{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:18:14Z","timestamp":1791613094793,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Eng Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Academic journal publications may be retracted following institutional investigations that confirm allegations of research misconduct. Retraction notices can provide insight into the role institutional investigations play in the decision to retract a publication. Through a content analysis of 7,318 retraction notices published between 1927 and 2019 and indexed by the Web of Science, we found that most retraction notices (73.7%) provided no information about institutional investigations that may have led to retractions. A minority of the retraction notices (26.3%) mentioned an institutional investigation either by journal authorities (12.1%), research performing organizations (10.3%), joint institutions (1.9%), research integrity and ethics governing bodies (1.0%), third-party institutions (0.5%), unspecified institutions (0.4%), or research funding organizations (0.1%). Comparing retraction notices issued before and after the introduction of retraction guidelines by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) in 2009 revealed that those published after the guidelines\u2019 publication were more likely to report investigations by journal authorities. Comparing retraction notices from different disciplines revealed that those from social sciences and the humanities were more likely to disclose investigations by research performing organizations than those from biomedical and natural sciences. Based on these findings, we suggest that the COPE retraction guidelines in the future make it mandatory to disclose in retraction notices institutional investigations leading to retractions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-023-00442-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T13:02:29Z","timestamp":1688994149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["What do Retraction Notices Reveal About Institutional Investigations into Allegations Underlying Retractions?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8230-8970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaoxiong Brian","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7124-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2297-4784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangwei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2659-5482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lex","family":"Bouter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"442_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abdi, S., Nemery, B., & Dierickx, K. (2023). What criteria are used in the investigation of alleged cases of research misconduct? Accountability in Research, 30(2), 109\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08989621.2021.1973894.","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2021.1973894"},{"key":"442_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abou-Raya, A., Abou-Raya,\u00a0S.,\u00a0Khadrawi, T., & Helmii,\u00a0M.\u00a0(2018). RETRACTED ARTICLE:\u00a0Effect of low-dose oral prednisolone on symptoms and systemic inflammation in older adults with moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled trial.\u00a0The Journal of Rheumatology, 45(12), 1713.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3899\/jrheum.130199.RET1.","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130199.RET1"},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-010-9217-3","volume":"17","author":"K Alfredo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alfredo, K., & Hart, H. (2011). The university and the responsible conduct of research: Who is responsible for what? Science and Engineering Ethics, 17(3), 447\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-010-9217-3.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"442_CR3","unstructured":"All European Academies (2017). The European code of conduct for research integrity. https:\/\/www.allea.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity-2017.pdf"},{"key":"442_CR4","unstructured":"Bik, E. (2019, July 16). PubPeer \u2013 a website to comment on scientific papers. Science Integrity Digest. https:\/\/scienceintegritydigest.com\/2019\/07\/16\/pubpeer-a-website-to-comment-on-scientific-papers\/"},{"issue":"7188","key":"442_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1038\/452686a","volume":"452","author":"C Boesz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boesz, C., & Lloyd, N. (2008). Investigating international misconduct. Nature, 452(7188), 686\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/452686a.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"442_CR6","unstructured":"Bolland, M., Avenell, A., & Grey, A. (2022, November 4). How many ducks do you need to line up to get a publication retracted? Retraction Watch. https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2022\/11\/04\/how-many-ducks-do-you-need-to-line-up-to-get-a-publication-retracted\/"},{"key":"442_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e313","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.313","volume":"2","author":"PS Brookes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brookes, P. S. (2014). Internet publicity of data problems in the bioscience literature correlates with enhanced corrective action. PeerJ, 2, e313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.313.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"442_CR8","unstructured":"Committee on Publication Ethics Council (2009). 30November 2009:Retraction guidelines. Retrieved December 20, 2022 from https:\/\/publicationethics.org\/newsevents\/cope%E2%80%99s-retraction-guidelines."},{"key":"442_CR9","unstructured":"Committee on Publication Ethics Council (2019). 10 December 2019: Retraction guidelines. Retrieved December 20, 2022 from https:\/\/publicationethics.org\/retraction-guidelines"},{"key":"442_CR10","unstructured":"Committee on Publication Ethics Council (2020). Flowcharts. Retrieved March 1, 2021 from https:\/\/publicationethics.org\/guidance\/Flowcharts"},{"issue":"4","key":"442_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1177\/17470161211018257","volume":"17","author":"MV Dougherty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dougherty, M. V. (2021). The use of confidentiality and anonymity protections as a cover for fraudulent fieldwork data. Research Ethics Review, 17(4), 480\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17470161211018257.","journal-title":"Research Ethics Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"442_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1515\/jwiet-2019-0018","volume":"24","author":"European Network of Research Integrity Offices, & The European Network of Research Ethics and Research Integrity","year":"2019","unstructured":"European Network of Research Integrity Offices, & The European Network of Research Ethics and Research Integrity. (2019). Recommendations for the investigation of research misconduct: ENRIO handbook. Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Ethik, 24(1), 425\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jwiet-2019-0018.","journal-title":"Jahrbuch f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Ethik"},{"issue":"7831","key":"442_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d7284","volume":"343","author":"G Fiona","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fiona, G. (2011). Institutional research misconduct: Failings over the MMR scare may need parliamentary inquiry. British Medical Journal, 343(7831), 971\u2013972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.d7284.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"442_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzen, S. (2021). University responsibility for the adjudication of research misconduct: The science bubble (1 ed.). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68063-3_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"442_CR15","first-page":"75","volume":"40","author":"E Gammon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gammon, E., & Franzini, L. (2013). Research misconduct oversight: Defining case costs. Journal of Health Care Finance, 40(2), 75\u201399.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care Finance"},{"key":"442_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10805-021-09438-w","volume":"21","author":"J Golden","year":"2023","unstructured":"Golden, J., Mazzotta, C. M., & Zittel-Barr, K. (2023). Systemic obstacles to addressing research misconduct in higher education: A case study. Journal of Academic Ethics, 21, 71\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10805-021-09438-w.","journal-title":"Journal of Academic Ethics"},{"key":"442_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Grey, A., Avenell, A., & Bolland, M. (2022). Timeliness and content of retraction notices for publications by a single research group. Accountability in Research, 29(6), 347\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08989621.2021.1920409.","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2021.1920409"},{"issue":"4","key":"442_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-019-00152-w","volume":"26","author":"A Grey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grey, A., Avenell, A., Gamble, G., & Bolland, M. (2020). Assessing and raising concerns about duplicate publication, authorship transgressions and data errors in a body of preclinical research. Science and Engineering Ethics, 26(4), 2069\u20132096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-019-00152-w.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"442_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/S41073-019-0062-X","volume":"4","author":"A Grey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grey, A., Bolland, M., Gamble, G., & Avenell, A. (2019). Quality of reports of investigations of research integrity by academic institutions. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 4, 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S41073-019-0062-X.","journal-title":"Research Integrity and Peer Review"},{"issue":"13","key":"442_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMA.2018.0358","volume":"319","author":"CK Gunsalus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gunsalus, C. K., Marcus, A. R., & Oransky, I. (2018). Institutional research misconduct reports need more credibility. Journal of the American Medical Association, 319(13), 1315\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/JAMA.2018.0358.","journal-title":"Journal Of The American Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/13538322.2020.1820126","volume":"26","author":"L Harvey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harvey, L. (2020). Research fraud: A long-term problem exacerbated by the clamour for research grants. Quality in Higher Education, 26(3), 243\u2013261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13538322.2020.1820126.","journal-title":"Quality in Higher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"442_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392116663807","volume":"65","author":"F Hesselmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hesselmann, F., Graf, V., Schmidt, M., & Reinhart, M. (2017). The visibility of scientific misconduct: A review of the literature on retracted journal articles. Current Sociology, 65(6), 814\u2013845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0011392116663807.","journal-title":"Current Sociology"},{"key":"442_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hesselmann, F., & Reinhart, M. (2021). Cycles of invisibility: The limits of transparency in dealing with scientific misconduct. Social Studies of Science, 51(3), 414\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306312720975201.","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312720975201"},{"issue":"1","key":"442_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-017-9894-2","volume":"24","author":"M Hosseini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hosseini, M., Hilhorst, M., de Beaufort, I., & Fanelli, D. (2018). Doing the right thing: A qualitative investigation of retractions due to unintentional error. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24(1), 189\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-017-9894-2.","journal-title":"Science and Engineering Ethics"},{"key":"442_CR25","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. (2012). Evolution of translational omics lessons learned and the path forward. National Academies Press."},{"key":"442_CR26","unstructured":"Marcus, A. (2016). Neuro journal pulls article for data theft, prompts misconduct probe. Retraction Watch, May 31, 2016. https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2016\/05\/31\/neuro-journal-pulls-article-for-data-theft-prompts-misconduct-probe\/"},{"key":"442_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcus, A., & Oransky, I. (2017). Is there a retraction problem? And, if so, what can we do about it? In K. H. Jamieson, D. Kahan, & G. Scambler (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the science of science communication (pp.\u00a0119\u2013126). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/OXFORDHB\/9780190497620.013.13","DOI":"10.1093\/OXFORDHB\/9780190497620.013.13"},{"issue":"7829","key":"442_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/D41586-020-02847-8","volume":"586","author":"N Mejlgaard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mejlgaard, N., Bouter, L. M., Gaskell, G., Kavouras, P., Allum, N., Bendtsen, A. K., Charitidis, C. A., Claesen, N., Dierickx, K., Domaradzka, A., Elizondo, A. R., Foeger, N., Hiney, M., Kaltenbrunner, W., Labib, K., Maru\u0161i\u0107, A., S\u00f8rensen, M. P., Ravn, T., \u0160\u010depanovi\u0107, R., & Veltri, G. A. (2020). Research integrity: Nine ways to move from talk to walk. Nature, 586(7829), 358\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/D41586-020-02847-8.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"442_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michalek, A. M., Hutson, A. D., Wicher, C. P., & Trump, D. L. (2010). The costs and underappreciated consequences of research misconduct: A case study. PLoS Medicine, 7(8), Article e1000318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000318.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000318"},{"key":"442_CR30","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Medicine and Engineering (2017). Addressing research misconduct and detrimental research practices: Current knowledge and issues (pp. 105\u2013146). National Academies Press."},{"key":"442_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Medicine and Engineering, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Committee on Science, Technology and Law. Committee on Federal Research Regulations and Reporting Requirements: A new Framework for Research Universities in the 21 Century. Optimizing the nation\u2019s investment in academic research: A new regulatory framework for the 21st century. National Academies Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/21824","DOI":"10.17226\/21824"},{"issue":"6","key":"442_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2020.1747019","volume":"27","author":"R Nouchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nouchi, R., Aihara, H., Arie, F., Asashima, M., Daida, H., Fudano, J., Fujiwara, Y., Fushiki, S., Geller, R. J., Hatano, K., Homma, T., Kimura, M., Kuroki, T., Miki, K., Morita, I., Nitta, K., Shinohara, A., Siomi, M. C., Yoshida, M., & Ichikawa, I. (2020). Toward global standardization of conducting fair investigations of allegations of research misconduct. Accountability in Research, 27(6), 327\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08989621.2020.1747019.","journal-title":"Accountability in Research"},{"key":"442_CR33","unstructured":"Retraction Watch. (n.d.-a). The Retraction Watch Transparency Index. Retraction Watch. https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/the-retraction-watch-faq\/transparencyindex\/"},{"key":"442_CR34","unstructured":"Retraction Watch. (n.d.-b). What people are saying about Retraction Watch. Retraction Watch. https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/what-people-are-saying-about-retraction-watch\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"442_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00874-y","volume":"8","author":"MP S\u00f8rensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen, M. P., Ravn, T., Maru\u0161i\u0107, A., Elizondo, A. R., Kavouras, P., Tijdink, J. K., & Bendtsen, A. K. (2021). Strengthening research integrity: Which topic areas should organisations focus on? Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-021-00874-y.","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"442_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/leap.1409","volume":"35","author":"JA Teixeira da Silva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teixeira da Silva, J. A., & Vuong, Q. H. (2022). Fortification of retraction notices to improve their transparency and usefulness. Learned Publishing, 35(2), 292\u2013299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/leap.1409.","journal-title":"Learned Publishing"},{"key":"442_CR37","unstructured":"The Jamovi Project (2021). Jamovi. In (Version 2.2) https:\/\/www.jamovi.org"},{"issue":"6608","key":"442_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade3742","volume":"377","author":"HH Thorp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thorp, H. H. (2022). Rethinking the retraction process. Science, 377(6608), 793. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.ade3742.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"442_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tsukumo, D. M., Carvalho-Filho, M. A., Carvalheira, J. B., Prada, P. O., Hirabara, S. M., Schenka, A. A., Araujo, E. P., Vassallo, J., Curi, R., Velloso, L. A., & Saad, M. J. (2016). Statement of retraction. Loss-of-function mutation in toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007;56:1986\u20131998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db06-1595; Statement of Retraction, Diabetes, 65(4), 1126\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-rt04a.","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1595 10.2337\/db16-rt04a"},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/leap.1282","volume":"33","author":"QH Vuong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vuong, Q. H. (2019). The limitations of retraction notices and the heroic acts of authors who correct the scholarly record: An analysis of retractions of papers published from 1975 to 2019. Learned Publishing, 33(3), 119\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/leap.1282.","journal-title":"Learned Publishing"},{"issue":"7811","key":"442_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/D41586-020-01694-X","volume":"582","author":"QH Vuong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vuong, Q. H. (2020). Reform retractions to make them more transparent. Nature, 582(7811), 149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/D41586-020-01694-X.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR43","first-page":"535","volume":"26","author":"E Wager","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wager, E. (2007). What do journal editors do when they suspect research misconduct? Medicine and Law, 26(3), 535\u2013544.","journal-title":"Medicine and Law"},{"key":"442_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wager, E., & Kleinert, S. (2021). Cooperation & liaison between universities & editors (CLUE): Recommendations on best practice. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 6(1), Article 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41073-021-00109-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-021-00109-3"},{"issue":"9","key":"442_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2010.040964","volume":"37","author":"E Wager","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wager, E., & Williams, P. (2011). Why and how do journals retract articles? An analysis of Medline retractions 1988\u20132008. Journal of Medical Ethics, 37(9), 567\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jme.2010.040964.","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Ethics"},{"key":"442_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2018). Retraction notices: Who authored them? Publications, 6(1), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/publications6010002.","DOI":"10.3390\/publications6010002"},{"key":"442_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2021). Retraction notices as a high-stakes academic genre: A move analysis. In K. L. Lin, I. N. Mwinlaaru, & D. Tay (Eds.), Approaches to specialized genres (pp.\u00a0101\u2013120). Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429053351","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429053351"},{"key":"442_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03738-z","author":"SB Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2022a). Construction and management of retraction stigma in retraction notices: An authorship-based investigation. Current Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-03738-z.","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"442_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/08989621.2021.1952870","volume":"29","author":"SB Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2022b). A cross-disciplinary and severity-based study of author-related reasons for retraction. Accountability in Research, 29(8), 512\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08989621.2021.1952870.","journal-title":"Accountability in Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"442_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/leap.1445","volume":"35","author":"SB Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2022c). Non-author entities accountable for retractions: A diachronic and cross-disciplinary exploration of reasons for retraction. Learned Publishing, 35(2), 261\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/leap.1445.","journal-title":"Learned Publishing"},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s11024-022-09465-w","volume":"60","author":"SB Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, S. B., & Hu, G. (2022d). Retraction stigma and its communication via retraction notices. Minerva, 60(3), 349\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11024-022-09465-w.","journal-title":"Minerva"}],"container-title":["Science and Engineering Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-023-00442-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11948-023-00442-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s11948-023-00442-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T14:21:48Z","timestamp":1692627708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s11948-023-00442-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11948-023-00442-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1353-3452","1471-5546"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1353-3452","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-5546","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"25"}}