{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:27:21Z","timestamp":1786595241730,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Fund","award":["B2021036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B2021036"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Biochem Biotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-026-05867-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:32:44Z","timestamp":1786591964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Thymosin \u03b24 Mitigates Acute Cerebral Infarction Via Inhibition of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Suppression of Neuronal Pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7448-7072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sichun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huasheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5867_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5603\/imh.97720","volume":"74","author":"NB Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen, N. B., Nguyen Thi, H. H., Thi, H. L., Nguyen, S. T., & Nguyen, T. V. (2023). Results of acute cerebral infarction treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 2020\u20132022. Int Marit Health, 74(4), 265\u2013271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/imh.97720","journal-title":"Int Marit Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"5867_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00252-0","volume":"20","author":"Global","year":"2021","unstructured":"Global (2021). national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurology, 20(10), 795\u2013820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(21)00252-0","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"5867_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.06.002","volume":"78","author":"S Kumari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumari, S., Dhapola, R., Sharma, P., Nagar, P., Medhi, B., & HariKrishnaReddy, D. (2024). The impact of cytokines in neuroinflammation-mediated stroke. Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, 78, 105\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.06.002","journal-title":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews"},{"issue":"12","key":"5867_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.119.027708","volume":"50","author":"JJ Warner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warner, J. J., Harrington, R. A., Sacco, R. L., Elkind, M. S. V., & Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke. (2019). 2019 Update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke, 50(12), 3331\u20133332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.119.027708","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"5867_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1804355","volume":"379","author":"G Thomalla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomalla, G., Simonsen, C. Z., Boutitie, F., Andersen, G., Berthezene, Y., Cheng, B., et al. (2018). MRi-guided thrombolysis for stroke with unknown time of onset. New England Journal Of Medicine, 379(7), 611\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1804355","journal-title":"New England Journal Of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"5867_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.203","volume":"34","author":"GC Jickling","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jickling, G. C., Liu, D., Stamova, B., Ander, B. P., Zhan, X., Lu, A., et al. (2014). Hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke in animals and humans. Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism, 34(2), 185\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.203","journal-title":"Journal Of Cerebral Blood Flow And Metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"5867_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-022-03697-8","volume":"47","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Jia, M., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., & Wu, J. (2022). Cell death mechanisms in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurochemical Research, 47(12), 3525\u20133542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11064-022-03697-8","journal-title":"Neurochemical Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"5867_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-018-0294-7","volume":"34","author":"Z Dong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Pan, K., Pan, J., Peng, Q., & Wang, Y. (2018). The possibility and molecular mechanisms of cell pyroptosis after cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience Bulletin, 34(6), 1131\u20131136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12264-018-0294-7","journal-title":"Neuroscience Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01958-2","volume":"9","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Pan, R., Ouyang, Y., Gu, W., Xiao, T., Yang, H., et al. (2024). Pyroptosis in health and disease: mechanisms, regulation and clinical perspective. Signal Transduct Target Ther, 9(1), 245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01958-2","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"5867_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02088-9","volume":"26","author":"S Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng, S., Wierzbowski, M. C., Hrovat-Schaale, K., Dumortier, A., Zhang, Y., Zyulina, M., et al. (2025). Mechanisms of NLRP3 activation and inhibition elucidated by functional analysis of disease-associated variants. Nature Immunology, 26(3), 511\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41590-025-02088-9","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"key":"5867_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643829","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1643829","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Lv, C., Qiao, Y., Yang, H., Lin, W., Wang, X., et al. (2025). Transformation of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease: the interaction between mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Mol Biosci, 12, 1643829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1643829","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"5867_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2022.04.003","volume":"43","author":"RC Coll","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coll, R. C., Schroder, K., & Pelegr\u00edn, P. (2022). NLRP3 and pyroptosis blockers for treating inflammatory diseases. Trends In Pharmacological Sciences, 43(8), 653\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tips.2022.04.003","journal-title":"Trends In Pharmacological Sciences"},{"key":"5867_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-015-0039-0","volume":"2","author":"Y Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Jiang, G., Zhang, P., & Fan, J. (2015). Programmed cell death and its role in inflammation. Mil Med Res, 2, 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-015-0039-0","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"5867_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989503","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.989503","volume":"13","author":"D Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song, D., Yeh, C. T., Wang, J., & Guo, F. (2022). Perspectives on the mechanism of pyroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers In Immunology, 13, 989503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.989503","journal-title":"Frontiers In Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.5463","volume":"15","author":"J Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, J., Yang, C., Xu, X., Yang, Y., & Xu, B. (2018). The effect of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury on TLR4 and NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med, 15(1), 897\u2013903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2017.5463","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01600-y","volume":"7","author":"J Sakai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sakai, J., Cammarota, E., Wright, J. A., Cicuta, P., Gottschalk, R. A., Li, N., et al. (2017). Lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation is primarily dependent on MyD88, but TNF\u03b1 expression requires TRIF and MyD88. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01600-y","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"9","key":"5867_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.52","volume":"17","author":"SC Sun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sun, S. C. (2017). The non-canonical NF-\u03baB pathway in immunity and inflammation. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(9), 545\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri.2017.52","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5867_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w","volume":"22","author":"W Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, W., Huang, Y., & Zhou, R. (2025). NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 22(4), 341\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w","journal-title":"Cellular & Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"5867_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10711","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S480262","volume":"17","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, X., Pan, Y., Cai, L., Wang, W., Zhai, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2024). Calycosin ameliorates neuroinflammation via TLR4-mediated signal following cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in vivo and in vitro. J Inflamm Res, 17, 10711\u201310727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.S480262","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"5867_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.1.Jns111729","volume":"116","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., Zhang, Y., Mahmood, A., Meng, Y., Zhang, Z. G., Morris, D. C., et al. (2012). Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin \u03b24 treatment initiated 6 hours after traumatic brain injury in rats. Case Report Journal Of Neurosurgery, 116(5), 1081\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2012.1.Jns111729","journal-title":"Case Report Journal Of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"5867_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767785","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.767785","volume":"12","author":"Y Xing","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xing, Y., Ye, Y., Zuo, H., & Li, Y. (2021). Progress on the function and application of thymosin \u03b24. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 12, 767785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.767785","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"5867_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1308651","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1308651","volume":"2022","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, F., He, Y., Yao, N., Ruan, L., & Tian, Z. (2022). Thymosin \u03b24 protects against cardiac damage and subsequent cardiac fibrosis in mice with myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 2022, p1308651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1308651","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"5867_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2028","volume":"11","author":"S Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, S., & Kwon, J. (2017). Thymosin \u03b24 has a major role in dermal burn wound healing that involves actin cytoskeletal remodelling via heat-shock protein 70. Journal Of Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine, 11(4), 1262\u20131273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/term.2028","journal-title":"Journal Of Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"5867_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29293","volume":"235","author":"N Shomali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shomali, N., Baradaran, B., Deljavanghodrati, M., Akbari, M., Hemmatzadeh, M., Mohammadi, H., et al. (2020). A new insight into thymosin \u03b24, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders. Journal Of Cellular Physiology, 235(4), 3270\u20133279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcp.29293","journal-title":"Journal Of Cellular Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"5867_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.Jns152699","volume":"126","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. G., Chopp, M., Meng, Y., Zhang, L., Mahmood, A., et al. (2017). Treatment of traumatic brain injury in rats with N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline. Case Report Journal Of Neurosurgery, 126(3), 782\u2013795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.3.Jns152699","journal-title":"Case Report Journal Of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"5867_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2019.04.083","volume":"707","author":"H Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, H., Wang, Y., Hu, X., Ma, B., & Zhang, H. (2019). Thymosin beta 4 attenuates oxidative stress-induced injury of spinal cord-derived neural stem\/progenitor cells through the TLR4\/MyD88 pathway. Gene, 707, 136\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gene.2019.04.083","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"5867_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.064","volume":"659","author":"DC Morris","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morris, D. C., Cheung, W. L., Loi, R., Zhang, T., Lu, M., Zhang, Z. G., et al. (2017). Thymosin \u03b24 for the treatment of acute stroke in aged rats. Neuroscience Letters, 659, 7\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.08.064","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.01.047","volume":"156","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chen, Z., Han, M., Duan, Z., Li, R., Cui, X., et al. (2025). Plasmacytoid dendritic cells alleviate allergic asthma via airway epithelial cell-dependent thymosin \u03b24 expression. The Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology, 156(1), 171\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2025.01.047","journal-title":"The Journal Of Allergy And Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"5867_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.12.007","volume":"57","author":"J Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Xiang, Z., Qu, F., et al. (2016). A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis. Developmental And Comparative Immunology, 57, 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dci.2015.12.007","journal-title":"Developmental And Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"5867_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x","volume":"1194","author":"D Crockford","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crockford, D., Turjman, N., Allan, C., & Angel, J. (2010). Thymosin beta4: structure, function, and biological properties supporting current and future clinical applications. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1194, 179\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05492.x","journal-title":"Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences"},{"key":"5867_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062650","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1062650","volume":"13","author":"J Lim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lim, J., Bang, Y., Kim, K. M., & Choi, H. J. (2022). Differentiated HT22 cells as a novel model for in vitro screening of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Frontiers In Pharmacology, 13, 1062650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1062650","journal-title":"Frontiers In Pharmacology"},{"key":"5867_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pei, D., Huang, J., Chen, S., Deng, Q., Nie, C., Zhu, L., et al. (2025). The study of the protection mechanism of calycosin-7-O-\u03b2-d-glucoside against oxygen-glucose deprivation\/reperfusion in HT22 cells based on non-targeted metabolomics and network analysis. Molecules, 30(3), 549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules30030549","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030549"},{"issue":"18","key":"5867_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6171","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0183-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"D Karra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karra, D., & Dahm, R. (2010). Transfection techniques for neuronal cells. Journal Of Neuroscience, 30(18), 6171\u20136177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0183-10.2010","journal-title":"Journal Of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147134","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147134","volume":"11","author":"CW Hui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hui, C. W., Zhang, Y., & Herrup, K. (2016). Non-neuronal cells are required to mediate the effects of neuroinflammation: results from a neuron-enriched culture system. PLoS One, 11(1), e0147134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0147134","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5867_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113828","volume":"345","author":"K Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu, K., Zhu, X., Sun, S., Yang, W., Liu, S., Tang, Z., et al. (2021). Inhibition of TLR4 prevents hippocampal hypoxic-ischemic injury by regulating ferroptosis in neonatal rats. Experimental Neurology, 345, 113828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113828","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.20.1.84","volume":"20","author":"EZ Longa","year":"1989","unstructured":"Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., & Cummins, R. (1989). Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke, 20(1), 84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.20.1.84","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"5867_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.26.9.1655","volume":"26","author":"Y Kuge","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kuge, Y., Minematsu, K., Yamaguchi, T., & Miyake, Y. (1995). Nylon monofilament for intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Stroke, 26(9), 1655\u20131657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.26.9.1655. discussion 1658.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"5867_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844186","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.844186","volume":"13","author":"L Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Ding, L. D., Xia, Z. H., Sheng, P., Shen, M. M., Cai, Z. M., et al. (2022). A network-based approach to investigate the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of action of huangqi-chuanxiong and sanleng-ezhu herb pairs in the treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke. Frontiers In Pharmacology, 13, 844186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.844186","journal-title":"Frontiers In Pharmacology"},{"key":"5867_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580772","DOI":"10.2147\/jir.S580772","volume":"19","author":"Y Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wang, J., Zhou, H., Jiang, C., Zhu, Z., & Wang, Y. (2026). R788 is associated with neuroprotective effects in experimental ischemic stroke models via modulation of the STAT1\/Nrf2\/GPX4 Axis. J Inflamm Res, 19, 580772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/jir.S580772","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"5867_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu, D., Wu, H., Cui, S., & Zhao, Q. (2023). Comprehensive optimization of western blotting. Gels, 9(8), 652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/gels9080652","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9080652"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-024-08803-3","volume":"26","author":"B Pomierny","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pomierny, B., Krzy\u017canowska, W., Sk\u00f3rkowska, A., Budziszewska, B., & Pera, J. (2024). Neuroprotective effects of VGLUT1 inhibition in HT22 cells overexpressing VGLUT1 under oxygen glucose deprivation conditions. Neuromolecular Med, 26(1), 35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12017-024-08803-3","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"5867_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim, S., Choi, J., & Kwon, J. (2023). Thymosin beta 4 protects hippocampal neuronal cells against PrP (106\u2013126) via neurotrophic factor signaling. Molecules, 28(9), 3920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules28093920","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28093920"},{"issue":"7","key":"5867_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2512120","volume":"28","author":"YX Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li, Y. X., Chen, C. L., Zheng, S. D., Lai, K. X., Yang, Z., Deng, Y. Y., et al. (2026). Thymosin \u03b24 inhibits pyroptosis in BV2 microglial cells: a mechanistic study in vitro. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi, 28(7), 877\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2512120","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"5867_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duan, W. L., Wang, X. J., Ma, Y. P., Sheng, Z. M., Dong, H., Zhang, L. Y., et al. (2024). Therapeutic strategies targeting the NLRP3\u2013mediated inflammatory response and pyroptosis in cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 29(3), 46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/mmr.2024.13170","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13170"},{"issue":"4","key":"5867_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00946-3","volume":"21","author":"S Toldo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Toldo, S., & Abbate, A. (2024). The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases. Nature Reviews. Cardiology, 21(4), 219\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41569-023-00946-3","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Cardiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"5867_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.123.043391","volume":"54","author":"M Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, M., Deng, S., Jiang, J., Tian, M., Xiao, L., & Gong, Y. (2023). Oxytocin improves intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes by suppressing neuronal pyroptosis and mitochondrial fission. Stroke, 54(7), 1888\u20131900. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.123.043391","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04813-0","volume":"22","author":"L Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, L., Zhang, J., Lu, K., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Deng, J., et al. (2024). ChemR23 signaling ameliorates brain injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuronal pyroptosis in ischemic stroke. J Transl Med, 22(1), 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-023-04813-0","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"5867_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109315","volume":"113","author":"R Hu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hu, R., Liang, J., Ding, L., Zhang, W., Liu, X., & Song, B. (2022). Edaravone dexborneol provides neuroprotective benefits by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome-induced microglial pyroptosis in experimental ischemic stroke. International Immunopharmacology, 113(Pt A), 109315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109315","journal-title":"International Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"5867_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, L., Sun, X., Pan, M., Zhang, W., Zhu, D., Lu, Z., et al. (2023). Ischemic preconditioning provides neuroprotection by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell pyroptosis. Brain Sci, 13(6), 897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13060897","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13060897"},{"key":"5867_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2023.105553","volume":"167","author":"P Gong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gong, P., Jia, H. Y., Li, R., Ma, Z., Si, M., Qian, C., et al. (2023). Downregulation of Nogo-B ameliorates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury in mice through regulating microglia polarization via TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway. Neurochemistry International, 167, 105553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2023.105553","journal-title":"Neurochemistry International"},{"issue":"11","key":"5867_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.101798","volume":"31","author":"AS Saeedan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saeedan, A. S., Abdel-Rahman, R. F., Soliman, G. A., Ogaly, H. A., & Abdel-Kader, M. S. (2023). Amentoflavone attenuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation induced by cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion in rats by targeting HMGB1-mediated TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Saudi Pharm J, 31(11), 101798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.101798","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm J"},{"key":"5867_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423053","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1423053","volume":"15","author":"S Yin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yin, S., Han, K., Wu, D., Wang, Z., Zheng, R., Fang, L., et al. (2024). Tilianin suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury via inhibition of TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and NEK7\/NLRP3. Frontiers In Pharmacology, 15, 1423053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1423053","journal-title":"Frontiers In Pharmacology"},{"key":"5867_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111668","volume":"130","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Zhao, S., & Wang, Y. (2024). Diannexin alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by orchestrating cardiomyocyte oxidative damage, macrophage polarization and fibrotic process by TLR4-NF-kB-mediated inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome. International Immunopharmacology, 130, 111668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111668","journal-title":"International Immunopharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5867_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2006.12.004","volume":"84","author":"G Sosne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sosne, G., Qiu, P., Christopherson, P. L., & Wheater, M. K. (2007). Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Experimental Eye Research, 84(4), 663\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2006.12.004","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"5867_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02166-3","volume":"18","author":"M Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, M., Feng, L. R., Li, Z. L., Ma, K. G., Chang, K. W., Chen, X. L., et al. (2021). Thymosin \u03b24 reverses phenotypic polarization of glial cells and cognitive impairment via negative regulation of NF-\u03baB signaling axis in APP\/PS1 mice. J Neuroinflammation, 18(1), 146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02166-3","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"5867_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117712","volume":"324","author":"Q Cai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cai, Q., Zhao, C., Xu, Y., Lin, H., Jia, B., Huang, B., et al. (2024). Qingda granule alleviates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury by inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 signaling in microglia. Journal Of Ethnopharmacology, 324, 117712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117712","journal-title":"Journal Of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"5867_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552127","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1552127","volume":"2021","author":"Y Ran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ran, Y., Su, W., Gao, F., Ding, Z., Yang, S., & Ye, L. (2021). Curcumin ameliorates white matter injury after ischemic stroke by inhibiting microglia\/macrophage pyroptosis through NF-\u03baB suppression and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2021, 1552127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1552127","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"5867_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.1473854","volume":"18","author":"G Renga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Renga, G., Oikonomou, V., Stincardini, C., Pariano, M., Borghi, M., Costantini, C., et al. (2018). Thymosin \u03b24 limits inflammation through autophagy. Expert Opinion On Biological Therapy, 18(sup1), 171\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14712598.2018.1473854","journal-title":"Expert Opinion On Biological Therapy"},{"key":"5867_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2129629","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2129629","volume":"2022","author":"X Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, X., Li, S., Feng, X., Wen, H., Meng, X., & Sun, K. (2022). Effects of thymosin \u03b24 on myocardial apoptosis in burned rats. J Healthc Eng, 2022, 2129629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2129629","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"issue":"37","key":"5867_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6294","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867326666190716125456","volume":"27","author":"G Bj\u00f8rklund","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund, G., Dadar, M., Aaseth, J., & Chirumbolo, S. (2020). Thymosin \u03b24: a multi-faceted tissue repair stimulating protein in heart injury. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 27(37), 6294\u20136305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0929867326666190716125456","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"8","key":"5867_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.12200\/j.issn.1003-0034.2022.08.012","volume":"35","author":"HW Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, H. W., & Zhang, H. H. (2022). Effect and mechanism of thymosin beta 4 on spinal cord-derived neural stem \/progenitor cell injury induced by oxidative stress. Zhongguo Gu Shang, 35(8), 763\u2013771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12200\/j.issn.1003-0034.2022.08.012","journal-title":"Zhongguo Gu Shang"}],"container-title":["Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05867-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05867-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05867-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:32:49Z","timestamp":1786591969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05867-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["5867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05867-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2289","1559-0291"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2289","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0291","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Committee on the Ethics of the Guangzhou Medical University Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}