{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:56:02Z","timestamp":1761807362130},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,6,1]],"date-time":"1999-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":928195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,4]],"date-time":"2007-06-04T17:27:22Z","timestamp":1180978042000},"page":"201-219","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Multiple sclerosis: Immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Bibiana","family":"Bielekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"4_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100033448","volume":"25","author":"The Canadian Burden of Illness Study Group","year":"1998","unstructured":"The Canadian Burden of Illness Study Group: Burden of illness of multiple sclerosis. Part I: cost of illness. Can J Neurol Sci 1998, 25:23\u201330.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.4.907","volume":"46","author":"FD Lubin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lubin FD, Reingold SC: Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 1996, 46:907\u2013911.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.1.133","volume":"112","author":"BG Weinshenker","year":"1989","unstructured":"Weinshenker BG, Bass B, Rice GP, et al.: The natural history of multiple sclerosis: a geographically based study. I. Clinical course and disability. Brain 1989, 112:133\u2013146.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4_CR4","first-page":"26","volume":"74","author":"DN Bourdette","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bourdette DN, Prochazka AV, Mitchell W, et al.: Health care costs of veterans with multiple sclerosis: implications for the rehabilitation of MS. VA Multiple Sclerosis Rehabilitation Study Group. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993, 74:26\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"4_CR5","first-page":"53","volume":"49","author":"R Martin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin R: Immunological aspects of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis and their application for new therapeutic strategies. J Neural Transm Suppl 1997, 49:53\u201367. This article deals more extensively with the current concept of MS pathogenesis, especially its application in the design of new therapeutic strategies.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm Suppl"},{"key":"4_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91533-G","volume":"336","author":"RL Swank","year":"1990","unstructured":"Swank RL, Dugan BB: Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1990, 336:37\u201339.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4_CR7","first-page":"368","volume":"7","author":"RL Swank","year":"1991","unstructured":"Swank RL: Multiple sclerosis: fat-oil relationship. Nutrition 1991, 7:368\u2013376.","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"4_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1983.tb04558.x","volume":"67","author":"IS Neu","year":"1983","unstructured":"Neu IS: Essential fatty acids in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1983, 67:151\u2013163.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"4_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03574.x","volume":"76","author":"M Fisher","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fisher M, Johnson MH, Natale AM, Levine PH: Linoleic acid levels in white blood cells, platelets, and serum of multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1987, 76:241\u2013245.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"4_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.11.1441","volume":"34","author":"RH Dworkin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dworkin RH, Bates D, Millar JH, Paty DW: Linoleic acid and multiple sclerosis: a reanalysis of three doubleblind trials. Neurology 1984, 34:1441\u20131445.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(96)90225-X","volume":"46","author":"CDD Hutter","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hutter CDD, Laing P: Multiple sclerosis: sunlight, diet, immunology and aetiology. Med Hypotheses 1996, 46:67\u201374.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"4_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.1.18","volume":"52","author":"D Bates","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bates D, Cartlidge NEF, French JM, et al.: A double-blind controlled trial of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 52:18\u201322.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"4_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.5.1342","volume":"51","author":"J Noseworthy","year":"1998","unstructured":"Noseworthy J, O\u2019Brien PC, Erickson BJ, et al.: The Mayo Clinic-Canadian Cooperative trial of sulfasalazine in active multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998, 51(5):1342\u20131352.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.26","volume":"51","author":"M Martinez","year":"1998","unstructured":"Martinez M, Vazquez E: MRI evidence that docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester improves myelination in generalized peroxisomal disorders. Neurology 1998, 51:26\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410420216","volume":"42","author":"JA Freeman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, Thompson AJ: The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1997, 42:236\u2013244.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(98)90290-8","volume":"79","author":"RP Di Fabio","year":"1998","unstructured":"Di Fabio RP, Soderberg J, Choi T, et al.: Extended outpatient rehabilitation: its influence on symptom frequency, fatigue, and functional status for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998, 79:141\u2013146.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"4_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390405","volume":"39","author":"JH Petajan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Petajan JH, Gappmaier E, White AT, et al.: Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996, 39:432\u2013441.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801293380502","volume":"338","author":"BD Trapp","year":"1998","unstructured":"Trapp BD, Peterson J, Ransohoff RM, et al.: Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1998, 338:278\u2013285. This article presents new pathologic evidence for axonal damage in multiple sclerosis.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292403","volume":"329","author":"R Beck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck R, Cleary P, Trobe S, et al.: The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1764\u20131769.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)06453-7","volume":"349","author":"D Barnes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barnes D, Hughes RAC, Morris RW, et al.: Randomized trial of oral and intravenous methylprednisolone in acute relapses of multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997, 349:902\u2013906.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.2.529","volume":"51","author":"F Sellebjerg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sellebjerg F, Frederiksen JL, Nielsen PM, Olesen J: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of oral, high-dose methylprednisolone in attacks of MS. Neurology 1998, 51:529\u2013534.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000006541","volume":"51","author":"DE Goodkin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goodkin DE, Kinkel RP, Weinstock-Guttman B, et al.: A phase II study of i.v. methylprednisolone in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998, 51:239\u2013245.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.6.1833","volume":"50","author":"RL Oliveri","year":"1998","unstructured":"Oliveri RL, Valentino P, Russo C, et al.: Randomized trial comparing two different high doses of methylprednisolone in MS. A clinical and MRI study. Neurology 1998, 50:1833\u20131836.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.655","volume":"43","author":"The INFB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group","year":"1993","unstructured":"The INFB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group: Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993, 43:655\u2013661. First report of a phase III multicenter trial of Betaseron in multiple sclerosis.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1277","volume":"45","author":"The INFB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS\/MRI Analysis Group","year":"1995","unstructured":"The INFB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and the University of British Columbia MS\/MRI Analysis Group: Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1995, 45:1277\u20131285.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390304","volume":"39","author":"LD Jacobs","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. and the Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group: Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996, 39:285\u2013294. Results of the phase III trial of Avonex in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR27","unstructured":"The European Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS: Summary of results of the European interferon beta-1b trial in secondary progressive MS [speech]. Nice, France: 8th Meeting of the European Neurological Society; 1998."},{"key":"4_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing\/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 352:1498\u20131504.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03334-0"},{"key":"4_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1266","volume":"50","author":"RA Rudick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rudick RA, Simonian NA, Alam JA, et al.: Incidence and significance of neutralizing antibodies to interferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group. Neurology 1998, 50:1266\u20131272.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.1.12","volume":"46","author":"FD Lublin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lublin FD, Whitaker JN, Eidelman BH, et al.: Management of patients receiving interferon beta-1b for multiple sclerosis: report of a consensus conference. Neurology 1996, 46:12\u201318. This article is a very practical discussion of the details of the management of patients receiving interferon beta-1b.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.9.4386","volume":"160","author":"M Fridkis-Hareli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Fridkis-Hareli M, Strominger JL: Promiscuous binding of synthetic copolymer 1 to purified HLA-DR molecules. J Immunol 1998, 160:4386\u20134397.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"4_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00873696","volume":"243","author":"R Arnon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Arnon R, Sela M, Teitelbaum D: New insights into the mechanism of action of copolymer 1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1996, 243(suppl 1):S8-S13. This is a very nice review of the current understanding of the mechanism of action of copolymer 1.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.7.1268","volume":"45","author":"KP Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al.: Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: result of a phase III multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995, 45:1268\u20131276. Report on the phase III trial of copolymer 1 in relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09377-4","volume":"349","author":"F Fazekas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fazekas F, Deisenhammer F, Strasser-Fuchs S, et al.: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997, 349:589\u2013593.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.2.538","volume":"46","author":"M Rodriguez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rodriguez M, Miller DJ, Lennon VA: Immunoglobulins reactive with myelin basic protein promote CNS remyelination. Neurology 1996, 46:538\u2013545.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR36","first-page":"179","volume":"2","author":"British and Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group","year":"1988","unstructured":"British and Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group: Double-masked trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1988, 2:179\u2013183.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.8.1018","volume":"39","author":"GW Ellison","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ellison GW, Myers LW, Mickey MR, et al.: A placebocontrolled, randomized, double-masked, variable dosage, clinical trial of azathioprine with and without methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1989, 39:1018\u20131026.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.1.20","volume":"41","author":"DE Goodkin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Goodkin DE, Bailly RC, Teetzen ML, et al.: The efficacy of azathioprine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1991, 41:20\u201325.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000007930","volume":"39","author":"H Kalanie","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kalanie H, Tabatabai SS: Combined immunoglobulin and azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 1998, 39:178\u2013181.","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)91909-E","volume":"338","author":"PL Yudkin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Yudkin PL, Ellison GW, Ghezzi A, et al.: Overview of azathioprine treatment in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1991, 338:1051\u20131055.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4_CR41","unstructured":"Hohol MJ, Olek MJ, Orav J, et al.: Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with pulse cyclophosphamide\/ methylprednisolone: response to therapy is linked to duration of progressive disease [speech]. Minneapolis: 50th American Academy of Neurology meeting; 1998."},{"key":"4_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.910","volume":"43","author":"HL Weiner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Weiner HL, Mackin GA, Orav EJ, et al. and the Northeast Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Group: Intermittent cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in progressive multiple sclerosis: final report of the Northeast Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Group. Neurology 1993, 43:910\u2013918.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370108","volume":"37","author":"DE Goodkin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Goodkin DE, Rudick RA, VanderBrug-Medendorp S, et al.: Low dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995, 37:30\u201340.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1153","volume":"47","author":"DE Goodkin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Goodkin DE, Rudick RA, VanderBrug-Medendorp S, et al.: Low dose oral methotrexate in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: analyses of serial MRIs. Neurology 1996, 47:1153\u20131157.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230110","volume":"23","author":"L Kappos","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kappos L, Patzold U, Dommasch D, et al.: Cyclosporine versus azathioprine in the long-term treatment of multiple sclerosis\u2014results of the German multicenter study. Ann Neurol 1988, 23:56\u201363.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.5.559","volume":"52","author":"P Rudge","year":"1989","unstructured":"Rudge P, Koetsier JC, Mertin J, et al.: Randomized, double blind controlled trial of cyclosporin in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989, 52:559\u2013565.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270603","volume":"27","author":"Multiple Sclerosis Study Group","year":"1990","unstructured":"Multiple Sclerosis Study Group: Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Neurol 1990, 27:591\u2013605.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR48","unstructured":"Rice G and the Cladribine Study Group: Cladribine and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: the results of a multicenter trial [speech]. Boston: 49th annual American Academy of Neurology meeting; 1997."},{"key":"4_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100041263","volume":"21","author":"S Bastianello","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bastianello S, Pozzilli C, D\u2019Andrea F, et al.: A controlled trial of mitoxantrone in multiple sclerosis: serial MRI evaluation at one year. Can J Neurol Sci 1994, 21:266\u2013270.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"4_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.2.112","volume":"62","author":"G Edan","year":"1997","unstructured":"Edan G, Miller D, Clanet M, et al.: Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomized multicenter study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997, 62:112\u2013118.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400416","volume":"4","author":"HP Hartung","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hartung HP, Gonsette R, and the MIMS-study group: Mitoxantrone in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS): a placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind European phase III multicenter study\u2014clinical results [abstract]. Mult Scler 1998, 4(4):325.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"4","key":"4_CR52","first-page":"380","volume":"4","author":"H Krapf","year":"1998","unstructured":"Krapf H, Morrissey SP, Zenker O, et al. and the MIMSstudy group: Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS): a placebo-controlled, randomized, observer-blind European phase III multicenter study\u2014MRI results [abstract]. Mult Scler 1998, 4(4):380.","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"4_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868517","volume":"243","author":"J Lycke","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lycke J, Svennerholm B, Hjelmquist E, et al.: Acyclovir treatment of relapsing\/remitting multiple sclerosis. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J Neurol 1996, 243:214\u2013224.","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"4_CR54","first-page":"489","volume-title":"Handbook of Multiple Sclerosis","author":"SD Cook","year":"1996","unstructured":"Cook SD, Troiano R, Rohowsky-Kochan C, et al.: Treatment of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis with total lymphoid irradiation. In Handbook of Multiple Sclerosis. Edited by Cook SD. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1996:489\u2013506."},{"key":"4_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.2.154","volume":"57","author":"CM Wiles","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wiles CM, Omar L, Swan AV, et al.: Total lymphoid irradiation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:154\u2013163.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00189-5","volume":"152","author":"SD Cook","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cook SD, Devereux C, Troiano R, et al.: Modified total lymphoid irradiation and low dose corticosteroids in progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 1997, 152:172\u2013181.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"4_CR57","first-page":"32","volume":"38","author":"C Devereux","year":"1988","unstructured":"Devereux C, Troiano R, Zito G, et al.: Effect of total lymphoid irradiation on functional status in chronic multiple sclerosis: importance of lymphopenia early after treatment\u2014the pros. Neurology 1988, 38(suppl 2):32\u201337.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4_CR58","unstructured":"Comi G, Rodegher M, Colombo B, et al.: Low-dose total body irradiation in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, controlled, randomized phase II study [speech]. Boston: 49th annual American Academy of Neurology meeting; 1997."},{"key":"4_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701129","volume":"21","author":"RK Burt","year":"1998","unstructured":"Burt RK, Traynor AE, Cohen B, et al.: T-cell depleted autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: report on the first three patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998, 21:537\u2013541.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"4_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1700944","volume":"20","author":"A Fassas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fassas A, Anagnostopoulos A, Kazis A, et al.: Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: first results of a pilot study. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997, 20:631\u2013638.","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"4_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/10731199109117834","volume":"19","author":"M Palm","year":"1991","unstructured":"Palm M, Behm E, Schmitt E, et al.: Immunoadsorption and plasma exchange in multiple sclerosis: complement and plasma protein behavior. Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol 1991, 19:283\u2013286.","journal-title":"Biomater Artif Cells Immobilization Biotechnol"},{"key":"4_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.2920100402","volume":"10","author":"EC Vamvakas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vamvakas EC, Pineda AA, Weinshenker BG: Meta-analysis of clinical studies of the efficacy of plasma exchange in the treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Clin Apheresis 1995, 10:163\u2013170.","journal-title":"J Clin Apheresis"},{"key":"4_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00792605","volume":"18","author":"R Martin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Martin R, McFarland H: Experimental immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1996, 18:1\u201324. This is a review of emerging experimental treatment options for patients with multiple sclerosis. It includes the rationale for treatment development in view of our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis of the disease.","journal-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"4_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/120.5.865","volume":"120","author":"R Hohlfeld","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hohlfeld R: Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives. Brain 1997, 120:865\u2013916. Extensive, thorough review of experimental immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis.","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T19:39:58Z","timestamp":1707939598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0004-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}