Madill SA, Lascaratos G, Arden GB, Ffytche DH. Perceived color of hallucinations in the Charles Bonnet syndrome is related to residual color contrast sensitivity. J Neuro-Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc. 2009;29(3):192\u20136. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181b1b2bf\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e318206785a","volume":"34","author":"Tsuyoshi Miyaoka","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miyaoka T, Furuya M, Kristian L, Wake R, Kawakami K, Nagahama M, et al. Yi-gan san for treatment of charles bonnet syndrome (visual hallucination due to vision loss): an open-label study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(1):24\u20137. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNF.0b013e318206785a\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1159\/000446295","volume":"236","author":"Serhad Nalcaci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nalcaci S, \u0130lim O, Oztas Z, Akkin C, Acarer A, Afrashi F, et al. The prevalence and characteristics of Charles Bonnet syndrome in Turkish patients with retinal disease. Ophthalmol J Int Ophtalmol Int J Ophthalmol Z Augenheilkd. 2016;236(1):48\u201352. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000446295\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200110000-00006","volume":"10","author":"R Nesher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nesher R, Nesher G, Epstein E, Assia E. Charles Bonnet syndrome in glaucoma patients with low vision. J Glaucoma. 2001;10(5):396\u2013400.","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.006","volume":"122","author":"F O\u2019Hare","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Hare F, Bentley SA, Wu Z, Guymer RH, Luu CD, Ayton LN. Charles Bonnet syndrome in advanced retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology. 2015;122(9):1951\u20133. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.03.006\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02175452","volume":"225","author":"HM Olbrich","year":"1987","unstructured":"Olbrich HM, Engelmeier MP, Pauleikhoff D, Waubke T. Visual hallucinations in ophthalmology. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225(3):217\u201320.","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb02937.x","volume":"44","author":"Neil H. Pliskin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pliskin NH, Kiolbasa TA, Towle VL, Pankow L, Ernest JT, Noronha A, et al. Charles Bonnet syndrome: an early marker for dementia? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(9):1055\u201361.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4665","volume":"33","author":"G Russell","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u2022 Russell G, Harper R, Allen H, Baldwin R, Burns A. Cognitive impairment and Charles Bonnet syndrome: a prospective study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33(1):39\u201346. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.4665\n                      \n                     This is a small prospective cohort study of adults attending a low vision clinic. The authors found that 2 of 12 patients with Charles Bonnet syndrome developed dementia during the course of follow-up period, whereas none of 10 visually impaired adults without hallucinations developed dementia. The authors conclude that Charles Bonnet syndrome is not universally benign, and others have gone further to argue that it may be a forme fruste of Lewy body disease.","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"582_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.10.2055","volume":"123","author":"AM Santhouse","year":"2000","unstructured":"Santhouse AM, Howard RJ, Ffytche DH. Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the anatomy of the visual brain. Brain J Neurol. 2000;123(Pt 10):2055\u201364.","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(03)00090-6","volume":"38","author":"Y Shiraishi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shiraishi Y, Terao T, Ibi K, Nakamura J, Tawara A. The rarity of Charles bonnet syndrome. J Psychiatr Res. 2004;38(2):207\u201313.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.179465","volume":"95","author":"A Singh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh A, S\u00f8rensen TL. Charles bonnet syndrome improves when treatment is effective in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(2):291\u20132. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2010.179465\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.02051.x","volume":"90","author":"A Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh A, S\u00f8rensen TL. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of Charles Bonnet syndrome in Danish patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(5):476\u201380. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.02051.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"582_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.041947","volume":"88","author":"CSH Tan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tan CSH, Lim VSY, Ho DYM, Yeo E, Ng BY, Au Eong KG. Charles Bonnet syndrome in Asian patients in a tertiary ophthalmic centre. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(10):1325\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo.2004.041947\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9004","key":"582_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90869-7","volume":"347","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Hoefnagels WH, Verbeek AL, Zitman FG. Visual hallucinations in psychologically normal people: Charles Bonnet\u2019s syndrome. Lancet Lond Engl. 1996;347(9004):794\u20137.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.2.254","volume":"166","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1995","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Cruysberg JR, Verbeek A, Zitman FG. The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a large prospective study in The Netherlands. A study of the prevalence of the Charles Bonnet syndrome and associated factors in 500 patients attending the University Department of Ophthalmology at Nijmegen. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 1995;166(2):254\u20137.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(94)90172-4","volume":"35","author":"RJ Teunisse","year":"1994","unstructured":"Teunisse RJ, Zitman FG, Raes DC. Clinical evaluation of 14 patients with the Charles Bonnet syndrome (isolated visual hallucinations). Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35(1):70\u20135.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20140015","volume":"72","author":"TC Vale","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vale TC, Fernandes LC, Caramelli P. Charles Bonnet syndrome: characteristics of its visual hallucinations and differential diagnosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72(5):333\u20136.","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"582_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01814.x","volume":"36","author":"M Vukicevic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vukicevic M, Fitzmaurice K. Butterflies and black lacy patterns: the prevalence and characteristics of Charles Bonnet hallucinations in an Australian population. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;36(7):659\u201365. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01814.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"582_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02421.x","volume":"90","author":"H Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang H, Liu Z-L, Sun P, Gu F. Incidence of Charles Bonnet syndrome after intravitreal bevacizumab injection in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(8):e647\u20138. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02421.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01814.x","volume":"56","author":"H Hanyu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hanyu H, Takasaki A, Sato T, Akai T, Iwamoto T. Is Charles Bonnet syndrome an early stage of dementia with Lewy bodies? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(9):1763\u20134. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01814.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988712473800","volume":"26","author":"Maria I. Lapid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lapid MI, Burton MC, Chang MT, Rummans TA, Cha SS, Leavitt JA, et al. Clinical phenomenology and mortality in Charles bonnet syndrome. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2013;26(1):3\u20139. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0891988712473800\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.105618","volume":"4","author":"BA Issa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Issa BA, Yussuf AD. Charles bonnet syndrome, management with simple behavioral technique. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2013;4(1):63\u20135. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-3147.105618\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E40","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11080178","volume":"24","author":"MS Bhatia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhatia MS, Srivastava S, Jhanjee A. Charles Bonnet syndrome responding to amisulpride. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(3):E40. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.11080178\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-005-0455-0","volume":"26","author":"M Coletti Moja","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coletti Moja M, Milano E, Gasverde S, Gianelli M, Giordana MT. Olanzapine therapy in hallucinatory visions related to Bonnet syndrome. Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;26(3):168\u201370. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10072-005-0455-0\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Neurol Sci Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"582_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S161124","volume":"14","author":"SH Alamri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alamri SH. A low dose of risperidone resolved Charles Bonnet syndrome after an unsuccessful trial of quetiapine: a case report. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:809\u201311. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S161124\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"582_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boren RA, Boren CB. Charles Bonnet syndrome treated with pimavanserin. J Neuro-Ophthalmol Off J North Am Neuro-Ophthalmol Soc. 2019:1. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000800\n                      \n                    .","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000800"},{"issue":"2","key":"582_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/136515001300374894","volume":"5","author":"JJ Barnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnes JJ. The Charles Bonnet syndrome: symptomatic relief with atypical neuroleptics: a case series. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2001;5(2):141\u20134. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/136515001300374894\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884711666161003153616","volume":"11","author":"Lutfu Hanoglu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hanoglu L, Yildiz S, Polat B, Demirci S, Tavli AM, Yilmaz N, et al. Therapeutic effects of rivastigmine and alfa-lipoic acid combination in the Charles Bonnet syndrome: electroencephalography correlates. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2016;11(4):270\u20133.","journal-title":"Current Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"582_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.017","volume":"35","author":"M Takaya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takaya M, Matsusaka K, Yanagida M, Kimura R, Matsunaga H. The effects of memantine on a patient having preclinical dementia with Lewy bodies. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2013;35(3):327.e1\u20133. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2012.06.017\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"582_CR58","first-page":"42","volume":"109","author":"K Segers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Segers K. Charles Bonnet syndrome disappearing with carbamazepine and valproic acid but not with levetiracetam. Acta Neurol Belg. 2009;109(1):42\u20133.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00877.x","volume":"54","author":"TE Finucane","year":"2006","unstructured":"Finucane TE. Neurontin for Charles Bonnet syndrome. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(9):1478. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00877.x\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"582_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.813","volume":"70","author":"M Paulig","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paulig M, Mentrup H. Charles Bonnet\u2019s syndrome: complete remission of complex visual hallucinations treated by gabapentin. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(6):813\u20134. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.813\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"582_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8240-y","volume":"263","author":"T Gr\u00fcter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcter T, Ayzenberg I, Gold R, B\u00f6rnke C. Charles Bonnet syndrome successfully treated with levetiracetam. J Neurol. 2016;263(9):1872\u20135. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-016-8240-y\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"582_CR62","first-page":"530","volume":"63","author":"NS Sawant","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sawant NS, Bokdawala RA. Pregabalin in the treatment of Charles Bonnet syndrome. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc. 2013;63(4):530\u20131.","journal-title":"JPMA J Pak Med Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"582_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370404901120","volume":"49","author":"Z Siddiqui","year":"2004","unstructured":"Siddiqui Z, Ramaswmay S, Petty F. Mirtazapine for Charles Bonnet syndrome. Can J Psychiatr Rev Can Psychiatr. 2004;49(11):787\u20138.","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatr Rev Can Psychiatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"582_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881106075275","volume":"21","author":"Undine E. Lang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lang UE, Stogowski D, Schulze D, Domula M, Schmidt E, Gallinat J, et al. Charles bonnet syndrome: successful treatment of visual hallucinations due to vision loss with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Psychopharmacol Oxf Engl. 2007;21(5):553\u20135. \n                      https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881106075275\n                      \n                    .","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0594-x","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,4]],"date-time":"2019-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570147200000}}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T23:12:21Z","timestamp":1595545941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0594-x","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2019","order":2,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":3,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Shortly after publication, the authors became aware of several typographical errors in Table 1 which were introduced during the copy-editing process.","order":4,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Ali G. Hamedani declares no potential conflicts of interest. Victoria S. Pelak reports royalties from Up-to-Date, Inc. and Elsevier.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent"}}],"article-number":"41"}}