{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:11:35Z","timestamp":1792714295347,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T07:02:13Z","timestamp":1700636533000},"page":"437-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Emerging Principles for Treating Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Andrew B.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Palace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"776_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00218-0","volume":"20","author":"R Marignier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marignier R, Hacohen Y, Cobo-Calvo A, et al. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20:762\u201372.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.118","volume":"9","author":"M Reindl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reindl M, Di Pauli F, Rost\u00e1sy K, Berger T. The spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:455\u201361.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx276","volume":"140","author":"M Jurynczyk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jurynczyk M, Messina S, Woodhall MR, et al. Clinical presentation and prognosis in MOG-antibody disease: a UK study. Brain. 2017;140:3128\u201338.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"776_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25909","volume":"89","author":"A Cobo-Calvo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cobo-Calvo A, Ruiz A, Rollot F, et al. Clinical features and risk of relapses in children and adults with MOGAD. Ann Neurol. 2021;89:30\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Banwell B, Bennett JL, Marignier R, et al. Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:268\u201382. The diagnostic criteria proposed by the International MOGAD Panel are critical for understanding the diagnosis of MOGAD and will be used in the future to optimize the design of treatment trials.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00431-8"},{"key":"776_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845112","volume":"26","author":"C De Mol","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Mol C, Wong Y, Van Pelt E, et al. The clinical spectrum and incidence of anti-MOG-associated acquired demyelinating syndromes in children and adults. Mult Scler J. 2020;26:806\u201314.","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"776_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323158","volume":"91","author":"K O\u2019Connell","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell K, Hamilton-Shield A, Woodhall M, et al. Prevalence and incidence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD and MOG antibody-positive disease in Oxfordshire, UK. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91:1126\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"776_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5699","volume":"71","author":"MA Mealy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mealy MA, Wingerchuk DM, Palace J, Greenberg BM, Levy M. Comparison of relapse and treatment failure rates among patients with neuromyelitis optica: multicenter study of treatment efficacy. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:324.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519840747","volume":"26","author":"S Sundaram","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sundaram S, Nair SS, Jaganmohan D, Unnikrishnan G, Nair M. Relapsing lumbosacral myeloradiculitis: an unusual presentation of MOG antibody disease. Mult Scler. 2020;26:509\u201311.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"776_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09440-8","volume":"266","author":"A Budhram","year":"2019","unstructured":"Budhram A, Mirian A, Le C, Hosseini-Moghaddam SM, Sharma M, Nicolle MW. Unilateral cortical FLAIR-hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures (FLAMES): characterization of a distinct clinico-radiographic syndrome. J Neurol. 2019;266:2481\u20137.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobo-Calvo A, Ayrignac X, Kerschen P, et al. Cranial nerve involvement in patients with MOG antibody\u2013associated disease. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6:e543.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000543"},{"key":"776_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02420-2","volume":"19","author":"S Demuth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Demuth S, Guillaume M, Bourre B, et al. Treatment regimens for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder attacks: a retrospective cohort study. J Neuroinflammation. 2022;19:62.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"776_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02132-y","volume":"139","author":"R Hoftberger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoftberger R, Guo Y, Flanagan EP, et al. The pathology of central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease accompanying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein autoantibody. Acta Neuropathol. 2020;139:875\u201392.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"776_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10026-y","volume":"267","author":"DH Whittam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Whittam DH, Karthikeayan V, Gibbons E, et al. Treatment of MOG antibody associated disorders: results of an international survey. J Neurol. 2020;267:3565\u201377.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruijstens AL, Wendel EM, Lechner C, et al. E.U. paediatric MOG consortium consensus: part 5 - treatment of paediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2020;29:41\u201353.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.10.005"},{"key":"776_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202273260901","volume":"326","author":"RW Beck","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:581\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"776_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0024","volume":"75","author":"SA Morrow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morrow SA, Fraser JA, Day C, et al. Effect of treating acute optic neuritis with bioequivalent oral vs intravenous corticosteroids: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:690\u20136.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.07.020","volume":"195","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Jitprapaikulsan J, et al. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-IgG)-positive optic neuritis: clinical characteristics, radiologic clues and outcome. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018;195:8\u201315.","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"776_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I, et al. MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13:280.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0"},{"key":"776_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330360","volume":"94","author":"J Rode","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rode J, Pique J, Maarouf A, et al. Time to steroids impacts visual outcome of optic neuritis in MOGAD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94:309\u201313.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"776_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stiebel-Kalish H, Hellmann MA, Mimouni M, et al. Does time equal vision in the acute treatment of a cohort of AQP4 and MOG optic neuritis? Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019;6:e572.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000572"},{"key":"776_CR22","unstructured":"Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N, et al. Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks: a retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2018;5:e504."},{"key":"776_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316286","volume":"89","author":"M Bonnan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bonnan M, Valentino R, Debeugny S, et al. Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89:346\u201351.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"776_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-316880","volume":"89","author":"S Ramanathan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ramanathan S, Mohammad S, Tantsis E, et al. Clinical course, therapeutic responses and outcomes in relapsing MOG antibody-associated demyelination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(2):127\u201337.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"776_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosadini M, Eyre M, Giacomini T, et al. Early immunotherapy and longer corticosteroid treatment are associated with lower risk of relapsing disease course in pediatric MOGAD. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2023;10:e200065.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200065"},{"key":"776_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camera V, Holm-Mercer L, Ali AAH, et al. Frequency of new silent MRI lesions in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease and aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e2137833.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37833"},{"key":"776_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25957","volume":"89","author":"G Fadda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadda G, Banwell B, Waters P, et al. Silent new brain MRI lesions in children with MOG-antibody associated disease. Ann Neurol. 2021;89:408\u201313.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3115","volume":"77","author":"AS Lopez-Chiriboga","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopez-Chiriboga AS, Sechi E, Buciuc M, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G\u2013associated disorder. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:1575.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akaishi T, Misu T, Takahashi T, et al. Progression pattern of neurological disability with respect to clinical attacks in anti-MOG antibody-associated disorders. J Neuroimmunol. 2021;351:577467.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577467"},{"key":"776_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Satukijchai C, Mariano R, Messina S, et al. Factors associated with relapse and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in the United Kingdom. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2142780. This prospective multicenter cohort study provides valuable information on predicting the course of MOGAD.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.42780"},{"key":"776_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.2940","volume":"77","author":"P Waters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Waters P, Fadda G, Woodhall M, et al. Serial anti\u2013myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody analyses and outcomes in children with demyelinating syndromes. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77:82.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1814","volume":"75","author":"AS Lopez-Chiriboga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopez-Chiriboga AS, Majed M, Fryer J, et al. Association of MOG-IgG serostatus with relapse after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and proposed diagnostic criteria for MOG-IgG-associated disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:1355\u201363.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1095","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201662","volume":"100","author":"S Carta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carta S, Cobo Calvo \u00c1, Armangu\u00e9 T, et al. Significance of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in CSF: a retrospective multicenter study. Neurology. 2023;100:e1095\u2013108.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"776_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01206-x","volume":"19","author":"V Redenbaugh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Redenbaugh V, Flanagan EP. Monoclonal antibody therapies beyond complement for NMOSD and MOGAD. Neurotherapeutics. 2022;19(3):808\u201322.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"776_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4132","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11737-8","volume":"270","author":"A Al-Ani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Ani A, Chen JJ, Costello F. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): current understanding and challenges. J Neurol. 2023;270:4132\u201350.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001684","volume":"42","author":"BK Chwalisz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chwalisz BK, Levy M. The treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease: a state-of-the-art review. J Neuroophthalmol. 2022;42:292\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"776_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009758","volume":"95","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Flanagan EP, Bhatti MT, et al. Steroid-sparing maintenance immunotherapy for MOG-IgG associated disorder. Neurology. 2020;95:e111\u201320.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"776_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.4601","volume":"75","author":"Y Hacohen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hacohen Y, Wong YY, Lechner C, et al. Disease course and treatment responses in children with relapsing myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:478\u201387.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR39","unstructured":"\u2022\u2022 Chen JJ, Huda S, Hacohen Y, et al. Association of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin with prevention of relapse in adult myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody\u2013associated disease. JAMA Neurol. 2022;79:518\u201325. This study contains the largest multicenter experience with IVIg use for prevention of MOGAD relapses and underscores the promise of IVIg use as a maintenance therapy."},{"key":"776_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1525-1","volume":"16","author":"A Cobo-Calvo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cobo-Calvo A, Sep\u00falveda M, Rollot F, et al. Evaluation of treatment response in adults with relapsing MOG-Ab-associated disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:134.","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"776_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.1637","volume":"73","author":"V Damato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Damato V, Evoli A, Iorio R. Efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:1342\u20131342.","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brancati S, Gozzo L, Longo L, Vitale DC, Drago F. Rituximab in multiple sclerosis: are we ready for regulatory approval? Front Immunol. 2021;12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.661882"},{"key":"776_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-330086","volume":"94","author":"G Spagni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spagni G, Sun B, Monte G, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders compared with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94:62\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"776_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nepal G, Kharel S, Coghlan MA, Rayamajhi P, Ojha R. Safety and efficacy of rituximab for relapse prevention in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG)-associated disorders (MOGAD): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;364:577812.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2022.577812"},{"key":"776_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starvaggi Cucuzza C, Longinetti E, Ruffin N, et al. Sustained low relapse rate with highly variable B-cell repopulation dynamics with extended rituximab dosing intervals in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2023;10:e200056.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200056"},{"key":"776_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-023-00481-w","volume":"12","author":"N Bruschi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bruschi N, Malentacchi M, Malucchi S, et al. Tailoring rituximab according to CD27-positive B-cell versus CD19-positive B-cell monitoring in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG-associated disease: results from a single-center study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12:1375\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"key":"776_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2504","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000201260","volume":"99","author":"P Barreras","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barreras P, Vasileiou ES, Filippatou AG, et al. Long-term effectiveness and safety of rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease. Neurology. 2022;99:e2504\u201316.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"776_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25648","volume":"87","author":"P Durozard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durozard P, Rico A, Boutiere C, et al. Comparison of the response to rituximab between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and aquaporin-4 antibody diseases. Ann Neurol. 2020;87:256\u201366.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31817-3","volume":"394","author":"BAC Cree","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, et al. Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2\/3 trial. Lancet. 2019;394:1352\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"776_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marignier R, Pittock SJ, Paul F, et al. AQP4-IgG-seronegative patient outcomes in the N-MOmentum trial of inebilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;57:103356.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103356"},{"key":"776_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotirchos ES, Vasileiou ES, Salky R, et al. Treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated disease with subcutaneous immune globulin. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022;57:103462.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103462"},{"key":"776_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00077-7","volume":"22","author":"V Bril","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bril V, Dru\u017cd\u017c A, Grosskreutz J, et al. Safety and efficacy of rozanolixizumab in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis (MycarinG): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive phase 3 study. Lancet Neurol. 2023;22:383\u201394.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e853","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011108","volume":"96","author":"V Bril","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bril V, Benatar M, Andersen H, et al. Efficacy and safety of rozanolixizumab in moderate to severe generalized myasthenia gravis: a phase 2 randomized control trial. Neurology. 2021;96:e853\u201365.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"776_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-317969","volume":"89","author":"K Kaneko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaneko K, Sato DK, Nakashima I, et al. CSF cytokine profile in MOG-IgG+ neurological disease is similar to AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD but distinct from MS: a cross-sectional study and potential therapeutic implications. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89:927\u201336.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"776_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1901747","volume":"381","author":"T Yamamura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med. 2019;381:2114\u201324.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"776_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30070-3","volume":"19","author":"C Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19:391\u2013401.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u2022 Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Lindenblatt G, et al. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade in treatment-refractory MOG-IgG\u2013associated disease and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol - Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation. 2022;9:e1100. This study reports multicenter outcomes utilizing tocilizumab with note that an alternative IL-6 receptor blocker, satralizumab, is currently under evaluation in a clinical trial.","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001100"},{"key":"776_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsbernd PM, Hoffman WR, Carter JL, Wingerchuk DM. Interleukin-6 inhibition with tocilizumab for relapsing MOG-IgG associated disorder (MOGAD): a case-series and review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021;48:102696.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102696"},{"key":"776_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rigal J, Pugnet G, Ciron J, L\u00e9pine Z, Biotti D. Off-label use of tocilizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and MOG-antibody-associated diseases: a case-series. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;46:102483.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102483"},{"key":"776_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007312","volume":"92","author":"H Hayward-Koennecke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hayward-Koennecke H, Reindl M, Martin R, Schippling S. Tocilizumab treatment in severe recurrent anti-MOG-associated optic neuritis. Neurology. 2019;92:765\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"776_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masuccio FG, Lo Re M, Bertolotto A, Capobianco M, Solaro C. Benign SARS-CoV-2 infection in MOG-antibodies associated disorder during tocilizumab treatment. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;46:102592.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102592"},{"key":"776_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.11.012","volume":"27","author":"G Novi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Novi G, Gastaldi M, Franciotta D, Pesce G, Benedetti L, Uccelli A. Tocilizumab in MOG-antibody spectrum disorder: a case report. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;27:312\u20134.","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"776_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen L, Wang CX, Conger DL, Sguigna PV, Singh S, Greenberg BM. Subclinical optic neuritis in pediatric myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;76:104802.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104802"},{"key":"776_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137998","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1137998","volume":"14","author":"O Corbali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Corbali O, Chitnis T. Pathophysiology of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1137998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2023.1137998.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"776_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1858","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005560","volume":"90","author":"A Cobo-Calvo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cobo-Calvo A, Ruiz A, Maillart E, et al. Clinical spectrum and prognostic value of CNS MOG autoimmunity in adults: the MOGADOR study. Neurology. 2018;90:e1858\u201369.","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T07:44:43Z","timestamp":1702626283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-023-00776-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 October 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"Dr. Wolf reports research grants from the Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center, payments for clinical trials from Genentech, and honoraria for the creation of educational content from MedLink Neurology. Dr. Palace reports support for scientific meetings and honorariums for advisory work from Merck Serono, Novartis, Chugai, Alexion, Roche, Medimmune, Argenx, Vitaccess, UCB, Mitsubishi, Amplo, and Janssen; grants from Alexion, Argenx, Roche, Medimmune, and Amplo Biotechnology; patent ref P37347WO and licence agreement Numares multimarker MS diagnostics; shares in AstraZeneca. Her group has been awarded an ECTRIMS fellowship and a Sumaira Foundation grant to start later this year. A Charcot fellow worked in Oxford in 2019\u20132021. She acknowledges partial funding to the trust by highly specialized services from NHS England. She is on the medical advisory boards of the Sumaira Foundation and MOG project charities, is a member of the Guthy Jackon Foundation Charity, is on the board of the European Charcot Foundation and the steering committee of MAGNIMS and the UK NHSE IVIG Committee, chairman of the NHSE neuroimmunology patient pathway, an ECTRIMS council member on the educational committee since June 2023, and on the ABN advisory groups for MS and neuroinflammation and neuromuscular diseases. Dr. Bennett reports payment for consultation from MedImmune\/Viela Bio\/Horizon Therapeutics, Alexion, Chugai, Clene Nanomedicine, Genentech, Genzyme, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Reistone Biopharma, TG Therapeutics, Antigenomycs, and Roche; personal fees from AbbVie; research grants from Novartis, Mallinckrodt, and Alexion; and has a patent for Aquaporumab issued.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}