{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T05:02:17Z","timestamp":1770872537240,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82460236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82460236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Geng Xin, a Project for the Training of Technological Innovation Talents in Yunnan Province","award":["202205AD160006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202205AD160006"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Health Training Project of High Level Talents Fund Supports the Yunnan Provincial Health Commission\u2019s Medical Discipline Leader Training Program","award":["D-2024043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D-2024043"]}]},{"name":"Associated Project of Yunnan Province Science & Technology Department and Kunming Medical University Basic Research for Application","award":["202301AY070001-209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301AY070001-209"]}]},{"name":"Youth Project of Basic Research Project of Yunnan Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["202401AU070011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401AU070011"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Education Department Scientific Research Fund Project","award":["2024J0183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024J0183"]}]},{"name":"NHC Key Lab of Drug Addiction Medicine(Kunming Medical University) Open Projects Fund","award":["KN202409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KN202409"]}]},{"name":"NHC Key Lab of Drug Addiction Medicine(Kunming Medical University) Open Projects Fund","award":["KN202418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KN202418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Biochem Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-025-05474-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T08:38:05Z","timestamp":1762850285000},"page":"454-471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycyrrhizin Combined with Electroacupuncture Relieves Parkinson\u2019s Disease Progression Through the Inhibition of HMGB1-mediated Microglial Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Ailan","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houjun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanghong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5474_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nussbaum R.\u00a0(2017). The identification of Alpha-Synuclein as the first Parkinson disease gene. Journal of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 7,\u00a0S43\u2013S9.","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-179003"},{"issue":"10291","key":"5474_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","volume":"397","author":"B Bloem","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloem, B., & Okun, M. (2021). Parkinson\u2019s disease. The Lancet, 397(10291), 2284\u20132303.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"5474_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580853","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.580853","volume":"12","author":"X Si","year":"2020","unstructured":"Si, X., & Song, G. U. L. (2020). Different perivascular space burdens in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and parkinson\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12, 580853.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"5474_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","volume":"22","author":"M Tansey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tansey, M., Wallings, R., Houser, M., et al. (2022). Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Immunology, 22(11), 657\u2013673.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"5474_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4477492","volume":"2023","author":"X Geng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geng, X., Zou, Y., & Li, S. (2023). \u03b1MALAT1 mediates -synuclein expression through miR-23b-3p to induce autophagic impairment and the inflammatory response in microglia to promote apoptosis in dopaminergic neuronal cells. Mediators Of Inflammation, 2023, Article 4477492.","journal-title":"Mediators Of Inflammation"},{"key":"5474_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106273","volume":"186","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, C., & Zhu, T. (2023). Trpm2 deficiency in microglia attenuates neuroinflammation during epileptogenesis by upregulating autophagy via the AMPK\/mTOR pathway [J]. Neurobiology Of Disease, 186, Article 106273.","journal-title":"Neurobiology Of Disease"},{"key":"5474_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.010","volume":"91","author":"Y Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin, Y., Qiu, J., Wang, P., et al. (2021). Impaired autophagy in microglia aggravates dopaminergic neurodegeneration by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation in experimental models of parkinson\u2019s disease [J]. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 91, 324\u2013338.","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"5474_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065183","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1065183","volume":"14","author":"Z Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Li, S., et al. (2022). Microglial autophagy in alzheimer\u2019s disease and parkinson\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 1065183.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"5474_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01041","volume":"15","author":"M Airapetov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Airapetov, M., Eresko, S., Lebedev, A., et al. (2021). The role of Toll-like receptors in neurobiology of alcoholism. Bioscience Trends, 15(2), 74\u201382.","journal-title":"Bioscience Trends"},{"key":"5474_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasprzak. A. (2021) The role of tumor microenvironment cells in colorectal cancer (CRC) cachexia [J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041565"},{"issue":"6","key":"5474_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MA0721-007R","volume":"110","author":"K Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, K., Chang, M., Wang, S., et al. (2021). High mobility group box-1 serves a pathogenic role in spinal cord injury via the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 110(6), 1131\u20131142.","journal-title":"Journal of Leukocyte Biology"},{"key":"5474_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101370","author":"MA Abd Elmaaboud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abd Elmaaboud, M. A., Estfanous, R. S., & Atef, A. (2023). Dapagliflozin\/Hesperidin combination mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease in rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16101370","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"5474_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y., & Chen, R. (2023). HMGB1 is a potential and challenging therapeutic target for parkinson\u2019s disease [J]. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 43(1), 47\u201358.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01170-8"},{"key":"5474_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2024.103123","volume":"88","author":"Z Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Li, S., Zhou, Y., et al. (2025). Research hotspots and trends in the antioxidant effects of acupuncture: A bibliometric analysis from 2003 to 2024. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 88, Article 103123.","journal-title":"Complementary Therapies in Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"5474_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e30819","volume":"10","author":"L Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, L., Hu, H., Jiang, N., et al. (2024). Electroacupuncture blocked motor dysfunction and gut barrier damage by modulating intestinal NLRP3 inflammasome in MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice. Heliyon, 10(9), Article e30819.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"5474_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121732","author":"Y Xin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xin, Y., Wang, J., & Chu, T. (2022). Electroacupuncture alleviates neuroinflammation by inhibiting the HMGB1 signaling pathway in rats with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Brain Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci12121732","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"5474_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Xue, M., Wang, Y., et al. (2019). Electroacupuncture alleviates spared nerve injury-Induced neuropathic pain and modulates HMGB1\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway in the spinal cord [J]. Journal of Pain Research, 12, 2851\u20132863.","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S220201"},{"key":"5474_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharjee, M., Manoharan, S., Sathisaran, U. et al. (2024). Glycyrrhiza GlabraMAO inhibiting phytochemicals from the roots of L [J]. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 42(8), 3887\u20133905.","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2216298"},{"key":"5474_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115234","volume":"292","author":"Q Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren, Q., Jiang, X., Paudel, Y., et al. (2022). Co-treatment with natural HMGB1 inhibitor glycyrrhizin exerts neuroprotection and reverses parkinson\u2019s disease like pathology in zebrafish [J]. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 292, Article 115234.","journal-title":"Journal Of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"5474_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.02.018","volume":"91","author":"M Santoro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Santoro, M., Maetzler, W., Stathakos, P., et al. (2016). In-vivo evidence that high mobility group box 1 exerts deleterious effects in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model and Parkinson\u2019s disease which can be attenuated by glycyrrhizin. Neurobiology Of Disease, 91, 59\u201368.","journal-title":"Neurobiology Of Disease"},{"key":"5474_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, A., Ahn, J., Seo, H., et al. (2024). Gracilaria chorda attenuates obesity-related muscle wasting through activation of SIRT1\/PGC1\u03b1 in skeletal muscle of mice.\u00a0Food science & nutrition, 12, 5077\u20135086.","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4157"},{"key":"5474_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, Z., Sun, M., Wu, J. et al (2021)\u00a0SIRT1 attenuates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via Beclin1 deacetylation-mediated autophagy activation.\u00a0Cell death & disease,\u00a012, 217.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03508-y"},{"key":"5474_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112558","author":"Y Zou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zou, Y., Huang, T., & Pang, A. (2024). Electroacupuncture regulates glucose metabolism by inhibiting SGLT1 levels, inhibiting microglial polarization, and alleviating Parkinson\u2019s disease. Experimental Gerontology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112558","journal-title":"Experimental Gerontology"},{"key":"5474_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42531","volume":"7","author":"H Liao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liao, H., Hsieh, C., Huang, C., et al. (2017). Electroacupuncture attenuates CFA-induced inflammatory pain by suppressing Nav1.8 through S100B, TRPV1, opioid, and adenosine pathways in mice. Scientific Reports, 7, Article 42531.","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"5474_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.016","volume":"123","author":"S Mandadi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mandadi, S., Tominaga, T., Numazaki, M., et al. (2006). Increased sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1 by PMA occurs through PKCepsilon-mediated phosphorylation at S800. Pain, 123, 106\u2013116.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"5474_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114939","author":"M Serra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Serra, M., Marongiu, J., & Simola, N. (2024). Emission of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations stimulated by antiparkinsonian dopaminomimetic drugs in hemiparkinsonian rats is associated with neuronal activation in subcortical regions that regulate the affective state. Experimental Neurology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2024.114939","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"5474_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham, D., Pham Nguyen, T, Newcomb, C. et al. (2023). Comparative safety of antimuscarinics versus mirabegron for overactive bladder in Parkinson disease.\u00a0Parkinsonism & related disorders,\u00a0115, 105822.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105822"},{"key":"5474_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110739","volume":"123","author":"X Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, X., He, D., Liu, Y., et al. (2023). Oral administration of Limonin (LM) exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuron autophagy and microglial activation in 6-OHDA-injected rats. International Immunopharmacology, 123, Article 110739.","journal-title":"International Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"5474_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harms, A., Ferreira, S., & Romero-Ramos, M. (2021). Periphery and brain, innate and adaptive immunity in parkinson\u2019s disease. Acta Neuropathologica, 141(4), 527\u2013545.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-021-02268-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"5474_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.948","volume":"8","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Han, C., Guo, L., et al. (2018). High expression of the HMGB1-TLR4 axis and its downstream signaling factors in patients with parkinson\u2019s disease and the relationship of pathological staging [J]. Brain and Behavior, 8(4), Article e00948.","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"5474_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Q., Liu, J., Kang, R. et al. (2019). The release and activity of HMGB1 in ferroptosis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 510(2), 278\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.01.090"},{"key":"5474_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Ding, Y., Geng, X. et al. (2024). Suppression of the LncRNA TUG1 alleviates neuropathic pain in rats with chronic contractile injury via the miR-29b-3p\/HMGB1 axis. Folia neuropathologica.","DOI":"10.5114\/fn.2024.141512"},{"issue":"1","key":"5474_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F20","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00119.2018","volume":"316","author":"S Wei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wei, S., Gao, Y., Dai, X., et al. (2019). SIRT1-mediated HMGB1 deacetylation suppresses sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 316(1), F20\u2013F31.","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5474_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-021-00421-z","volume":"22","author":"H Qiong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiong, H., Han, L., Zhang, N., et al. (2021). Glycyrrhizin improves the pathogenesis of psoriasis partially through IL-17A and the SIRT1-STAT3 axis. Bmc Immunology, 22(1), Article 34.","journal-title":"Bmc Immunology"},{"key":"5474_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010233","author":"M Rahman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Rahaman, M., & Islam, M. (2021). Role of phenolic compounds in human disease: Current knowledge and future prospects. Molecules. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27010233","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"5474_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.32133","volume":"5","author":"J Fan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fan, J., Lu, W., Tan, W., et al. (2022). Effectiveness of acupuncture for anxiety among patients with Parkinson disease: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 5(9), Article e2232133.","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"5474_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/692795","volume":"2015","author":"F Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, F., Sun, L., & Zhang, X. (2015). Effect and potential mechanism of electroacupuncture add-on treatment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015, Article 692795.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"5474_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2023.168144","volume":"435","author":"C Themistokleous","year":"2023","unstructured":"Themistokleous, C., Bagnoli, E., Parulekar, R., et al. (2023). Role of autophagy pathway in parkinson\u2019s disease and related genetic neurological disorders. Journal of Molecular Biology, 435(12), Article 168144.","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Biology"}],"container-title":["Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-025-05474-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12010-025-05474-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-025-05474-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T04:03:25Z","timestamp":1770869005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12010-025-05474-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["5474"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-025-05474-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2289","1559-0291"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2289","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0291","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Review Committee of Kunming Medical University (approval number: kmmu2021060). The animal procedures adhered to the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}