{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:30:57Z","timestamp":1786343457110,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Biochem Biotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-026-05860-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:15:46Z","timestamp":1786342546000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiome-Driven Therapeutic Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Microbiota Modulation, Glycaemic Outcomes, and Transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Muthineni","family":"Haneesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Singamoorthy","family":"Amalraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golthu","family":"Anusha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatesan","family":"Karthick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senthamil Selvi","family":"Poongavanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Thamarai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"5860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saeedi, P., et al. (2019). Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the international diabetes federation diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Research And Clinical Practice, 157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843"},{"key":"5860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rasooly, A., Manor, O., Shao, R., Ellen, M. E., & Davidovitch, N. (2025). Towards equitable diabetes care: A global perspective on quality measurement exchange. Health Syst Reform, 11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23288604.2024.2435076","DOI":"10.1080\/23288604.2024.2435076"},{"key":"5860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho, N. H., et al. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research And Clinical Practice, 138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.02.023"},{"key":"5860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeFronzo, R. A. (2015). Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 15019.","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.19"},{"key":"5860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jayaraman, S., et al. (2025). Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of beta-sitosterol on TGF-\u03b21\/Nrf2\/SIRT1\/p53-mediated signaling in the kidney of a high-fat diet and sucrose-induced type-2 diabetic rat. Chem Biol Interact, 411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111443"},{"key":"5860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"5860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davies, M. J. (2018). Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the european association for the study of diabetes (EASD), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci18-0033","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0033"},{"issue":"2","key":"5860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjs.2026.100545","volume":"53","author":"MAPA Raj","year":"2026","unstructured":"Raj, M. A. P. A., Subramaniyam, S., Kanniappan, R. S., Jayaraman, G. V., S., & Palanisamy, C. P. (Apr. 2026). Sustainable fabrication of starch\/PVA\/CuO electrospun nanoscaffolds from Turbinaria ornata (marine macroalgae) extract: Physicochemical characterization and antidiabetic evaluation. Kuwait Journal of Science, 53(2), 100545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kjs.2026.100545","journal-title":"Kuwait Journal of Science"},{"key":"5860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Proctor, L. M., et al. (2019). The integrative human microbiome project. Nature, 569(7758). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1238-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1238-8"},{"key":"5860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016). Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. Plos Biology, 14(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533"},{"key":"5860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scowo.2026.100195","volume":"9","author":"J Pei","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pei, J., & Mar. (2026). Sustainable fabrication of starch\/PVA\/CuO electrospun nanoscaffolds from Padina tetrastromatica (Brown macroalgae) extract: Physicochemical characterization and antidiabetic assessment. Sustainable Chemistry One World, 9, 100195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scowo.2026.100195","journal-title":"Sustainable Chemistry One World"},{"key":"5860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin, J., et al. (2010). A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464(7285). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature08821","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821"},{"key":"5860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lozupone, C. A., Stombaugh, J. I., Gordon, J. I., Jansson, J. K., & Knight, R. (2012). Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11550","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550"},{"key":"5860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Upadhaya, S. D., & Kim, I. H. (2022). Maintenance of gut microbiome stability for optimum intestinal health in pigs \u2013 a review, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-022-00790-4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00790-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"5860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01834-y","volume":"25","author":"N Ganamurali","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ganamurali, N., & Sabarathinam, S. (Jan. 2026). Bidirectional interplay between the gut microbiota and GLP-1 receptor agonists: towards Microbiome-Mediated therapeutics in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal Of Diabetes And Metabolic Disorders, 25(1), 44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01834-y","journal-title":"Journal Of Diabetes And Metabolic Disorders"},{"key":"5860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Karlsson, F. H., et al. (2013). Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature, 498(7452). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12198","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12198"},{"key":"5860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.25048\/tjdo.2018.22","volume":"2","author":"\u0130 Yetkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yetkin, \u0130., Yeti\u015f, H., Kayahan, N., & Sat\u0131\u015f (2018). Ba\u011f\u0131rsak mikrobiyotas\u0131n\u0131n i\u0307ns\u00fclin direnci, diabetes mellitus ve obezite ile \u0130li\u015fkisi TT - Relatinship between insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and obesity of gut microbiata. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 2, 1.","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity"},{"key":"5860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Vos, W. M., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2013). A gut prediction. Nature, 498(7452). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12251"},{"key":"5860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Canfora, E. E., Jocken, J. W., & Blaak, E. E. (2015). Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128"},{"key":"5860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, M. A. G., Canfora, E. E., Jocken, J. W. E., & Blaak, E. E. (2019). The short-chain fatty acid acetate in body weight control and insulin sensitivity, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11081943","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081943"},{"key":"5860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alonso-Allende, J., Milagro, F. I., & Aranaz, P. (2024). Health effects and mechanisms of inulin action in human metabolism, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16172935","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16172935"},{"key":"5860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., & B\u00e4ckhed, F. (2016). From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041"},{"key":"5860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weng, C. Y. C., et al. (2024). Quantifying gut microbial short-chain fatty acids and their isotopomers in mechanistic studies using a rapid, readily expandable LC-MS platform. Analytical Chemistry, 96(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c04352","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.3c04352"},{"key":"5860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Gallausiaux, C., Marinelli, L., Blotti\u00e8re, H. M., Larraufie, P., & Lapaque, N. (2021). Short chain fatty acids \u2013 mechanisms and functional importance in the gut, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, vol. 80, no. 1.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006916"},{"key":"5860_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cani, P., & Delzenne, N. (2009). The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease. Curr Pharm Des, 15(13). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138161209788168164","DOI":"10.2174\/138161209788168164"},{"key":"5860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, C. J., Sears, C. L., & Maruthur, N. (2020). Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14107","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14107"},{"key":"5860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sasidharan Pillai, S., Gagnon, C. A., Foster, C., & Ashraf, A. P. (2024). Exploring the gut microbiota: Key insights into its role in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae499","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae499"},{"key":"5860_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kootte, R. S., et al. (2017). Improvement of insulin sensitivity after lean donor feces in metabolic syndrome is driven by baseline intestinal microbiota composition. Cell Metab, 26(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.09.008"},{"key":"5860_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Page, M. J. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews,., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"7418","key":"5860_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","volume":"490","author":"J Qin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Qin, J., et al. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 490(7418), 55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11450","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Larsen, N., et al. (2010). Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults. PLoS One, 5(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085"},{"key":"5860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le Chatelier, E., et al. (2013). Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature, 500(7464). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12506","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506"},{"key":"5860_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui, J., et al. (2022). Butyrate-producing bacteria and insulin homeostasis: The microbiome and insulin longitudinal evaluation study (MILES). Diabetes, 71(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db22-0168","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0168"},{"key":"5860_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. H.K. et al., (2016). Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity. Nature, 535.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18646"},{"key":"5860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ejtahed, H. S., Mohtadi-Nia, J., Homayouni-Rad, A., Niafar, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., & Mofid, V. (2012). Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 28(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nut.2011.08.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2011.08.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"5860_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.011","volume":"36","author":"LB Tonucci","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tonucci, L. B., Olbrich dos Santos, K. M., Licursi de Oliveira, L., Ribeiro, R., S. M., & Duarte Martino, H. S. (Feb. 2017). Clinical application of probiotics in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 85\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.11.011","journal-title":"Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"5860_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sato, J., et al. (2017). Probiotic reduces bacterial translocation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled study. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-12535-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12535-9"},{"key":"5860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yao, K., Zeng, L., He, Q., Wang, W., Lei, J., & Zou, X. (2017). Effect of probiotics on glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials. Medical Science Monitor, 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.902600","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902600"},{"key":"5860_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, L., et al. (2018). Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes. Science (1979), 359(6380). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aao5774","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5774"},{"key":"5860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baxter, N. T., Schmidt, A. W., Venkataraman, A., Kim, K. S., Waldron, C., & Schmidt, T. M. (2019). Dynamics of human gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in response to dietary interventions with three fermentable fibers. mBio, 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02566-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02566-18"},{"key":"5860_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vrieze, A., et al. (2012). Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology, 143(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.031","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.06.031"},{"key":"5860_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Forslund, K., et al. (2015). Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota. Nature, 528(7581). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature15766","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15766"},{"key":"5860_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cani, P. D., et al. (2008). Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes, 57(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db07-1403","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403"},{"key":"5860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006). Microbial ecology: Human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature, 444(7122). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/4441022a","DOI":"10.1038\/4441022a"},{"key":"5860_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, J., Yang, K., Fan, H., Wei, M., & Xiong, Q. (2023). Targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites for type 2 diabetes mellitus, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2023.1114424","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1114424"},{"key":"5860_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salga\u00e7o, M. K., Oliveira, L. G. S., Costa, G. N., Bianchi, F., & Sivieri, K. (2019). Relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-019-10156-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10156-y"},{"key":"5860_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giongo, A., et al. (2011). Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes. ISME Journal, 5(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2010.92","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.92"},{"key":"5860_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sokol, H. (2008). Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 105, no. 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105"},{"key":"5860_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Louis, P., & Flint, H. J. (2009). Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. Fems Microbiology Letters, 294(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x"},{"key":"5860_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Plovier, H., et al. (2017). A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice. Nature Medicine, 23(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4236","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236"},{"key":"5860_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Depommier, C., et al. (2019). Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study. Nature Medicine, 25(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2"},{"key":"5860_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cui, T., et al. (2020). Lactobacillus crustorum ZHG 2\u2009\u2013\u20091 as novel quorum-quenching bacteria reducing virulence factors and biofilms formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LWT, 117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108696"},{"key":"5860_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu, H., et al. (2017). Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nature Medicine, 23(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4345","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4345"},{"key":"5860_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A\u011fag\u00fcnd\u00fcz, D. (2025). Mechanism of actions of probiotics on type 2 diabetes: Development and complications, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118421"},{"key":"5860_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Furusawa, Y., et al. (2013). Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature, 504(7480). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12721","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721"},{"key":"5860_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed, F., Arshad, M. T., Maqsood, S., Ikram, A., & Gnedeka, K. T. (2025). Gut-brain axis in obesity: How dietary patterns influence psychological well-being and metabolic health? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.70689","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70689"},{"key":"5860_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reid, G., McGroarty, J. A., Tomeczek, L., & Bruce, A. W. (1996). Identification and plasmid profiles of Lactobacillus species from the vagina of 100 healthy women. Fems Immunology And Medical Microbiology, 15(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0928-8244(96)00039-9","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-8244(96)00039-9"},{"key":"5860_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Reid, G., Gadir, A. A., & Dhir, R. (2019). Probiotics: Reiterating what they are and what they are not, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00424","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00424"},{"key":"5860_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Redding, L. E., Berry, A. S., Indugu, N., Huang, E., Beiting, D. P., & Pitta, D. (2021). Gut microbiota features associated with Clostridioides difficile colonization in dairy calves, PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 12, p. e0251999, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0251999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251999"},{"key":"5860_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Delannoy-Bruno, O. (2021). Jul., Evaluating microbiome-directed fibre snacks in gnotobiotic mice and humans, Nature, vol. 595, no. 7865, pp. 91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03671-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03671-4"},{"key":"5860_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wastyk, H. C., et al. (2021). Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell, 184(16). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019"},{"key":"5860_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sonnenburg, J. L., & B\u00e4ckhed, F. (2016). Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature18846","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18846"},{"key":"5860_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao, C., et al. (2021). Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by Lactobacillus reuteri tryptophan metabolism alleviates Escherichia coli-induced mastitis in mice. Plos Pathogens, 17(7). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009774"},{"key":"5860_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merenstein, D. J. (2024). Is there evidence to support probiotic use for healthy people? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100265"},{"key":"5860_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guan, H. (2024). Exploring the design of clinical research studies on the efficacy mechanisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1363877","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1363877"},{"key":"5860_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sapkota, S., Brien, J. A. E., Greenfield, J. R., & Aslani, P. (2015). A systematic review of interventions addressing adherence to anti-diabetic medications in patients with type 2 diabetes - Components of interventions, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0128581","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128581"},{"key":"5860_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baroni, I., et al. (2024). Probiotics and synbiotics for glycemic control in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 43(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.03.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.03.006"},{"key":"5860_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Setayesh, A. (2025). Effects of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on glycemic indices in adult individuals with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A grade-assessed systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of RCTs, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10644-w","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10644-w"},{"key":"5860_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Balasubramaniyam, S., Rathinam, T., Srinivasan, M., & Himayavendhan, H. V. (2026). Multifunctional nanocomposites in experimental diabetes management: Biomaterials, glucose sensing, and regenerative approaches, Biomedical Materials & Devices, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44174-026-00643-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-026-00643-y"},{"key":"5860_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peng, X. (2022). A growing link between circadian rhythms, type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23010504","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010504"},{"key":"5860_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mendis, B. I. L. M., Sarvananda, L., Jayasinghe, T. N., Rajapakse, I. H., & Dissanayake, A. S. (2025). Mechanisms and key mediators of gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive overview, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmic.2025.100144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2025.100144"}],"container-title":["Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05860-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05860-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05860-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:15:48Z","timestamp":1786342548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05860-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["5860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05860-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2289","1559-0291"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2289","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0291","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 July 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 August 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}