{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T15:09:12Z","timestamp":1751987352185},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,2,1]],"date-time":"1999-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":917827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr Treat Options Neurol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-999-0031-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,3]],"date-time":"2007-06-03T18:30:27Z","timestamp":1180895427000},"page":"44-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acute optic neuritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"David I.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"31_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1988.01060140207023","volume":"106","author":"RW Beck","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beck RW: The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1988, 106:1051\u20131053.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080120057025","volume":"109","author":"Optic Neuritis Study Group","year":"1991","unstructured":"Optic Neuritis Study Group: The clinical profile of acute optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1991, 109:1673\u20131678. The clinical data of 457 patients recruited for the ONTT.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202273260901","volume":"326","author":"RW Beck","year":"1992","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MA, et al.: A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:581\u2013588. The report of the National Eye Institute Class I study reviewing prednisone, placebo, and intravenous methylprednisolone treatment strategies in 457 patients who were followed for 6 months after therapy. Much of what we know about the dangers of using prednisone alone in ON is based on this work.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"31_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.6.758","volume":"50","author":"DA Francis","year":"1987","unstructured":"Francis DA, Compston DAS, Batchelor JR, McDonald WI: A reassessment of the risk of multiple sclerosis developing in patients with optic neuritis after extended follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1987, 50:758\u2013765.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"31_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.2.185","volume":"38","author":"JF Rizzo","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rizzo JF, Lessell S: Risk of developing multiple sclerosis after uncomplicated optic neuritis. A long-term prospective study. Neurolog 1988, 38:185\u2013190. A classic review of the risk of developing multiple sclerosis after ON. Follow-up was up to 15 years.","journal-title":"Neurolog"},{"key":"31_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270406","volume":"27","author":"M Sandberg-Wolheim","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sandberg-Wolheim M, Bynke H, Cronqvist S, et al.: A longterm prospective study of optic neuritis: evaluation of risk factors. Ann Neurol 1990, 27:386\u2013393.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"31_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1975.tb01159.x","volume":"53","author":"E Nikoskelainen","year":"1975","unstructured":"Nikoskelainen E: Later course and prognosis of optic neuritis. Acta Ophthalmol 1975, 53:273\u2013291.","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.8.1015","volume":"33","author":"MJ Kupersmith","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kupersmith MJ, Nelson JI, Seiple WH, et al.: The 20\/20 eye in multiple sclerosis. Neurolog 1983, 33:1015\u20131020.","journal-title":"Neurolog"},{"key":"31_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.3.283","volume":"39","author":"WM Hutchinson","year":"1976","unstructured":"Hutchinson WM: Acute optic neuritis and the prognosis for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1976, 39:283\u2013289.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"key":"31_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.10.1125","volume":"498","author":"MA Hely","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hely MA, McManis PG, Doran TJ, et al.: Acute optic neuritis: a prospective study of risk factors for multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986, 498:1125\u20131130.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"31_CR11","first-page":"226","volume-title":"Optic Neuritis and Its Differential Diagnosis.","author":"GD Perkin","year":"1979","unstructured":"Perkin GD, Rose FC: Optic Neuritis and Its Differential Diagnosis. New York: Oxford; 1979:226\u2013248."},{"key":"31_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1985.04060070096025","volume":"42","author":"GC Ebers","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ebers GC: Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1985, 42:702\u2013704.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"31_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.70.12.918","volume":"70","author":"EA Sanders","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sanders EA, Volkers AC, van der Poel JC, van Lith GH: Estimation of visual function after optic neuritis; a comparison of clinical tests. Br J Ophthalmol 1986, 70:918\u2013924.","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(87)33349-4","volume":"94","author":"JA Fleishman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fleishman JA, Beck RW, Linares OA, Klein JW: Deficits in visual function after resolution of optic neuritis. Ophthalmology 1987, 94:1029\u20131035.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"31_CR15","first-page":"18","volume":"26","author":"AS Budning","year":"1991","unstructured":"Budning AS, Gans M, Filer R, Greenberg S: Visual function after optic neuritis: a preliminary study. Can J Ophthalmol 1991, 26:18\u201320.","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160715008","volume":"115","author":"Optic Neuritis Treatment Group","year":"1997","unstructured":"Optic Neuritis Treatment Group: Visual function 5 years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1997, 115:1545\u20131552. This Class I study documented the 5-year follow-up of ONTT patients based on the initial funduscopic appearance. It revealed that the worse the optic disk swelling (papillitis) at entry, the lower the chance of developing MS. No patient with early retinitis (eg, a macular scar) developed MS within 5 years.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.1.15","volume":"41","author":"L Jacobs","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jacobs L, Munschauer FE, Kaba SE: Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging in optic neuritis. Neurology 1991, 41:15\u201319.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"31_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1989.tb03919.x","volume":"80","author":"JL Frederiksen","year":"1989","unstructured":"Frederiksen JL, Larsson GBW, Henriksen O, Elesen J: Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis. Acta Neurol Scand 1989, 80:512\u2013517.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"31_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540080050013","volume":"8","author":"RW Beck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Arrington J, Murtagh FR, et al.: Brain MRI in acute optic neuritis experience of the optic neuritis study group. Arch Neurol 1993, 8:841\u2013846. Interesting review of the MRI studies done in the ONTT. This includes a classification scheme for level of abnormality.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"31_CR20","first-page":"385","volume":"8","author":"S Trauzettel-Klosinski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Trauzettel-Klosinski S, Axmann D, Diener HC: The Tubingen study on optic neuritis treatment: a prospective, randomized and controlled trial. Clin Visual Sci 1993, 8(4):385\u2013394. This class II study compared larger doses of oral methylprednisolone than the ONTT to a placebo and found it to be of no value in ON.","journal-title":"Clin Visual Sci"},{"key":"31_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6075.1495","volume":"1","author":"ES Gould","year":"1977","unstructured":"Gould ES, Bird AC, Leaver PK, McDonald WI: Treatment of optic neuritis by retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone. Br Med J 1977, 1:1485\u20131497.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"2","key":"31_CR22","first-page":"322","volume":"24","author":"IG Ershkovich","year":"1969","unstructured":"Ershkovich IG, Gol\u2019dfel\u2019d NG, Koza RI: The value of glycerin and retrobulbar injections of hydrocortisone in the treatment of neuritis of the optic nerve. Oftalmol Zh 1969, 24(2):322\u2013328.","journal-title":"Oftalmol Zh"},{"key":"31_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92025-3","volume":"2","author":"MD Rawson","year":"1966","unstructured":"Rawson MD, Liversedge LA, Goldfarb G, McGill BA: Treatment of acute retrobulbar neuritis with corticotrophin. Lancet 1966, 2:1044\u20131046.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)91469-X","volume":"2","author":"MD Rawson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Rawson MD, Liversedge LA: Treatment of retrobulbar neuritis with corticotrophin. Lancet 1969, 2:222.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"31_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33220-3","volume":"95","author":"TC Spoor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spoor TC, Rockwell DL: Treatment of optic neuritis with intravenous megadose corticosteroids. A consecutive series. Ophthalmology 1998, 95(1):131\u2013134.","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"31_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320624","volume":"32","author":"BG Engelen van","year":"1992","unstructured":"van Engelen BG, Hommes OR, Pinckers A, et al.: Improved vision after intravenous immunoglobulin in stable demyelinating optic neuritis. Ann Neurol 1992, 32(6):834\u2013835.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"31_CR27","first-page":"187","volume":"5","author":"SY Huang","year":"1985","unstructured":"Huang SY, Zeng YC: Clinical observations on treatment of disorders of the optic nerve by acupuncture. J Tradit Chin Med 1985, 5(3):187\u2013190.","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"31_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1952.02930110020006","volume":"148","author":"GH Glaser","year":"1952","unstructured":"Glaser GH, Merritt HH: Effects of corticotrophin (ACTH) and cortisone on disorders of the nervous system. JAMA 1952, 148:898\u2013904.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"31_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"JR Quinn","year":"1952","unstructured":"Quinn JR, Wolfson WQ: Improved results from individualized intensive hormonal treatment in certain eye diseases reported to respond poorly to ACTH or cortisone. Univ Mich Med Bull 1952, 18:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Univ Mich Med Bull"},{"key":"31_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3109\/01658108608997341","volume":"6","author":"TC Spoor","year":"1986","unstructured":"Spoor TC: Treatment of optic neuritis with megadose corticosteroids. J Clin Neuro-ophthalmol 1986, 6:137\u2013143.","journal-title":"J Clin Neuro-ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.1.230","volume":"50","author":"R Kapoor","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kapoor R, Miller DH, Jones SJ, et al.: Effects of intravenous methylprednisolone on outcome in MRI-based prognostic subgroups in acute optic neuritis. Neurolog 1998, 50:230\u2013237. This class II study showed that IVMP was of no value in improving visual outcome in patients with lesions in the optic canal.","journal-title":"Neurolog"},{"key":"31_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292403","volume":"329","author":"RW Beck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, et al.: The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1764\u20131769. A Class I study documenting the 2-year follow-up of the ONTT, evaluating 389 patients with ON longitudinally. In patients with an MRI showing three or more white matter lesions, IVMP provided a statistically significant protective effect for about 2 years against subsequent neurologic events (consistent with MS) compared with an oral placebo.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"31_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500160080036","volume":"269","author":"GA Chrousos","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chrousos GA, Kattah JC, Beck RW, et al.: Side effects of glucocorticoid treatment: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. JAMA 1993, 269:2110\u20132112.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"31_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090060061023","volume":"111","author":"RW Beck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Beck RW, Cleary PA, et al.: Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial: one-year follow-up results. Arch Ophthalmol 1993, 111:773\u2013775.","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR35","first-page":"131","volume":"15","author":"RW Beck","year":"1995","unstructured":"Beck RW, Trobe JD: The Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial: putting the results in perspective. J Neuroophthalmol 1995, 15:131\u2013135.","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"31_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.5.1404","volume":"49","author":"Optic Neuritis Study Group","year":"1997","unstructured":"Optic Neuritis Study Group: The 5 year risk of MS after optic neuritis. Neurology 1997, 49:1404\u20131413. This Class I study reports the Longitudinal Optic Neuritis Study, the 5-year outcome of the ONTT patients. It documents the importance of MRI in determining the 5-year prognosis for developing MS in patients with ON. If the MRI shows three or more white matter lesions, the chance of developing MS is 51% by 5 years. If the MRI is normal, however, the chance of developing MS by 5 years is 16%.","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Current Treatment Options in Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0031-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0031-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0031-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,2]],"date-time":"2019-06-02T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1559437526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0031-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]}},"alternative-id":["31"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11940-999-0031-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8480","1534-3138"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8480","type":"print"},{"value":"1534-3138","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,2]]}}}